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Objetivo: El índice no despreciable de cálculos residuales tras la litotricia extracorpórea está haciendo replantear las indicaciones de la nefrolitotomía percutánea (NLP). El láser, de la mano de los nefroscopios flexibles, juega un gran papel en este terreno. Los láseres de Nd-YÁG pulsado, el de colorante y el de Álexandrita han dado paso al láser de holmium YÁG en el tratamiento endourológico de la litiasis urinaria. Métodos: En las nefrolitotomías percutáneas de cálculos de gran volumen suele requerirse de más de un tipo de litotritor, y geralmente se prefieren por su alto rendimiento los litotritores balísticos o electrokinéticos. El láser de holmium encuentra sus mejores indicaciones en el tratamiento de los cálculos caliciales alejados de la pelvis y sólo accesibles a través de un nefroscopio flexible. También son buenas indicaciones para el mismo las «midi y mini percs», la litiasis renal en la infancia y algunos cálculos terrosos, de poca consistencia. Según las características anatómicas del riñón y de localización, número, tamaño y dureza del cálculo pueden utilizarse fibras de 200, 365 ó 500 mm. Debido a que el láser horada al cálculo como si se tratara de una barrena térmica, éste puede romperse de varias maneras: aplicando la fibra de cuarzo entre sus capas, horadando todo su interior antes de fragmentar su superficie o taladrarlo en múltiples puntos para debilitarlo y crear amplias líneas de fractura. Para acelerar la rotura puede optarse por utilizar fibras más gruesas o por modificar la programación de datos del equipo incrementando su potencia, si bien esto conlleva un potencial riesgo para el riñón. Resultados: El teórico 100% de buenos resultados se ve reducido por la interferencia de múltiples factores técnicos y anatómicos: tamaño, número, situación y dureza del cálculo, así como por las posibilidades de alcanzar a ver el cálculo y poder confrontar el extremo de la fibra contra el mismo. Conclusiones: Aunque el láser de holmium presta un magnífico papel a la hora de evitar o reducir el número de cálculos residuales, en ocasiones su eficacia se ve superada por la de la litotricia electrohidráulica (AU)

Objectives: The non negligible number of residual stones after extracorporeal lithotripsy is leading to a revision of the indications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The laser, managed with flexible nephroscopes, plays an important role in this field. Pulsed Nd: YAG, dye and alexandrite lasers have given way to the holmium:yag laser in the endourological treatment of urinary lithiasis. Methods: More than one lithotripter are often required for percutaneous nephrolithotomy of great volume stones, and ballistic and electrokinetic lithotripters are generally preferred due to their high performance. The best indications for Holmium laser is the treatment of caliceal stones far from the pelvis, only accessible through flexible nephroscopes. Midi and minipercs, renal lithiasis in children and some earthy calculi, of low consistency, are also good indications for it. Depending on the anatomical characteristics of the kidney and localization, number, size and hardness of the stone 200,365, or 500 nanometer fibers may be employed. Due to the fact that the laser drills a hole in the stone like if it is a thermal barrier, it may break in different ways: applying the quartz fiber in between the layers, drilling all the interior before breaking the surface, or drilling multiple points to weaken it and creating broad fracture lines. To accelerate the breaking process one can choose to use larger fibers or to modify the settings of the equipment increasing the potency, although this has some potential risk for the kidney. Results: The theoretical 100% of good results is reduced due to multiple technical and anatomical factors: size, number, localization, and hardness of the stone, as well as the possibility of reaching and seeing the calculus and being able to place the tip of the fiber against it. Conclusions: Although the holmium laser develops an excellent role at the time of avoiding leaving residual calculi or diminishing the number of them, sometimes the electrohydraulic lithotripsy is more effective (AU)

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OBJECTIVES: The non negligible number of residual stones after extracorporeal lithotripsy is leading to a revision of the indications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The laser, managed with flexible nephroscopes, plays an important role in this field. Pulsed Nd: YAG, dye and alexandrite lasers have given way to the holmium:yag laser in the endourological treatment of urinary lithiasis. METHODS: More than one lithotripter are often required for percutaneous nephrolithotomy of great volume stones, and ballistic and electrokinetic lithotripters are generally preferred due to their high performance. The best indications for Holmium laser is the treatment of caliceal stones far from the pelvis, only accessible through flexible nephroscopes. Midi and minipercs, renal lithiasis in children and some earthy calculi, of low consistency, are also good indications for it. Depending on the anatomical characteristics of the kidney and localization, number, size and hardness of the stone 200, 365, or 500 nanometer fibers may be employed. Due to the fact that the laser drills a hole in the stone like if it is a thermal barrier, it may break in different ways: applying the quartz fiber in between the layers, drilling all the interior before breaking the surface, or drilling multiple points to weaken it and creating broad fracture lines. To accelerate the breaking process one can choose to use larger fibers or to modify the settings of the equipment increasing the potency, although this has some potential risk for the kidney. RESULTS: The theoretical 100% of good results is reduced due to multiple technical and anatomical factors: size, number, localization, and hardness of the stone, as well as the possibility of reaching and seeing the calculus and being able to place the tip of the fiber against it. CONCLUSIONS: Although the holmium laser develops on excellent role at the time of avoiding leaving residual calculi or diminishing the number of them, sometimes the electrohydraulic lithotripsy is more effective.

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OBJECTIVES: To objectively demonstrate the advantages provided by TURP with saline solution (an adjustment made possible thanks to the technological development of new high frequency current generators), although it surprisingly has been received with scepticism in the urological community. METHODS: A first group of 51 patients (group A) underwent low hydraulic pressure TURP with a pulsed bipolar system (Gyrus Plasmakinetic, with large loop) using physiologic saline solution as irrigation. A second group of 49 patients underwent low hydraulic pressure TURP with a conventional monopolar system (Erbe 350) using glycine-ethanol solution. RESULTS: A better surgical performance was obtained in the first group, as well as a lower degree of bleeding. No intraoperative complications appear in either group. Only one case of late hematuria was registered one month after surgery in a patient of group A. CONCLUSIONS: Pulsed bipolar TURP has a minimal thermal in-depth diffusion, achieves vessel hemostasis by dessication instead of charring, has an extremely precise cutting quality, does not produce neuromuscular stimulation, and makes the use of saline solution irrigation possible. All these translate to lower tissue injury, null risk of sequelae secondary to electric current leak, a finer technique, a lower risk of accidental perforation, and the possibility of duplicate or triplicate the surgical time without risk, especially when working with low hydraulic pressure.

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OBJETIVO: Demostrar objetivamente lasventajas que reporta el uso de la R.T.U.P. con soluciónsalina (logro posible gracias al desarrollo tecnológicode los los nuevos generadores de corrientes de alta frecuencia),pero que curiosamente ha sido recibida porlos urólogos con cierto escepticismo.MÉTODOS: A un primer grupo de 51 pacientes (grupoA) se les sometió a R.T.U.P., a baja presión hidráulica,con un sistema bipolar por pulsos (Gyrus Plasmakinetic,con asa large loop) y empleando suero fisiológicocomo líquido irrigante. A un segundo grupo, de 49pacientes se les practicó una R.T.U.P., a baja presiónhidráulica, con un sistema monopolar convencional(Erbe 350) y empleando solución de glicina con etanolcomo líquido irrigante.RESULTADOS: En el primer grupo de pacientes se obtuvoun mejor rendimiento quirúrgico y menor grado dehemorragia. No se produjeron complicaciones intraoperatoriasen ambos grupos. Solo se registró un casode hemorragia tardía al mes de la intervención en unpaciente del grupo A.CONCLUSIONES: La R.T.U. bipolar por pulsos, tieneuna mínima inercia térmica en profundidad, es capazde hemostasiar los vasos por desecación en vez de carbonización,dispone de una calidad de corte extremadamentepreciso, no provoca estímulo neuromuscular yhace posible el uso de una solución salina como mediode irrigación. Todo ello se traduce en un menor dañotisular, nulo riesgo de secuelas por fugas de corriente,una técnica más depurada, un menor riesgo de perforacionesaccidentales, y la posibilidad de duplicar o triplicarsin riesgo el tiempo quirúrgico, especialmente sise trabaja con baja presión hidráulica

OBJECTIVES: To objectively demonstrate ;;the advantages provided by TURP with saline solution ;;(an adjustment made possible thanks to the technological ;;development of new high frequency current generators), ;;although it surprisingly has been received with scepticism ;;in the urological community. ;;METHODS: A first group of 51 patients (group A) ;;underwent low hydraulic pressure TURP with a pulsed ;;bipolar system (Gyrus Plasmakinetic, with large loop) ;;using physiologic saline solution as irrigation. A second ;;group of 49 patients underwent low hydraulic pressure ;;TURP with a conventional monopolar system (Erbe 350) ;;using glycine-ethanol solution. ;;RESULTS: A better surgical performance was obtained ;;in the first group, as well as a lower degree of bleeding. ;;No intraoperative complications appear in either ;;group. Only one case of late hematuria was registered ;;one month after surgery in a patient of group A. ;;CONCLUSIONS: Pulsed bipolar TURP has a minimal ;;thermal in-depth diffusion, achieves vessel hemostasis ;;by dessication instead of charring, has an extremely ;;precise cutting quality, does not produce neuromuscular ;;stimulation, and makes the use of saline solution irrigation ;;possible. All these translate to lower tissue injury, null ;;risk of sequelae secondary to electric current leak, a ;;finer technique, a lower risk of accidental perforation, ;;and the possibility of duplicate or triplicate the surgical ;;time without risk, especially when working with low ;;hydraulic pressure

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OBJECTIVES: Current trends in the treatment of varicocele are focused on outpatient procedures of high and complete ligature of the spermatic vascular pedicle or percutaneous embolization. Laparoscopic varicocelectomy competes with them and other minimally invasive techniques such as chemical or thermal sclerosing therapy of the spermatic veins. METHODS: We perform a bibliographic review of the Spanish and Anglo-Saxon literature with the aim of evaluating the real weight of the laparoscopic technique, and at the same time show our personal experience. RESULTS: We found 8 papers in Spanish and 187 in English. Although the interest for laparoscopic varicocelectomy among Spanish urologists is very low, in other countries there is moderate interest for it, being in competition, though in disadvantage, with other outpatient minimally invasive techniques performed under local or regional anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Microlaparoscopy improves the overall position of this technique, mainly in cases of bilateral varicocele whenever an "en bloc" ligature of the spermatic artery and vein is performed.

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OBJETIVO: Las tendencias actuales en el tratamiento del varicocele se centran en aquellos procedimientos ambulatorios de ligadura alta y completa del pedículo vascular espermatico, o de embolización percutánea del mismo. Compiten con ellos la varicocelectomía laparoscópica y otras técnicas de mínima invasión como la escleroterapia química o térmica de las venas espermaticas. MÉTODO: Con el fin de evaluar el peso específico de la técnica laparoscópica, realizamos una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura española y anglosajona, al tiempo que aportamos nuestra experiencia personal. RESULTADOS: Encontramos 8 publicaciones españolas y 187 en lengua anglosajona. Aunque el interés por la varicocelectomía laparoscópica es muy reducido entre los urólogos españoles, se mantiene un moderado interés por la misma en otros países, en donde llega a competir, con cierta desventaja, con otras técnicas de mínima invasión que se realizan con anestesia local o regional y en régimen ambulatorio. CONCLUSIONES: La microlaparoscopia mejora el posicionamiento global de esta técnica, especialmente en los casos de varicocele bilateral y siempre que se haga una ligadura en bloque de la arteria y venas espermaticas (AU)

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