RESUMEN
Humpback whales in the western North Pacific are considered endangered due to their small population size and lack of information. Although previous studies have reported interchanges between regions within a population, the relationship between the geographic regions of a population in Japan is poorly understood. Using 3,532 fluke photo IDs of unique individuals obtained from four areas in Japan: Hokkaido, six IDs (2009-2019); Ogasawara, 1,477 IDs, from two organizations (1) Everlasting nature of Asia (1987-2020) and (2) Ogasawara Whale Watching Association, (1990-2020); Amami, 373 IDs (1992-1994, 2005-2016); Okinawa, 1,676 IDs (1990-2018), interchanges were analyzed. The ID matchings were conducted using an automated system with an 80.9% matching accuracy. Interchange and within-region return indices were also calculated. As a result, number of matches and interchange indices follow locations, Hokkaido-Okinawa (3, 0.31), Amami-Ogasawara (36, 0.06), Amami-Okinawa (222, 0.37), and Okinawa-Ogasawara (225, 0.08), respectively. Interchange indices among Japanese areas were much higher than the indices between Ogasawara/Okinawa and Hawaii (0.01) and Mexico (0.00) reported in previous studies, indicating that the Japanese regions are utilized by the same population. At the same time, the frequency of interchanges among the three breeding areas vary, and the high within-region return indices in respective breeding areas suggest the site fidelity of the whales in each area at some level. These results indicate the existence of several groups within the population which are possibly be divided into at least two groups based on geographical features: one tend to utilize Ogasawara and the Mariana Archipelago; the other utilize Amami, Okinawa, and the Philippines, migrating along the Ryukyu and Philippine Trench. The matching results also suggest that Hokkaido is possibly be utilized as a corridor between northern feeding areas and southern breeding areas at least by individuals migrating to Okinawa area.
Asunto(s)
Yubarta , Animales , Japón , Movimiento , Geografía , AsiaRESUMEN
AIMS: While several studies have reported various cognitive impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the neuropsychological profiles of adults with this disorder are understudied. Here, the intelligence and memory functions of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without intellectual disability were evaluated. METHODS: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised were administered to 30 adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder whose full-scale intelligence quotients were >85. Diagnoses were based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria. Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales-Self-Report-screening version and the Autism Spectrum Quotient were also evaluated. RESULTS: In the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition, the verbal intelligence quotient was significantly higher than the performance intelligence quotient and the verbal comprehension score was the highest among the secondary indices. In the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, the visual memory score was the highest measure. Although the verbal intelligence quotient had no correlation with any Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised measures, the performance intelligence quotient was significantly correlated with the visual memory and attention scores of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales hyperactive-impulsive score was significantly correlated with the verbal intelligence quotient, whereas the inattention score was not correlated with any measures of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition or Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that while adults with normal-intelligence attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have comparatively high verbal comprehension and social knowledge, their ability of information processing and visual-motor coordination are relatively weak.