RESUMEN
Glutamate or its ionotropic receptor (iGluR) agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxale propionate (AMPA), and kainate (KA) elicit feeding when microinjected into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) of satiated rats. In the present study we investigated the contributions of AMPA and KA receptors (AMPARs and KARs) to feeding initiation. Intense feeding was elicited by LH injection of RS-AMPA (1 and 10 nmol) but not by the isolated, inactive R-AMPA enantiomer (1 and 10 nmol). Further, LH pretreatment with either the non-selective AMPAR/KAR antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 4 nmol) or the selective AMPAR antagonist, GYKI 52466 (10 nmol), suppressed AMPA-elicited food intake and, when combined, blocked AMPA-elicited food intake. These findings suggest that LH AMPARs mediate AMPA injection-elicited feeding with a possible contribution by KARs. In contrast, CNQX or GYKI 52466 injected into the LH at the onset of the nocturnal period or into fasted rats did not suppress the feeding produced by either condition. RS-AMPA injected into the LH of fasted or nocturnal feeding subjects elicited eating in both conditions; however, the magnitude of the increase was greater in fasted rats. These data suggest that selective stimulation of AMPAR in the LH is sufficient to elicit feeding. In contrast, the results did not provide evidence that AMPAR stimulation is necessary for deprivation-induced or nocturnal eating; however, they did suggest that modulatory interactions may exist between these receptors and these forms of naturally occurring eating behavior.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Área Hipotalámica Lateral/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores AMPA/agonistas , 6-Ciano 7-nitroquinoxalina 2,3-diona/farmacología , Animales , Benzodiazepinas/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/farmacología , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/farmacología , Privación de Alimentos/fisiología , Área Hipotalámica Lateral/anatomía & histología , Área Hipotalámica Lateral/fisiología , Inyecciones , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores AMPA/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de Ácido Kaínico/agonistas , Estereoisomerismo , Estimulación Química , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiónico/química , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiónico/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Glutamate and its receptor agonists, NMDA, AMPA, and KA, elicit feeding when microinjected into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) of satiated rats. However, determining the relative contributions of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and KA receptors (KARs) to LH feeding mechanisms has been difficult due to a lack of receptor selective agonists and antagonists. Furthermore, LH injection of KA produces behavioral hyperactivity, questioning a role for KARs in feeding selective stimulation. In the present study, we used the KAR agonist, (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-tert-butylisoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (ATPA), which selectively binds the GluR5 subunit of KARs, to stimulate feeding, presumably via KAR activation. Using ATPA, we tested whether: (1) LH injection of ATPA elicits feeding, (2) prior treatment with the non-selective AMPA/KAR antagonist, CNQX, suppresses ATPA-elicited feeding, and (3) LH injection of ATPA elicits behavioral patterns specific for feeding. We found that injection of ATPA (0.1 and 1 nmol) elicited an intense feeding response (e.g., 4.8+/-1.6 g) that was blocked by LH pretreatment with CNQX, but was unaffected by pretreatment with the AMPAR selective antagonist, GYKI 52466. Furthermore, minute-by-minute behavioral analysis revealed that LH injection of ATPA increased time spent feeding to 55% of the initial test period with little or no effects on other behaviors at any time. In contrast, LH injection of KA similarly increased feeding but also produced intense locomotor activity. These data suggest that selective activation of LH KARs containing GluR5 subunit(s) is sufficient to elicit feeding.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Área Hipotalámica Lateral/fisiología , Receptores de Ácido Kaínico/fisiología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/farmacología , Área Hipotalámica Lateral/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
We have previously shown that hypothalamic injections of glutamate, or agonists of its ionotropic receptors (iGluRs), elicit intense feeding responses in satiated rats [Brain Res. 613 (1993) 88, Brain Res. 630 (1993) 41]. While attempting to clarify the role of the AMPA and kainate (KA) receptor subtypes in glutamatergic feeding systems, we discovered that lateral hypothalamic (LH) injection of high doses of the competitive AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, NBQX (10 and 30 nmol), elicited a pronounced feeding response. We questioned whether this effect was due to inactivation of AMPA or possibly KA receptors. To determine whether other AMPA/KA antagonists can also elicit feeding, we tested whether injection of CNQX, another AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, also stimulates eating and whether these feeding stimulatory effects were due to antagonists' actions in the LH or in other hypothalamic sites. Here we report that NBQX and CNQX elicit feeding in a dose dependent manner and are most effective when injected into the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), or into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and, to a lesser extent, into the LH of satiated rats. In contrast, AMPA was most effective in stimulating feeding when injected into the LH, confirming previous reports. These data suggest that either activation or inactivation of AMPA/KA receptors in distinct but overlapping hypothalamic sites may be sufficient to induce feeding behavior, indicating a broadened role for glutamate in hypothalamic feeding mechanisms.