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Prostate cancer is the second most common neoplasia amongst men worldwide. Hereditary susceptibility and ancestral heritage are well-established risk factors that explain the disparity trends across different ethnicities, populations, and regions even within the same country. The Y-chromosome has been considered a prototype biomarker for male health. African, European, Middle Eastern, and Hispanic ancestries exhibit the highest incidences of such neoplasia; Asians have the lowest rates. Nonetheless, the contribution of ancestry patterns has been scarcely explored among Latino males. The Mexican population has an extremely diverse genetic architecture where all the aforementioned ancestral backgrounds converge. Trans-ethnic research could illuminate the aetiology of prostate cancer, involving the migratory patterns, founder effects, and the ethnic contributions to its disparate incidence rates. The contribution of the ancestral heritage to prostate cancer risk were explored through a case-control study (152 cases and 372 controls) study in Mexican Mestizo males. Seventeen microsatellites were used to trace back the ancestral heritage using two Bayesian predictor methods. The lineage R1a seems to contribute to prostate cancer (ORadjusted:8.04, 95%CI:1.41-45.80) development, whereas E1b1a/E1b1b and GHIJ contributed to well-differentiated (Gleason ≤ 7), and late-onset prostate cancer. Meta-analyses reinforced our findings. The mentioned lineages exhibited a connection with the Middle Eastern and North African populations that enriched the patrilineal diversity to the southeast region of the Iberian Peninsula. This ancestral legacy arrived at the New World with the Spanish and Sephardim migrations. Our findings reinforced the contribution of family history and ethnic background to prostate cancer risk, although should be confirmed using a large sample size. Nonetheless, given its complex aetiology, in addition to the genetic component, the lifestyle and xenobiotic exposition could also influence the obtained results.

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CONTEXT: The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes diverse cellular components such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and immune cells, among others. MSC have been isolated from different tumors and they favor tumor cell growth; however, their role in pituitary tumors (PTs) remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: Herein we report the presence of MSCs in 2 adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-secreting PTs causing Cushing disease (MCU), 2 nonfunctioning adenomas of gonadotrope differentiation (MNF), and 2 nontumoral pituitary glands (MS). METHODS: We have analyzed the transcriptomic profiles by RNA sequencing and compared MSCs in terms of their immunosuppressive effects against lymphoid T-cell and macrophage populations by means of cocultures and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Our transcriptomic analysis revealed molecular differences between MSCs derived from nontumoral pituitaries and MSCs derived from PTs. Two distinct subpopulations of MSC emerged: one displaying immunosuppressive properties and the other with increased proproliferative capabilities, regardless of their origin. MSCs derived from ACTH- and nonfunctioning PTs, but not those derived from nontumoral glands, significantly inhibited the proliferation of activated T cells, favored the generation of regulatory T cells, and promoted M2 macrophage polarization. Such immunosuppressive effects were correlated with an upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 and intracellular expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and interleukin-10. Importantly, MSC derived from ACTH-PTs showed a higher immunosuppressive potential than MSC isolated from nonfunctioning tumors. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the presence of at least 2 MSC subpopulations in the pituitary gland and suggests that immunosuppressive effects of MSCs may have important implications in PT growth.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between dairy intake patterns and the risk of prostate cancer (PC), and its histological differentiation, among men from Mexico City. METHODS: We analyzed the information from 394 incident PC cases paired by age (± 5 years) with 794 population controls. According to the Gleason score at diagnosis, cases were classified as well- (≤ 6), moderately- (= 7), and poorly differentiated PC (≥ 8). Based on a semiquantitative-food frequency questionnaire and using energy-density approach, we estimated the energy-adjusted daily intake of whole milk, cheese (fresh, Oaxaca, and Manchego), cream, and yogurt. Through a principal component analysis, we identified three dairy intake patterns: whole milk, cheese, and yogurt. The association between each dairy intake pattern and PC was evaluated from independent nonconditional logistic regression models. We also evaluated the mediator role of calcium and saturated fat intake. RESULTS: After adjustment, a high intake of whole milk pattern was associated with a 63% increased risk of PC (ORhigh vs low: 1.63; 95% CI 1.17-2.25, p trend = 0.002); at expenses of moderately (ORhigh vs low: 1.77; 95% CI 1.09-2.85, p trend = 0.015) and poorly differentiated PC (ORhigh vs low: 1.75; 95% CI 1.05- 2.92, p trend = 0.031). The association was mainly mediated by calcium intake (proportion mediated = 1.17; p < 0.01). No associations were found between cream and yogurt intake patterns with risk of PC, and its histological grade. CONCLUSIONS: A differential association of dairy intake patterns with risk of PC, and the poorly differentiated PC, was identified. This association seems to be determined by different dairy matrices and it is mediated by calcium content. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings and be able to identify other potential mediators in the etiology of PC.

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BACKGROUND: The association between testosterone concentrations and sleep duration is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between sleep duration and quality with serum testosterone concentrations and its variation by sex and age. METHODS: Data were analyzed for 8748 men and women (≥20 years old) who participated in the cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016, a cross-sectional study. Total testosterone (ng/dL) was measured and categorized (low, moderate, and high) based on established cut-offs for men and its tertile distribution among women. Sleep duration was classified as ≤6, 7-8, and ≥9 h. Sleep quality was classified as poor or good based on the frequency of trouble falling or staying asleep or sleeping too much. Weighted multivariable adjusted and multinomial logistic regression models were conducted to assess these associations. RESULTS: The association between sleep duration and testosterone concentrations, varied according to sex and age. Sleep deprivation (≤6 h) was associated with high testosterone (odds ratio = 3.62; 95% confidence interval: 1.37, 9.53) among young men (20-40 years old); meanwhile, middle-aged men (41-64 years old) who reported more sleep duration had low testosterone (odds ratio = 2.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 3.73). A J-shaped association between sleep duration and low testosterone (odds ratio≤6 h  = 1.57; 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 2.27; odds ratio≥9  h  = 2.06; 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 3.59) was observed in women aged 41-64 years. We did not find any association with sleep quality. CONCLUSION: The association of sleep duration with serum testosterone concentrations varies with sex and age group. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm these sex and age group differences.

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate prostate cancer (PC) survival in Mexico and explore survival disparities according to the marginalization level of residence place. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nationwide administrative claims database (4 110 men) whose PC treatment was financed by Seguro Popular between 2012-2016, was cross-linked to the National Mortality Registry up to December 2019. Patients were classified according to their oncological risk at diagnosis and the marginalization level of the residence municipality. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariable survival functions. RESULTS: Five-years PC survival (69%; 95%CI: 68,71%) ranged from 72% to 54% at very low and very high marginalization, respectively (p for trend<0.001). The lowest PC survival was observed in men with high-risk PC (47%; 95%CI: 33,66%) residents in very high marginalization municipalities. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, PC survival was lower than that reported in other Latin American countries. The distribution of oncologic risk and survival differences across marginalization levels suggests limited early detection and cancer health disparities.

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Skin aging represents a health and aesthetic problem that could result in infections and skin diseases. Bioactive peptides can potentially be used in skin aging regulation. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) selenoproteins were obtained from germination with 2 mg Na2SeO3/100 g of seeds for 2 days. Alcalase, pepsin, and trypsin were used as hydrolyzers, and a membrane < 10 kDa was used to fractionate the hydrolysate. Se content, antioxidant capacity, elastase and collagen inhibition, functional stability, and preventative capacity were analyzed. Significant increases in Se content were found in germinated chickpea flour and protein related to the control. An increase of 38% in protein was observed in the selenized flour related to the control. A band (600-550 cm-1) observed in the selenized hydrolysates suggested the insertion of Se into the protein. Hydrolysates from pepsin and trypsin had the highest antioxidant potential. Se enhanced the stability of total protein and protein hydrolysates through time and increased their antioxidant capacity. Hydrolysates > 10 kDa had higher elastase and collagenase inhibition than the total protein and hydrolysates < 10 kDa. Protein hydrolysates < 10 kDa 6 h before UVA radiation had the highest inhibition of collagen degradation. Selenized protein hydrolysates showed promising antioxidant effects that could be related to skin anti-aging effects.

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No genetic basis is currently established that differentiates hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD) from hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS). Diagnosis is entirely based on clinical parameters with high overlap, leading to frequent misdiagnosis of these two phenotypes. This study presents a landscape of DNA mutations through whole-exome sequencing of patients clinically diagnosed with generalized HSD. In this study, three genes (MUC3A, RHBG, and ZNF717) were mutated in all five patients evaluated. The functional enrichment analysis on all 1162 mutated genes identified the extracellular matrix (ECM) structural constituent as the primary overrepresented molecular function. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified relevant bio-functions, such as the organization of ECM and hereditary connective tissue disorders. A comparison with the matrisome revealed 55 genes and highlighted MUC16 and FREM2. We also contrasted the list of mutated genes with those from a transcriptomic analysis on data from Gene Expression Omnibus, with only 0.5% of the genes at the intersection of both approaches supporting the hypothesis of two different diseases that inevitably share a common genetic background but are not the same. Potential biomarkers for HSD include the five genes presented. We conclude the study by describing five potential biomarkers and by highlighting the importance of genetic/genomic approaches that, combined with clinical data, may result in an accurate diagnosis and better treatment.

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Cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) represents a severe problem causing substantial economic losses, estimated in billions of dollars annually. Currently, chemical acaricides represent the most widely used control method. However, several problems such as resistance have been described. Phage-based vaccines represent a fast and low-cost tool for antigen delivery. In this regard, the objective of the present work was to develop a candidate phage-based vaccine displaying a cattle tick antigen (Bm86-derived Sbm7462 antigen) on the surface of bacteriophage M13. Phage ELISA and dot blotting analysis confirmed the display of the antigen. Vaccine immunogenicity was evaluated using a bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cell-based ex vivo assay and a murine in vivo assay. The ex vivo model showed the maturation of dendritic cells after being pulsed with the phage-based vaccine. The humoral response was confirmed in the in vivo assay. These results demonstrated the capacity of the phage-based vaccine to induce both humoral and cellular immune-specific responses. Importantly, this is the first report describing a control method for cattle ticks using a candidate phage-based vaccine. Further studies to evaluate the immunogenicity in a bovine model are needed. The current approach represents a promising alternative to control cattle tick infestations.

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Epidemiological studies related to androgens and prostate cancer (PC) have focused on serum determination of testosterone, androstenedione (A4), and DHEA, with inconsistent results. Herein, we hypothesized that differences in androgen biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, rather than differences in specific androgen concentrations, are associated with prostatic carcinogenesis. Therefore, spot urine samples from 111 incident PC cases with Gleason score at diagnosis and 227 healthy population controls, were analyzed. Urinary androgen concentrations (nanograms/milligrams of creatinine) were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Using a factor analysis, we identified three androgen urinary excretion patterns. In a subsample, we evaluated a modification effect of the androgen receptor (AR) CAG polymorphism. Pattern I, characterized by A4 and testosterone hydroxylated metabolites (11ß-OHT; 2ß-OHT; 15ß-OHT; 2α-OHT; 6ß-OHT), was associated with high PC odds among carriers of AR gene (CAG)>19 repeats (OR: 3.67 95% CI: 1.23-11.0; P for interaction= 0.009). Conversely, higher testosterone excretion (pattern III), was marginally associated with lower (OR: 0.35 95% CI: 0.12-1.00, P for trend= 0.08) poorly differentiated PC (Gleason ≥8). No clear association was observed with pattern II (DHEA; 16α and 16ß-OHT). Our results were consistent with the previous evidence which suggests that the C11-oxy backdoor pathway is important for prostatic carcinogenesis. Androgen urine excretion analysis could be useful for PC diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis; however, further studies with a larger number of samples and the urinary determination of 11-ketoandrogens are necessary.

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Flavonoids are a broad group of bioactive compounds with anticarcinogenic effects on the prostate that have been scarcely evaluated in Latin American populations. Our objective was to evaluate the association between dietary patterns of flavonoid intake and prostate cancer (PC) in a population-based case-control study carried out in Mexico City. Based on a semi-quantitative FFQ with a frame reference of 3 years before diagnosis or interview, we used an updated database for estimating the daily intake (mg/d) of flavones, flavonols and flavanols for 395 confirmed incident PC cases and 797 population controls matched by age (± 5 years). Histological PC differentiation was evaluated using the Gleason score at diagnosis. Flavonoid dietary intake patterns (FDIP) were determined through principal component analysis, and their association with PC was estimated using logistic regression models. Three FDIP were identified: gallate pattern (GP) characterised by (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and (+)-gallocatechin; luteolin pattern (LP) characterised by luteolin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate; and a mixed pattern (MP) that included (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and quercetin. A higher GP (ORT3 v.T1 = 0·47; 95 % CI 0·33, 0·66) and LP intake (ORT3 v. T1 = 0·39; 95 % CI 0·27, 0·59) were associated with a decreased PC likelihood. In contrast, a higher MP intake (ORT3 v. T1 = 2·32; 95 % CI 1·67, 3·23) increased PC likelihood. The possible differential and synergistic anticarcinogenic role of flavonoid compounds in PC deserves further study.

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Vaccines are considered one of the most important bioproducts in medicine. Since the development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796, several types of vaccines for many diseases have been created. However, some vaccines have shown limitations as high cost and low immune responses. In that regard, bacteriophages have been proposed as an attractive alternative for the development of more cost-effective vaccines. Phage-displayed vaccines consists in the expression of antigens on the phage surface. This approach takes advantage of inherent properties of these particles such as their adjuvant capacity, economic production and high stability, among others. To date, three types of phage-based vaccines have been developed: phage-displayed, phage DNA and hybrid phage-DNA vaccines. Typically, phage display technology has been used for the identification of new and protective epitopes, mimotopes and antigens. In this context, phage particles represent a versatile, effective and promising alternative for the development of more effective vaccine delivery systems which should be highly exploited in the future. This review describes current advances in the development of bacteriophage-based vaccines, with special attention to vaccine delivery strategies. Moreover, the immunological aspects of phage-based vaccines, as well as the applications of phage display for vaccine development, are explored. Finally, important challenges and the future of phage-bases vaccines are discussed.

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Amphibian skin secretions are enriched with complex cocktails of bioactive molecules such as proteins, peptides, biogenic amines, alkaloids guanidine derivatives, steroids and other minor components spanning a wide spectrum of pharmacological actions exploited for centuries in folk medicine. This study presents evidence on the protein profile of the skin secretions of the canyon tree frog, Dryophytes arenicolor. At the same time, it presents the reverse-phase liquid chromatography isolation, mass spectrometry characterization and identification at mRNA level of a novel 58 amino acids Kunitz-like polypeptide from the skin secretions of Dryophytes arenicolor, arenin. Cell viability assays performed on HDFa, CaCo2 and MCF7 cells cultured with different concentrations of arenin showed a discrete effect at low concentrations (2, 4, 8 and 16 µg/mL) suggesting a multi-target interaction in a hormetic-like dose-response. Further work is required to investigate the mechanisms underlying the variable effect on cell viability produced by different concentrations of arenin.

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Se presentó el caso de un paciente de 53 años de edad con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo I perteneciente al área de salud de Velasco en la Policlínica Docente José Ávila Serrano. El paciente ingresó inicialmente en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Lucía Iñiguez Landín de Holguín con el diagnóstico de pie diabético neuroinfeccioso complicado con un absceso. Se indicó primero tratamiento con antibiótico y después con Heberprot-P, con un ciclo de aplicación de un bulbo de 0,75 mg en días alternos durante cuatro semanas. A partir de la cuarta y quinta dosis, el paciente evolucionó favorablemente, presentó una buena granulación, desapareció gradualmente el dolor y se produjo una cicatrización completa de la lesión.

A 53- year- old patient diagnosed with type I diabetes mellitus, of Jose Avila Serrano Polyclinic health area of Teaching Polyclinic of Velasco was presented in this paper. The patient initially was admitted to Lucia Iñiguez Landin Surgical Hospital of Holguin with the diagnosis of neuroinfectious diabetic foot complicated with an abscess. Antibiotic treatment was given as well as Heberprot-P, with an application cycle of a bulb (0.75 mg) every other day for four weeks. From the fourth and fifth dose, the patient´s progress was satisfactory, a good granulation was observed. The pain disappeared and the lesion cicatrized.

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Se presentó el caso de un paciente de 53 años de edad con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo I perteneciente al área de salud de Velasco en la Policlínica Docente José Ávila Serrano.El paciente ingresó inicialmente en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Lucía Iñiguez Landín de Holguín con el diagnóstico de pie diabético neuroinfeccioso complicado con un absce so. Se indicó primero tratamiento con antibiótico y después con Heberprot- P, con un ciclo de aplicación de un bulbo de 0,75 mg en días alternos durante cuatro semanas. A partir de la cuarta y quinta dosis, el paciente evolucionó favorablemente, present ó una buena granulación, desapareció gradualmente el dolor y se produjo una cicatrización completa de la lesión(AU)...

A ,53, year old patient diagnosed with type I diabetes mellitus, of Jose Avila Serrano Polyclinic health area of Teaching Polyc linic of Velasco was presented in this paper. The patient initially was admitted to Lucia Iñiguez Landin Surgical Hospital of Holguin with the diagnosis of neuroinfectious diabetic foot complicated with an abscess. Antibiotic treatmentwas given as well as Heberprot- P, with an application cycle of a bulb ,0.75 mg, every other day for four weeks. From the fourth and fifth dose, the patient ´s progress was satisfactory, a good granulation was observed. The pain disappeared and the lesion cicatrized(AU)...

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Introducción: actualmente, la hipertensión arterial es la más común de las condiciones que afectan la salud de los individuos adultos en las poblaciones de todas partes del mundo; es una enfermedad y también un factor de riesgo para otros padecimientos; evoluciona desde formas asintomáticas a otras graves y comienza en la niñez. Objetivos: establecer el comportamiento de la tensión arterial entre los adolescentes de entre 12 y 13 años del área de salud de Velasco en 2011. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en 177 adolescentes de entre 12 a 13 años atendidos en el área de salud de Velasco, Gibara, Holguín, entre enero y mayo de 2011.Las variables a estudiar fueron: edad, sexo, tensión arterial, valoración nutricional y sedentarismo. Resultados: el 78,53 por ciento de los adolescentes presentaron cifras normales de tensión arterial. Predominó el sexo femenino entre los adolescentes hipertensos. El grupo con peso corporal más alto presentó cifras de tensión arterial más elevadas. Más de la mitad de los adolescentes presentaron estilos de vida no sedentarios. La mayor parte de los adolescentes hipertensos se ubicó en este grupo. Conclusiones: la detección temprana de cifras de tensión arterial altas en la adolescencia es una tarea prioritaria en la atención primaria de salud con vistas a indicar un tratamiento que evite que estos adolescentes ingresen a la atención secundaria con daños o secuelas importantes causadas por la hipertensión(AU)...

Introduction: hypertension is the most frequent disease that affects the health of the persons in the population from all over the world, it is also an important risk factor for other diseases, and change from asymptomatic stages to severe ones. It begins in childhood.Objective: to establish the blood pressure behavior in adolescents. Methods: a cross-sectional study in ,177, adolescents between ,12, and ,13, years old from Velasco health area, f,rom January to May ,2011, was carried out. Age, sex, blood pressure levels, nutritional assessment and physical inactivity were studied. Results: ,78.53 percent, of patients was normotensive. Blood pressure increased with age. Most of hypertensive adolescents were females. The overweight adolescents presented higher blood pressure levels. More than half of the patients were in the group with a sedentary lifestyle and those adolescents with hypertension belonged to this group.Conclusions: it is necessary to identify an early diagnosis of hypertension in adolescents ir order to establish tretament to avoid severe health problems regarding blood pressure in the adulthood(AU)...

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Introducción: actualmente, la hipertensión arterial es la más común de las condiciones que afectan la salud de los individuos adultos en las poblaciones de todas partes del mundo; es una enfermedad y también un factor de riesgo para otros padecimientos; evoluciona desde formas asintomáticas a otras graves y comienza en la niñez. Objetivos: establecer el comportamiento de la tensión arterial entre los adolescentes de entre 12 y 13 años del área de salud de Velasco en 2011. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en 177 adolescentes de entre 12 a 13 años atendidos en el área de salud de Velasco, Gibara, Holguín, entre enero y mayo de 2011. Las variables a estudiar fueron: edad, sexo, tensión arterial, valoración nutricional y sedentarismo. Resultados: el 78,53% de los adolescentes presentaron cifras normales de tensión arterial. Predominó el sexo femenino entre los adolescentes hipertensos. El grupo con peso corporal más alto presentó cifras de tensión arterial más elevadas. Más de la mitad de los adolescentes presentaron estilos de vida no sedentarios. La mayor parte de los adolescentes hipertensos se ubicó en este grupo. Conclusiones: la detección temprana de cifras de tensión arterial altas en la adolescencia es una tarea prioritaria en la atención primaria de salud con vistas a indicar un tratamiento que evite que estos adolescentes ingresen a la atención secundaria con daños o secuelas importantes causadas por la hipertensión.

Introduction: hypertension is the most frequent disease that affects the health of the persons in the population from all over the world; it is also an important risk factor for other diseases, and change from asymptomatic stages to severe ones. It begins in childhood. Objective: to establish the blood pressure behaviour in adolescents between 12 and 13 years old in Velasco health area in 2011. Methods: a cross-sectional study in 177 adolescents between 12 and 13 years old from Velasco health area, from January to May 2011 was carried out. Age, sex, blood pressure levels, nutritional assessment and physical inactivity were studied. Results: the 78.53% of patients was normotensive. Blood pressure increased with age. Most of hypertensive adolescents were females. The overweight adolescents presented higher blood pressure levels. More than half of the patients were in the group with a sedentary lifestyle and those adolescents with hypertension belonged to this group. Conclusions: it is necessary to identify an early diagnosis of hypertension in adolescents ir order to establish treatment to avoid severe health problems regarding blood pressure in the adulthood.