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The D1R and D3R receptors functionally and synergistically interact in striatonigral neurons. Dopaminergic denervation turns this interaction antagonistic, which is correlated with a decrement in D3nf isoform and an increment in D3R membranal expression. The mechanisms of such changes in D3R are attributed to the dysregulation of the expression of their isoforms. The cause and mechanism of this phenomenon remain unknown. Dopaminergic denervation produces a decrement in D1R and PKA activity; we propose that the lack of phosphorylation of PTB (regulator of alternative splicing) by PKA produces the dysregulation of D3R splicing and changes D3R functionality. By using in silico analysis, we found that D3R mRNA has motifs for PTB binding and, by RIP, co-precipitates with PTB. Moreover, D1R activation via PKA promotes PTB phosphorylation. Acute and 5-day D1R blockade decreases the expression of D3nf mRNA. The 5-day treatment reduces D3R, D3nf, and PTB protein in the cytoplasm and increases D3R in the membrane and PTB in the nucleus. Finally, the blockade of D1R mimics the effect of dopaminergic denervation in D1R and D3R signaling. Thus, our data indicate that through PKAâPTB, D1R modulates D3R splicing, expression, and signaling, which are altered during D1R blockade or the lack of stimulation in dopaminergic denervation.
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This work proposes a combination of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) and trehalose as a surface modification approach to enhance PLGA-based nanoparticles as a drug carrier for neurons. PEG improves nanoparticles' hydrophilicity, and trehalose enhances the nanoparticle's cellular internalization by inducing a more auspicious microenvironment based on inhibiting cell surface receptor denaturation. To optimize the nanoprecipitation process, a central composite design was performed; nanoparticles were adsorbed with PEG and trehalose. PLGA nanoparticles with diameters smaller than 200 nm were produced, and the coating process did not considerably increase their size. Nanoparticles entrapped curcumin, and their release profile was determined. The nanoparticles presented a curcumin entrapment efficiency of over 40%, and coated nanoparticles reached 60% of curcumin release in two weeks. MTT tests and curcumin fluorescence, with confocal imaging, were used to assess nanoparticle cytotoxicity and cell internalization in SH-SY5Y cells. Free curcumin 80 µM depleted the cell survival to 13% at 72 h. Contrariwise, PEG:Trehalose-coated curcumin-loaded and non-loaded nanoparticles preserved cell survival at 76% and 79% under the same conditions, respectively. Cells incubated with 100 µM curcumin or curcumin nanoparticles for 1 h exhibited 13.4% and 14.84% of curcumin's fluorescence, respectively. Moreover, cells exposed to 100 µM curcumin in PEG:Trehalose-coated nanoparticles for 1 h presented 28% fluorescence. In conclusion, PEG:Trehalose-adsorbed nanoparticles smaller than 200 nm exhibited suitable neural cytotoxicity and increased cell internalization proficiency.
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Ulva ohnoi is a cosmopolitan green seaweed with commercial potential given the biomass that may be generated. We evaluated the effects of substrate changes induced by U. ohnoi application on the vegetative response of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. First, the decomposition dynamics and N release of the dry seaweed biomass were studied using the litterbag method. Subsequently, we evaluated the effect of seaweed powder (SP) or seaweed extract (SE) applications on substrate and plant growth. Additionally, the growth parameters responses evaluated were related to the changes in substrate properties associated with each treatment. The results showed that the dry seaweed biomass has a rapid rate of degradation (k = 0.07 day-1) and N release (k = 0.024 day-1). The SP application improved the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the substrate by increasing the availability of minerals, the fungi:bacteria ratio, and the growth morphophysiological parameters (length, area, dry and fresh weight), chlorophyll and mineral content. In contrast, SE treatment showed a positive effect on the root, mineral content, and soil microbes. This study highlights the agricultural potential of U. ohnoi powder as an alternative supplement that supports nutrition and promotes the vegetative growth of plants cultivated in soilless horticultural systems.
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BACKGROUND: Metabolic reconfiguration in plants is a hallmark response to insect herbivory that occurs in the attack site and systemically in undamaged tissues. Metabolomic systemic responses can occur rapidly while the herbivore is still present and may persist in newly developed tissue to counterattack future herbivore attacks. This study analyzed the metabolic profile of local and newly developed distal (systemic) leaves of husk tomato (Physalis philadelphica) plants after whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum infestation. In addition, the effect of these metabolomic adjustments on whitefly oviposition and development was evaluated. RESULTS: Our results indicate that T. vaporariorum infestation induced significant changes in husk tomato metabolic profiles, not only locally in infested leaves, but also systemically in distal leaves that developed after infestation. The distinctive metabolic profile produced in newly developed leaves affected whitefly nymphal development but did not affect female oviposition, suggesting that changes driven by whitefly herbivory persist in the young leaves that developed after the infestation event to avoid future herbivore attacks. CONCLUSIONS: This report contributes to further understanding the plant responses to sucking insects by describing the metabolic reconfiguration in newly developed, undamaged systemic leaf tissues of husk tomato plants after whitefly infestation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Hemípteros , Physalis , Animales , Metabolómica , Hojas de la PlantaRESUMEN
To ensure food security given the current scenario of climate change and the accompanying ecological repercussions, it is essential to search for new technologies and tools for agricultural production. Microorganism-based biostimulants are recognized as sustainable alternatives to traditional agrochemicals to enhance and protect agricultural production. Marine actinobacteria are a well-known source of novel compounds for biotechnological uses. In addition, former studies have suggested that coral symbiont actinobacteria may support co-symbiotic photosynthetic growth and tolerance and increase the probability of corals surviving abiotic stress. We have previously shown that this activity may also hold in terrestrial plants, at least for the actinobacteria Salinispora arenicola during induced heterologous symbiosis with a wild Solanaceae plant Nicotiana attenuata under in vitro conditions. Here, we further explore the heterologous symbiotic association, germination, growth promotion, and stress relieving activity of S. arenicola in tomato plants under agricultural conditions and dig into the possible associated mechanisms. Tomato plants were grown under normal and saline conditions, and germination, bacteria-root system interactions, plant growth, photosynthetic performance, and the expression of salt stress response genes were analyzed. We found an endophytic interaction between S. arenicola and tomato plants, which promotes germination and shoot and root growth under saline or non-saline conditions. Accordingly, photosynthetic and respective photoprotective performance was enhanced in line with the induced increase in photosynthetic pigments. This was further supported by the overexpression of thermal energy dissipation, which fine-tunes energy use efficiency and may prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species in the chloroplast. Furthermore, gene expression analyses suggested that a selective transport channel gene, SlHKT1,2, induced by S. arenicola may assist in relieving salt stress in tomato plants. The fine regulation of photosynthetic and photoprotective responses, as well as the inhibition of the formation of ROS molecules, seems to be related to the induced down-regulation of other salt stress response genes, such as SlDR1A-related genes or SlAOX1b. Our results demonstrate that the marine microbial symbiont S. arenicola establishes heterologous symbiosis in crop plants, promotes growth, and confers saline stress tolerance. Thus, these results open opportunities to further explore the vast array of marine microbes to enhance crop tolerance and food production under the current climate change scenario.
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Virus-like particles are excellent inducers of the adaptive immune response of humans and are presently being used as scaffolds for the presentation of foreign peptides and antigens derived from infectious microorganisms for subunit vaccine development. The most common approaches for peptide and antigen presentation are translational fusions and chemical coupling, but some alternatives that seek to simplify the coupling process have been reported recently. In this work, an alternative platform for coupling full antigens to virus-like particles is presented. Heterodimerization motifs inserted in both Tobacco etch virus coat protein and green fluorescent protein directed the coupling process by simple mixing, and the obtained complexes were easily taken up by a macrophage cell line.
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Presentación de Antígeno/inmunología , Antígenos , Potyvirus , Vacunas de Partículas Similares a Virus , Animales , Antígenos/química , Antígenos/inmunología , Ratones , Potyvirus/química , Potyvirus/inmunología , Células RAW 264.7 , Vacunas de Partículas Similares a Virus/química , Vacunas de Partículas Similares a Virus/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Forest fires are one of the main environmental threats in Chile. Fires in this Mediterranean climate region frequently affect native forests and exotic plantations, including in several cases urban and rural settlements. Considering the scarcity of information regarding the fire response dynamics of tree species that are frequently affected by fires, this study aims to establish a flammability classification according to the evolution of the fire initiation risk presented by the most affected forest species in the Valparaíso region. Three exotic species, Eucalyptus globulus, Pinus radiata, and Acacia dealbata, and two native species, Cryptocarya alba and Quillaja saponaria, were studied. Flammability assays indicate that E. globulus, A. dealbata, and C. alba are extremely flammable, whereas P. radiata and Q. saponaria are flammable. Furthermore, E. globulus and A. dealbata have the highest heating values while Q. saponaria has the lowest values. The extreme flammability of E. globulus, A. dealbata, and C. alba indicates a high susceptibility to ignite. Furthermore, the high heat of combustion of E. globulus and A. dealbata can be associated with a high energy release, increasing the risk of fires spreading. In contrast, Q. saponaria has the lowest predisposition to ignite and capacity to release heat. Accordingly, this work shows that all studied tree species contain organic metabolites that are potentially flammable (sesquiterpenes, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohol esters, ketones, diterpenes, and triterpenes) and can be considered as drivers of flammability in vegetation. Finally, these preliminary results will aid in the construction of more resilient landscapes in the near future.
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Incendios , Árboles , Chile , Bosques , Región Mediterránea , Hojas de la PlantaRESUMEN
The worldwide use of plant biostimulants (PBs) represents an environmentally friendly tool to increase crop yield and productivity. PBs include different substances, compounds, and growth-promoting microorganism formulations, such as those derived from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or seaweed extracts (SEs), which are used to regulate or enhance physiological processes in plants. This study analyzed the physiological, ecological, and biochemical implications of the addition of two PBs, AMF or SE (both alone and in combination), on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. "Rio Fuego"). The physiological responses evaluated were related to plant growth and photosynthetic performance. The ecological benefits were assessed based on the success of AMF colonization, flowering, resistance capacity, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), and polyphenol content. Biochemical effects were evaluated via protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nitrogen, and phosphorous content. Each PB was found to benefit tomato plants in a different but complementary manner. AMF resulted in an energetically expensive (high ETRMAX but low growth) but protective (high NPQ and polyphenol content) response. AMF + nutritive solution (NS) induced early floration but resulted in low protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content. Both AMF and AMF + NS favored foliar instead of root development. In contrast, SE and SE + NS favored protein content and root development and did not promote flowering. However, the combination of both PBs (AMF + SE) resulted in an additive effect, reflected in an increase in both foliar and root growth as well as protein and carbohydrate content. Moreover, a synergistic effect was also found, which was expressed in accelerated flowering and AMF colonization. We present evidence of benefits to plant performance (additive and synergistic) due to the interactive effects between microbial (AMF) and nonmicrobial (SEs) PBs and propose that the complementary modes of action of both PBs may be responsible for the observed positive effects due to the new and emerging properties of their components instead of exclusively being the result of known constituents. These results will be an important contribution to biostimulant research and to the development of a second generation of PBs in which combined and complementary mechanisms may be functionally designed.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the speech-language therapist role in the interdisciplinary team in the intervention of Orofacial motricity in the temporomandibular dysfunction documented in scientific publications. Methods: the search was conducted in well-known databases using the following terms or terminological associations: Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), stomatognathic system and TMD, Mastication, Speech and TMD. Interventions related to voice or temporomandibular joint indemnity were not included. Results: the interventions indicated in the scientific publications are described, giving an account of the role of the speech pathologist in the TMD intervention team. Conclusion: the therapist's intervention in Orofacial Motricity restores the stomatognathic system by addressing its functions. An isolated treatment approach from professionals overlooks the relationship of interdependence between function and structure. An appeal for an integrated and interdisciplinary work model, setting it free from the traditional fragmentary and multidisciplinary model, is made.
RESUMO Objetivo: describir el rol fonoaudiológico en el equipo interdisciplinario para la intervención de la motricidad orofacial en la disfunción temporomandibular documentado en publicaciones científicas. Métodos: la búsqueda se realizó en reconocidas bases datos usando los siguientes términos o asociaciones terminológicas: disfunción temporomandibular; Disfunción Temporo Mandibular; sistema estomatognático y Disfunción Temporo Mandibular; masticación, habla y Disfunción Temporo Mandibular. Se descartaron las intervenciones relacionadas con voz o indemnidad de Articulación Temporo Mandibular. Resultados: se describen las intervenciones señaladas en las publicaciones científicas, dando cuenta del rol del fonoaudiólogo en el equipo de intervención de la Disfunción Temporo Mandibular. Conclusión: la intervención fonoaudiológica en Motricidad Orofacial restablece la estructura abordando sus funciones. Un enfoque de tratamiento aislado de los profesionales desestima la relación de interdependencia entre función y estructura. Se aboga por una modalidad de trabajo integradora e interdisciplinaria, descartando la tradicional modalidad fragmentaria y multidisciplinar.
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BACKGROUND: Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are whitefly natural enemies. Previously, under laboratory conditions, we showed that G. punctipes engages in intraguild predation (IGP), the attack of one natural enemy by another, on E. eremicus. However, it is unknown whether this IGP interaction takes place under more complex scenarios, such as semi-field conditions. Even more importantly, the effect of this interaction on the density of the prey population requires investigation. Therefore, the present study aimed to establish whether this IGP takes place under semi-field conditions and to determine whether the predation rate of G. punctipes on the whitefly decreases when IGP takes place. RESULTS: Molecular analysis showed that, under semi-field conditions, G. punctipes performed IGP on E. eremicus. However, although IGP did take place, the predation rate by G. punctipes on the whitefly was nevertheless higher when both natural enemies were present together than when the predator was present alone. CONCLUSION: While IGP of G. punctipes on E. eremicus does occur under semi-field conditions, it does not adversely affect whitefly control. The concomitant use of these two natural enemies seems a valid option for inundative biological control programmes of T. vaporariorum in tomato. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Cadena Alimentaria , Hemípteros , Himenópteros/fisiología , Control Biológico de Vectores/métodos , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Dinámica PoblacionalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intraguild predation (IGP), predation between species that use a common resource, can affect the populations of a pest, of the pest's natural enemy (IG prey) and of the predator of the pest's natural enemy (IG predator). In this study, we determined whether the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) (IG prey), modifies its foraging behaviour under the risk of IGP by Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) (IG predator). Parasitoid behaviour was analysed using two bioassays (choice and no-choice) with the following treatments: (i) control, tomato leaf infested with whitefly nymphs; and (ii) PEP, tomato leaf infested with whitefly nymphs and previously exposed to the IG predator; and (iii) PP, tomato leaf infested with whitefly nymphs, with both, the IG predator and the IG prey present. RESULTS: In both bioassays, we found that E. eremicus did not significantly modify the number of ovipositions, time of residence, duration of oviposition or behavioural sequence. However, in the no-choice bioassay, the number of attacks was higher and their duration shorter in the PEP treatment than in the control. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the parasitoid may detect IGP risk to a certain extent, but it did not significantly modify its foraging behaviour, suggesting that simultaneous release of the two natural enemies can be successfully employed.
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Hemípteros/parasitología , Heterópteros/fisiología , Solanum lycopersicum/parasitología , Avispas/fisiología , Animales , Conducta Apetitiva , Femenino , Cadena Alimentaria , Masculino , Ninfa/fisiología , Oviposición/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/parasitología , Conducta PredatoriaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Andes virus (ANDV)-related hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) has a 35% case fatality rate in Chile and no specific treatment. In an immunomodulatory approach, we evaluated the efficacy of intravenous methylprednisolone for HCPS treatment, through a parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial. METHODS: Patients aged >2 years, with confirmed or suspected HCPS in cardiopulmonary stage, admitted to any of 13 study sites in Chile, were randomized by study center in blocks of 4 with a 1:1 allocation and assigned through sequentially numbered envelopes to receive placebo or methylprednisolone 16 mg/kg/day (≤1000 mg) for 3 days. All personnel remained blinded except the local pharmacist. Infection was confirmed by immunoglobulin M antibodies or ANDV RNA in blood. The composite primary endpoint was death, partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio ≤55, cardiac index ≤2.2, or ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation within 28 days. Safety endpoints included the number of serious adverse events (SAEs) and quantification of viral RNA in blood. Analysis was by intention to treat. RESULTS: Infection was confirmed in 60 of 66 (91%) enrollees. Fifteen of 30 placebo-treated patients and 11 of 30 methylprednisolone-treated patients progressed to the primary endpoint (P = .43). We observed no significant difference in mortality between treatment groups (P = .41). There was a trend toward more severe disease in placebo recipients at entry. More subjects in the placebo group experienced SAEs (P = .02). There were no SAEs clearly related to methylprednisolone administration, and methylprednisolone did not increase viral load. CONCLUSIONS: Although methylprednisolone appears to be safe, it did not provide significant clinical benefit to patients. Our results do not support the use of methylprednisolone for HCPS. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT00128180.
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Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Metilprednisolona/administración & dosificación , Administración Intravenosa , Adolescente , Adulto , Chile , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Orthohantavirus/genética , Orthohantavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/mortalidad , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , ARN Viral/sangre , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from plants in response to insect infestation can function as signals for the attraction of predatory/parasitic insects and/or repulsion of herbivores. VOCs also may play a role in intra- and inter-plant communication. In this work, the kinetics and composition of VOC emissions produced by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants infested with the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum was determined within a 14 days period. The VOC emission profiles varied concomitantly with the duration of whitefly infestation. A total of 36 different VOCs were detected during the experiment, 26 of which could be identified: 23 terpenoids, plus decanal, decane, and methyl salicylate (MeSA). Many VOCs were emitted exclusively by infested plants, including MeSA and 10 terpenoids. In general, individual VOC emissions increased as the infestation progressed, particularly at 7 days post-infestation (dpi). Additional tunnel experiments showed that a 3 days exposure to VOC emissions from whitefly-infested plants significantly reduced infection by a biotrophic bacterial pathogen. Infection of VOC-exposed plants induced the expression of a likely tomato homolog of a methyl salicylate esterase gene, which preceded the expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes. This expression pattern correlated with reduced susceptibility in VOC-exposed plants. The observed cross-kingdom effect of plant-plant signaling via VOCs probably represents a generalized defensive response that contributes to increased plant fitness, considering that resistance responses to whiteflies and biotrophic bacterial pathogens in tomato share many common elements.
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Hemípteros/efectos de los fármacos , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/farmacología , Animales , Esterasas/genética , Esterasas/metabolismo , Hemípteros/fisiología , Cinética , Solanum lycopersicum/enzimología , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/enzimología , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Análisis de Componente Principal , Pseudomonas syringae/efectos de los fármacos , ARN/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/químicaRESUMEN
A cDNA, encoding a cysteine protease inhibitor (AhCPI), was isolated from an immature seed cDNA library of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) and characterized. It encoded a polypeptide of 247 amino acids (aa), including a putative N-terminal signal peptide. Other relevant regions found in its sequence included the G and PW conserved aa motifs, the consensus LARFAV sequence for phytocystatins and the reactive site QVVAG. The predicted aa sequence for AhCPI showed a significant homology to other plant cystatins. Gene expression analyses indicated that AhCPI was constitutively expressed in mature seeds, and gradually decreased during germination. In vegetative tissues, AhCPI was expressed in the radicle and hypocotyls of seedlings and in the stems and roots of young plantlets. Its expression in roots and stems increased substantially in response to water deficit, salinity-, cold- and heat-stress, whereas heat-stress induced a rapid and transient accumulation of AhCPI transcripts in leaves. The results obtained were suggestive of multiple roles for AhCPI in grain amaranth, acting as a regulator of seed germination and as a protective agent against diverse types of abiotic stress, which induced this gene in a tissue- and stress-specific manner. The work herewith described reports a novel, and apparently, single cystatin protein in which, in agreement with other plant model systems, could have a regulatory role in germination, and further expands previous findings linking the accumulation of protease inhibitors, mostly of the serine proteinase type, with protection against (a)biotic stress in A. hypochondriacus.
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Amaranthus/genética , Cistatinas/genética , ADN Complementario/genética , Germinación/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Amaranthus/efectos de los fármacos , Amaranthus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Southern Blotting , Clonación Molecular , Inhibidores de Cisteína Proteinasa/genética , ADN Complementario/química , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Tallos de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Tallos de la Planta/genética , ARN de Planta/genética , ARN de Planta/metabolismo , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/genética , Semillas/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología , TemperaturaRESUMEN
A deficiência de micronutrientes, em especial a vitamina A., representa um sério problema de saúde pública em mais de 75 países em desenvolvimento. Por essa razäo têm surgido várias estratégias entre elas, a fortificaçäo de alimentos a fim de reduzir os efeitos negativos que ocasiona a sua falta. O emprego da extrusäo permite a criaçäo de novos produtos prontos para o consumo que constituem um bom veículo para vários nutrientes. Sabendo da instabilidade da vitamina A frente ao calor, oxigênio, umidade e outros fatores, tem surgido o interesse de estudar seu comportamento durante o processo. Objetivo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar um salgadinho ("snacks") a partir de mistura de milho utilizando ingredientes näo tradicionais de alto valor nutritivo tais como farinha de gräo-de-bico, pulmäo bovino e amaranto, fortificados com acetato de vitamina A. Métodos. Estabeleceram-se combinaçöes de umidade e temperaturas ótimas, mais e menos deletérias em relaçäo a vitamina A (13 por cento, 177ºC; 11 por cento, 185ºC; 16 por cento, 130ºC) e que resultaram em textura e aparência adequadas do salgadinho. A dosagem de vitamina A foi realizada tanto nas farinhas como nos extrusados, obtendo assim a sua porcentagem de retençäo após o processo. Resultados. A extrusäo reduziu o teor inicial de vitamina A, entre 40,7 por cento - 66,9 por cento. Näo houveram diferenças significativas entre as condiçöes ótimas e menos deletérias em relaçäo a perda de vitamina A, embora observou-se uma influência clara da umidade e temperatura na concentraçäo final de vitamina A . O tipo de matéria-prima também influenciou na retençäo de vitamina A . Conclusäo. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma fortificaçäo após o processo de extrusäo a fim de propiciar um salgadinho onde a vitamina A adicionada näo seja atingida pelo processo
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Tecnología de Alimentos , Alimentos Fortificados , Vitamina A , Industria de AlimentosRESUMEN
Expone que los agentes inhibidores de la colinesterasa son empleados ampliamente tanto en los hogares como en la agricultura para la eliminación de insectos, sin embargo el uso y manejo de este tóxico es delicado y al servicio de urgencias muchos pacientes suelen acudir ya sea por envenenamiento accidental o por la ingesta voluntaria del mismo. Los agentes inhibidores de la colinesterasa se dividen en dos grupos: los carbamatos y los órganos fosforados, presentando ambos tóxicos la misma sintomatología entre los cuales tenemos sialorrea, naúseas, vómitos, miosis, diaforesis, diarrea, etc., la cual se presenta por la estimulación de los ganglios post-sinápticos al inhibirse la acetilcolinesterasa y por consiguiente la persistencia de la acetilcolina a este nivel.