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Jump actions are common in several sports, and their performance is related to a myriad of biomechanical and physiological factors, with links to athletic performance and imbalances. Currently, a valid, field-based, easy-to-use tool to assess the quality of an explosive jump movement, similar to the required sports movements, is unavailable. Thus, the present study aimed to design and validate a field-based, easy-to-use tool that can be used to assess the quality of movement during an explosive single-leg countermovement jump (SL-CMJ). Ten experts participated in the content validation process for the checklist, including checking item relevance, definition accuracy, and scoring adequacy. Content validity was measured using the Aikens V format. The checklist included the items "Foot orientation," "Knee valgus/varus," "Internal/external hip flexed orientation," "Pelvis tilt," "Thorax tilt," "Thorax rotation," "Foot pronation/supination," "Asymmetrical hip," and "Lumbo-pelvic association". The items achieved a 0.60-0.99 in relevance, 0.70-1.00 in definition accuracy, and 0.80-0.83 in scoring adequacies in the Aikens V proof. The results from the context validation process suggest that the tool may be appropriate to assess athletes' quality of explosive movement. Furthermore, the results derived from such assessments may help to design better and safer training interventions.

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Sidestep cuts between 60° and 180° and one-leg landings have been identified as the main mechanisms of ACL injuries in several sports. This study sought to determine intra- and inter-rater reliability of a qualitative tool to assess high-risk movements in a 90° change of direction when the test is applied in a real framework of sport practice. Female footballers from two teams (n = 38) participated in this study and were asked to perform 90° cutting trials to each side, which were simultaneously filmed from a frontal and a sagittal view. A total of 61 cases were selected for 2D qualitative observational analysis by three raters. Poor reliability was found among each pair of raters as well as moderate reliability when the Cutting Movement Assessment Score (CMAS) was given by the same rater at different moments, but with too high a minimum detectable change. On the other hand, raters presented a significant, as well as moderate-to-good intra-rater reliability for most items of the CMAS tool. There was, however, non-significant reliability between observers in rating most check-points of the tool. For these reasons, more objective guidelines and clearer definitions for each criterion within the CMAS, as well as a longer, standardised training period for novel observers, would be highly recommended to improve the reliability of this tool in an applied context with female footballers.

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The purpose of this paper was to analyze the changes caused by a one-day tennis tournament in biomarkers of oxidative stress and α-amylase in saliva in children. The sample was 20 male active children with the following characteristics: (a) age of players = 9.46 ± 0.66 years; (b) weight = 34.8 ± 6.5 kg; (c) height = 136.0 ± 7.9 cm; (d) mean weekly training tennis = 2.9 ± 1.0 h. The tennis competition ran for one day, with four matches for each player. Data were taken from the average duration per match and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Four biomarkers of antioxidant status: uric acid (AU), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) as a biomarker of psychological stress were measured in saliva. The time points were baseline (at home before the tournament), pre-competition (immediately before the first match) and post-match (after each match) measurements. The four biomarkers of antioxidant status showed a similar dynamic with lower values at baseline and a progressive increase during the four matches. Overall one-day tennis competition in children showed a tendency to increase antioxidant biomarkers in saliva. In addition, there was an increase in pre-competition sAA possibly associated with psychological stress. Further studies about the possible physiological implications of these findings should be performed in the future.

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The global evaluation of motion patterns can examine the synchrony of neuromuscular control, range of motion, strength, resistance, balance and coordination needed to complete the movement. Visual assessments are commonly used to detect risk factors. However, it is essential to define standardized field-based tests that can evaluate with accuracy. The aims of the study were to design a protocol to evaluate fundamental motor patterns (FMP), and to analyze the validity and reliability of an instrument created to provide information about the quality of movement in FMP. Five tasks were selected: Overhead Squat (OHS); Hurdle Step (HS); Forward Step Down (FSD); Shoulder Mobility (SM); Active Stretching Leg Raise (ASLR). A list of variables was created for the evaluation of each task. Ten qualified judges assessed the validity of the instrument, while six external observers performed inter-intra reliability. The results show that the instrument is valid according to the experts' opinion; however, the reliability shows values below those established. Thus, the instrument was considered unreliable, so it is recommended to repeat the reliability process by performing more training sessions for the external observers. The present study creates the basic functional assessment (BFA), a new protocol which comprises five tasks and an instrument to evaluate FMP.

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The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of place of residence on physical fitness and adherence to Mediterranean Diet (AMD) in 3⁻5-year-old children, i.e., whether those who live in urban areas differ than those in rural and whether any difference varied by age. Participants were 363 preschoolers (age 3⁻5 years old), who performed a series of anthropometric, physical fitness tests and measured their nutritional habits through a 16-item Mediterranean Diet (KIDMED) questionnaire. The main findings of the present study were that (a) boys had better performance in ball bouncing, Medicine Ball Throw Test (MBTT), 25 m sprint, Standing Broad Jump (SBJ), crawling, and shuttle run test (SRT) than girls, and the magnitude of these differences was small; (b) preschoolers in urban residence were taller than those in rural and had better performance in SRT; (c) older preschoolers had larger anthropometric characteristics and better performance than younger preschoolers; (d) the magnitude of the effect of age was larger than the effect of residence; and (e) good AMD was more prevalent in boys than in girls and in 3-year-old participants than in their older peers, but was not related to place of residence. Therefore, these findings identified the need to develop exercise and nutrition intervention programs in preschoolers considering sex, age, and place of residence.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate changes and relationships between mood states, training volume and perception of effort in adults during an eight-week strength-training programme. Twenty-one male adults (age 30.19 ± 8.65 years; height 173.56 ± 7 cm; weight 78.07 ± 10.82 kg) took part in the study. Quantitative monitoring of the training volume, the profile of mood states (POMS) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were self-evaluated weekly, i.e. eight times in total. Analysis showed that a well-planned training volume resulted in positive changes of POMS over the eight weeks (p < .05); there was a decrease in the rate of depression and fatigue (p < .05). Positive correlations between evolution of POMS and evolution of volume training were observed (p < .05). In summary, changes in RPE were correlated with changes in POMS over the training programme. Thus, the use of psychological indicators can contribute to a better planning of training volume in adults. These findings may be helpful to coaches in prescribing an optimal training volume for adults (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los cambios y las relaciones entre los estados de ánimo, el volumen de entrenamiento y la percepción de esfuerzo en adultos durante un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza de ocho semanas. Se seleccionaron 21 hombres adultos (30.19 ± 8.65 años; altura de 173.56 ± 7.0 cm; peso 78.07 ± 10.82 kg). Se controló el volumen de entrenamiento, el perfil de estados de ánimo (POMS) y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) a lo largo de las ocho semanas. El análisis mostró que un volumen de entrenamiento bien planificado tuvo como respuesta la disminución en Depresión y Fatiga (p < .05). A su vez, se mostró una correlación positiva entre la evolución del POMS y la evolución del volumen de entrenamiento a lo largo del tiempo (p < .05); y entre el POMS y la PSE (p < .05). Por lo tanto, el uso de indicadores psicológicos puede contribuir a una mejor planificación del volumen de entrenamiento en los adultos. Estos hallazgos pueden ser útiles a los entrenadores con el fin de prescribir un volumen de entrenamiento óptimo en adulto (AU)

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Judo competition is characterized structurally by weight category, which raises the importance of physiological control training in judo. The aim of the present review was to examine scientific papers on the physiological profile of the judokas, maintenance or loss of weight, framing issues, such as anthropometric parameters (body fat percentage), heart rate responses to training and combat, maximal oxygen uptake, hematological, biological and hormones indicators. The values shown in this review should be used as a reference for the evaluation of physical fitness and the effectiveness of training programs. Hence, this information is expected to contribute to the development of optimal training interventions aiming to achieve maximum athletic performance and to maintain the health of judokas.

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El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la evolución de la carga de entrenamiento y el perfil de los estados de ánimo a lo largo de un periodo competitivo en judokas de élite. Se seleccionaron 7 judokas de élite, a los que se les administró el cuestionario Profile of Mood States, POMS, adaptado al castellano (Balaguer et al., 1995) a lo largo de 6 semanas de un período competitivo. A su vez se controló el volumen de entrenamiento clasificado en específico (entrenamiento técnico-táctico en tatami), entrenamiento de fuerza (sala de musculación) y entrenamiento aeróbico (fundamentalmente carrera continua), y se observaron la relación entre ambas variables. Los resultados indican cómo el tipo de carga de entrenamiento puede afectar directamente a los estados de ánimo, un incremento del entrenamiento aeróbico produce un incremento en la Tensión, Depresión y Hostilidad, así como un descenso del factor Vigor, el cual, a pesar de estar por encima del resto de factores, el tipo de entrenamiento realizado tiene una implicación directa sobre él. Este tipo de análisis contribuyen a un mejor conocimiento del deportista de élite y su respuesta ante períodos competitivos (AU)

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the evolution of the training load and the mood states of elite judo athletes during the competition season. Seven elite judo athletes were selected. The training load (judo-specific, weight training, and aerobic training) was monitored quantitatively and an adapted Profile of Mood States questionnaire (Balaguer et al., 1995) was administered weekly (for 6 weeks), including competitions days. Analyses showed that the type of training load has an effect on mood states. When aerobic training increased, scores on Tension, Depression and Anger also rose, while there was a drop in the Vigour factor. These findings may be helpful to coaches who have to programme aerobic training during competition periods (AU)

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Actualmente, el control del entrenamiento deportivo está siendo de vital importancia a la hora de obtener el rendimiento deportivo. En un deporte de combate como el judo, la ejecución continua de entrenamientos y competiciones, aplicación de altas cargas, etc… hace que este control sea de vital importancia. Además, al competir en función de la categoría de peso, hace que las fluctuaciones en este parámetro sean constantes, lo que podría afectar a diferentes aspectos de carácter bioquímico y hormonal. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión es valorar el control del entrenamiento en el judo desde un punto de vista bioquímico y hormonal, valorando la implicación de parámetros como las concentraciones de lactato, urea, ácidos grasos libres, testosterona y cortisol entre otros elementos que puedan contribuir a un mayor conocimiento sobre el deporte y que colaboren aun control del entrenamiento de cara al rendimiento mucho mayor (AU)

Currently, controlling athletic training is of vital importance for performance. In a combat sport such as judo, the continual execution of practice sand competitions, the application of high loads, etc., makes this control so important. Further, since athletes compete according to weight categories, there are constant fluctuations in this parameter, which may affect different biochemical and hormonal aspects. There for e, the purpose of this review is to assess the control of judo training from a biochemical and hormonal point of view, evaluating the involvement of parameters such as the concentrations of lactate, urea, free fatty acids, testosterone, and cortisolamong other elements that may contribute to agreater understanding about the sport and that may collaborate in improving training control asan aid to performance (AU)

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