RESUMEN
Endotoxic shock (ExSh) and cecal ligature and puncture (CLP) are models that induce sepsis. In this work, we investigated early immunologic and histopathologic changes induced by ExSh or CLP models in female and male mice. Remarkable results showed that females supported twice the LD100 of LPS for males, CLP survival and CFU counts were similar between genders, high circulating LPS levels in ExSh mice and low levels of IgM anti-LPS in males. In the serum of ExSh males, TNF and IL-6 increased in the first 6 h, in CLP males at 12 h. In the liver of ExSh mice, TNF increased at 1.5 and 12 h, IL-1 at 6 h. TGFß1 increased in females throughout the study and at 12 h in males. In CLP mice, IL-6 decreased at 12 h, TGFß1 increased at 6-12 h in males and at 12 h in females. In the lungs of ExSh males, IL-1ß increased at 1.5-6 h and TGFß1 at 12 h; in females, TNF decrease at 6 h and TGFß1 increased from 6 h; in CLP females, TNF and IL-1ß decreased at 12 h and 1.5 h, respectively, and TGFß1 increased from 6 h; in males, TGFß1 increased at 12 h. In the livers of ExSh mice, signs of inflammation were more common in males; in the CLP groups, inflammation was similar but less pronounced. ExSh females had leucocytes with TGFß1. The lungs of ExSh males showed patches of hyaline membranes and some areas of inflammatory cells, similar but fewer and smaller lesions were seen in male mice with CLP. In ExSh females, injuries were less extent than in males, similar pulmonary lesions were seen in female mice with CLP. ExSh males had lower levels of TGFß1 than females, and even lower levels were seen in CLP males. We conclude that the ExSh was the most lethal model in males, associated with high levels of free LPS, low IgM anti-LPS, exacerbated inflammation and target organ injury, while females showed early TGFß1 production in the lungs and less tissue damage. We didn't see any differences between CLP mice.
Asunto(s)
Endotoxemia , Sepsis , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Animales , Interleucina-6 , Lipopolisacáridos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inflamación , Inmunoglobulina M , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern. Analysis of sterile fluids is essential because microorganisms are defined as significant in most cases. Blood, cerebrospinal, and pleural fluids are frequently received in the microbiology lab because they are associated with considerable rates of morbi-mortality. Knowledge of epidemiology in these samples is needed to choose proper empirical treatments due to the importance of reducing selection pressure. Methods: We used retrospective laboratory data of blood, CSF, and pleural fluid collected from patients in Mexico between 2019 and 2020. Each laboratory identified the strains and tested susceptibility using its routine methods. For Streptococcus pneumoniae, a comparative analysis was performed with data from the broth microdilution method. Results: Forty-five centers participated in the study, with 30,746 clinical isolates from blood, 2,429 from pleural fluid, and 2,275 from CSF. For blood and CSF, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequent. For blood, among gram negatives, the most frequent was Escherichia coli. Among Enterobacterales, 9.8% of K. pneumoniae were carbapenem-resistant. For S. pneumoniae, similar resistance percentages were observed for levofloxacin, cefotaxime, and vancomycin. For CSF, the most frequent gram-negative was E. coli. In Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem resistance was 71.4%. The most frequent species detected for pleural fluid was E. coli; in A. baumannii, carbapenem resistance was 96.3%. Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria, with E. coli most prevalent, are frequently recovered from CSF, blood, and pleural fluid. In S. pneumoniae, the routine, conventional methods showed good agreement in detecting resistance percentages for erythromycin, levofloxacin, and vancomycin.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Vancomicina , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Vancomicina/farmacología , Levofloxacino , Escherichia coli , Incidencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Bacterias , Carbapenémicos , Resistencia a MedicamentosAsunto(s)
Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Pie Diabético/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/microbiología , Infecciones Cutáneas Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infección de Heridas/microbiología , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/tratamiento farmacológico , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/tratamiento farmacológico , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/genética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Fenotipo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/diagnóstico , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Cutáneas Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Cutáneas Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección de Heridas/diagnóstico , Infección de Heridas/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: With the increasing prevalence of bloodstream infections caused by Candida sp. is necessary to establish the susceptibility of resistant strains in various geographical regions. OBJECTIVE: To determine the in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B in yeasts isolated from blood through E test method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the period from 1992 to 2007, a total 112 strains of Candida species were isolated from blood of patients at the National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez. Susceptibility of these strains was performed to know the level of resistance to Itraconazole, Fluconazole, Voriconazole and Amphotericine B by E test method. RESULTS: C. albicans was the most common species (60.2%), followed by C. tropicalis (9.8%). A five percent of resistance to itraconazole, 1.8% to fluconazole; and 0.9% to amphotericine B and voriconazole were found. C. glabrata was the most resistant species to the four antifungal agents. CONCLUSION: The yeasts resistance to the four antifungal agents is still lower in our patients.