RESUMEN
Plant defensins are a potential tool in crop improvement programs through biotechnology. Their antifungal action makes them attractive molecules for the production of transgenic plants. Information is currently lacking on what happens to the expression of defense genes in transgenic plants that overexpress a defensin. Here we show the relative expression of four defense-related genes: Mn-sod, PAL1, aos1 and HPL evaluated in two transgenic soybean events (Def1 and Def17) constitutively expressing the NmDef02 defensin gene from Nicotiana megalosiphon. The expression of these defense genes showed a differential profile in the transgenic events, with the increased expression of the aos1 gene and the repression of the Mn-sod gene in both events, when compared to the non-transgenic control. Furthermore, the expression of the PAL1 gene only increased in the Def17 event. The results indicate that although there were some changes in the expression of defense genes in transgenic plants overexpressing the defensin NmDef02; the morphoagronomic parameters evaluated were similar to the non-transgenic control. Understanding the molecular changes that occur in these transgenic plants could be of interest in the short, medium and long term.
Asunto(s)
Glycine max , Superóxido Dismutasa , Glycine max/genética , Glycine max/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Defensinas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
Fungal diseases lead to significant losses in soybean yields and a decline in seed quality; such is the case of the Asian soybean rust and anthracnose caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Colletotrichum truncatum, respectively. Currently, the development of transgenic plants carrying antifungal defensins offers an alternative for plant protection against pathogens. This paper shows the production of transgenic soybean plants expressing the NmDef02 defensin gene using the biolistic delivery system, in an attempt to improve resistance against diseases and reduce the need for chemicals. Transgenic lines were assessed in field conditions under the natural infections of P. pachyrhizi and C. truncatum. The constitutive expression of the NmDef02 gene in transgenic soybean plants was shown to enhance resistance against these important plant pathogens. The quantification of the P. pachyrhizi biomass in infected soybean leaves revealed significant differences between transgenic lines and the non-transgenic control. In certain transgenic lines there was a strong reduction of fungal biomass, revealing a less severe disease. Integration and expression of the transgenes were confirmed by PCR, Southern blot, and qRT-PCR, where the Def1 line showed a higher relative expression of defensin. It was also found that the expression of the NmDef02 defensin gene in plants of the Def1 line did not have a negative effect on the nodulation induced by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. These results indicate that transgenic soybean plants expressing the NmDef02 defensin gene have a substantially enhanced resistance to economically important diseases, providing a sound environmental approach for decreasing yield losses and lowering the burden of chemicals in agriculture.
RESUMEN
El climaterio constituye una de las etapas más importantes en la vida de la mujer, el cual se caracteriza por la transición de la vida reproductiva a la no reproductiva, en el que tienen lugar cambios hormonales debido a la pérdida gradual y progresiva de la función ovárica, lo que trae por consiguiente manifestaciones clínicas denominadas síndrome climatérico y hoy en día es un evento de gran connotación social. Se realizó un estudio de intervención a mujeres de edad comprendida entre 35 y 45 años, pertenecientes al consultorio número 3 del médico de la familia de la Policlínica 3 René Vallejo Ortíz en el período comprendido entre Septiembre del 2009 a Septiembre de 2010, a las cuales se les aplicó una encuesta destinada a diagnosticar el nivel de conocimientos sobre el climaterio. La muestra de estudio estuvo constituida por 50 mujeres, las variables que se incluyeron en el estudio fueron: edad, estado civil, ocupación, escolaridad y antecedentes patológicos personales. Los resultados más significativos de la investigación estuvieron dados por el casi total desconocimiento del climaterio, el grupo de edades que participó en su mayoría fue el de 35 a 37 años, el nivel de escolaridad que incidió fue el pre-universitario y se logró finalmente un elevado conocimiento sobre el climaterio(AU)
Climaterium is one of the most important stages in females and it is characterized by the transition of reproductive life to the non-reproductive, in which there are some hormonal changes due to the gradual and progressive loss of the ovarian function, which brings about some clinical manifestations known as the climateric syndrome and nowadays it is a social outstanding event. It was performed a research for women between 35 and 45 years old belonging to the family medical consult # 3, from Renee Vallejo Policlinic since September 2009 to September 2010. They were surveyed with the purpose to know the level of knowledge about climaterium. The sample was made by 50 women, the variables that were included in the research were: age, marital status, occupation, school levels, personal clinical antecedents. The most significant results of the research were the cause of the ignorance of climaterium. The group of age that participated was from 35 to 37 years old, the most prevalent school level was pre- university and it was finally obtained a high knowledge about climaterium(EU)