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Aim of the study was to analyse the Ministry of Health's (MINSAL) administrative database of the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) program for First Episode of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (FEP-SSD). The database included every case registered in the program between 2004 and 2017. According to the timeframes established for permanence in the program, cases were defined as Suspected, FEP in diagnostic observation and FEP-SSD. Only first registers were analysed. We compared gender, age at entry, level of care and region where the case was registered. Denominator data for estimation of incidence rates were obtained from the last census. We adjusted incidence rate ratios by age, gender, and region. During the studied period, 33.207 suspected cases were registered. 27.006 (81%) were confirmed as FEP and after 6-month follow-up, 22.701 (68%) were confirmed as FEP-SSD. The median age at entry was 24 years, males entering at younger age. Male proportion was higher than female in all groups. 46.9% of all cases were detected in primary care. FEP-SSD cases were six years younger and had a higher proportion of males than discarded cases (62.6 vs 53.2%). During 169.4 million person-years at risk, crude incidence for suspected cases was 19.58 per 100.000 person-years; for FEP, 15.92 per 100.000 person-years and for FEP-SSD, 13.38 per 100.000 person-years. Chile has lower incidence of FEP-SSD compared to current world estimations but gender proportions are comparable. This UHC program has allowed early access through the integration of mental health to the health network at all levels of care.

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Introduction: The present work describes the clinical characteristics and interventions to minimize morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods: It is a prospective cohort investigation of patients who received a response from the Health Centers in the southeast region (RS) of the metropolitan area (AMBA) from April 8 to September 30, 2020. A Situation Room was used epidemiological with two monitoring and follow-up boards, one for bed management and the other for patient management. Results: During the analyzed period, 2,588 patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis were admitted, 1,943 with suspected COVID-19 pathology, and 1,464 subjects with other pathologies. 55% of the patients were men and the mean age was 51 years. There were 82.8% patients with pre-existing diseases, hypertension and diabetes were the most frequent. 14% were hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit. The mortality of the cohort was 15.05%, mortality was higher for men, with a mean age of 60 years, 92.65% had some pre-existing disease. Conclusion: Our cohort is younger than other published works. Older people, men, and people with comorbidities are at increased risk for COVID-19-related mortality. The public health system was able to respond to the demand without collapsing the hospital institutions.

Introducción: En el presente trabajo se describen las características clínicas y las intervenciones para minimizar la morbimortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de COVID-19. Métodos: Es una investigación de cohorte prospectiva de pacientes que recibieron respuesta de los Centros de Salud en la región sudeste (RS) del área metropolitana (AMBA) desde el 8 de abril hasta el 30 de septiembre de 2020. Se utilizó una Sala de Situación epidemiológica con dos tableros de monitoreo y seguimiento, uno de gestión de camas y otro de gestión de pacientes. Resultados: Durante el periodo analizado se internaron2.588pacientes con diagnóstico COVID-19 confirmados, 1.943 con sospecha de patología COVID-19, y 1.464sujetos con otras patologías. El 55% de los pacientes eran hombres y la edad media fue de 51 años. Hubo 82,8% pacientes con enfermedades preexistentes, hipertensión y diabetes fueron las más frecuentes. El 14% fue hospitalizado en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. La mortalidad de la cohorte fue del 15,05%, la mortalidad fue mayor para los hombres, con una edad media de 60 años, el 92,65% tenía alguna enfermedad preexistente. Conclusión: Nuestra cohorte es más joven que otros trabajos publicados. Las personas mayores, los hombres y las personas con comorbilidades tienen mayor riesgo de mortalidad relacionada con COVID-19. El sistema de salud público pudo responder a la demanda sin llegar a colapsar las instituciones hospitalarias.

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Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a pathology of low incidence and prevalence worldwide; it is accompanied by symptoms such as dystonia, rigid akinetic syndrome (bradykinesia), gait disturbances, neurological deterioration associated with severe cortical subcortical atrophy, and progressive to moderate to severe neurocognitive deficits, especially in immediate verbal memory and dorsolateral or dysexecutive syndrome. We identified neurocognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms in a patient diagnosed with CBD. Participant was a 70-year-old female patient, single; she presented progressive memory loss of an immediate verbal nature. Initially, she was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia, finding that she had no characteristic signs and symptoms of these pathologies. The patient presented conciliation insomnia, gait disturbances, and severe neurocognitive deficit, especially in executive functions, immediate verbal memory, and visuospatial functioning. It was found that the patient presented neurocognitive alterations of the executive type (frontal lobe) such as decision making, planning, inhibition and operative memory, correlated with a severe alteration in her basic, instrumental and advanced activities of daily life, with a high risk factor for developing dementia. It is necessary to diagnose in an assertive and timely manner in order to generate functional neurorehabilitation plans in people diagnosed with CBD, with the main objective of positively impacting quality of life, at the individual, family, and social level.

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This article describes and analyzes the role of governance in the development of the Chilean community mental health model. It describes and analyzes five dimensions of governance: 1) the implementation of a series of strategies to encourage the participation of users of mental health services has yielded limited results; 2) the implementation of three national mental health plans with the same strategic vision over the course of three decades has helped increase access to community care for people with mental illness and diminish the role of psychiatric hospitals; 3) the lack of a mental health law remains a challenge, although a series of laws and decrees has partially compensated for this; 4) financial resource allocation regulations, human resources education, and technical guidelines have helped improve access and the quality of care; and 5) the gradual development of a mental health information system has provided knowledge, primarily on access rates, treatment gaps, and geographical inequities. The Chilean experience confirms the importance of implementing a set of governance strategies and mechanisms to promote the development and operation of mental health services. The type of governance strategies and mechanisms can vary from country to country, depending on the context and windows of opportunity.

O presente artigo descreve e analisa o papel da governança no desenvolvimento do modelo de saúde mental comunitária no Chile. São descritas e analisadas cinco dimensões da governança: 1) o desenvolvimento de uma série de estratégias para favorecer a participação dos usuários de serviços de saúde mental não tem obtido resultados satisfatórios; 2) a implementação de três planos nacionais de saúde mental, com a mesma visão estratégica ao longo de três décadas, tem contribuído para melhorar a acessibilidade à atenção comunitária de indivíduos com doenças mentais e restringir o papel dos hospitais psiquiátricos; 3) a inexistência de uma legislação sobre saúde mental continua sendo um desafio, embora tenha sido em parte compensada por distintas leis e decretos; 4) as regulamentações para designação dos recursos financeiros, a capacitação de recursos humanos e as diretrizes técnicas têm servido para melhorar o acesso e a qualidade da atenção e 5) a construção progressiva de um sistema de informação em saúde mental tem possibilitado conhecer sobretudo o nível de acesso, as lacunas de tratamento e as desigualdades geográficas. A experiência chilena confirma a importância do uso de um conjunto de estratégias e mecanismos de governança para favorecer o desenvolvimento e o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde mental. Várias estratégias e os mecanismos de governança podem ser usados em cada país de acordo com o contexto e a janela de oportunidades.

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RESUMEN El presente artículo describe y analiza el rol que ha jugado la gobernanza en el desarrollo del modelo comunitario de salud mental en Chile. Se describen y analizan cinco dimensiones de la gobernanza: 1) el desarrollo de una serie de estrategias para favorecer la participación de los usuarios de servicios de salud mental ha logrado resultados insuficientes; 2) la implementación de tres planes nacionales de salud mental, que han mantenido la misma visión estratégica a lo largo de tres décadas, han contribuido a aumentar la accesibilidad a la atención comunitaria de las personas con enfermedades mentales y disminuir el rol de los hospitales psiquiátricos; 3) la inexistencia de una ley de salud mental persiste aún como un desafío, aunque haya sido parcialmente compensada por distintas leyes y decretos; 4) las regulaciones en la asignación de los recursos financieros, la formación del recurso humano y las directrices técnicas han contribuido a mejorar el acceso y la calidad de la atención; y 5) la construcción progresiva de un sistema de información en salud mental ha permitido conocer principalmente las tasas de acceso, las brechas de tratamiento y las inequidades geográficas. La experiencia chilena confirma la importancia de aplicar un conjunto de estrategias y mecanismos de gobernanza, para favorecer el desarrollo y el funcionamiento de los servicios de salud mental. El tipo de estrategias y mecanismos de gobernanza podrán variar en los distintos países según los contextos y las ventanas de oportunidades.

ABSTRACT This article describes and analyzes the role of governance in the development of the Chilean community mental health model. It describes and analyzes five dimensions of governance: 1) the implementation of a series of strategies to encourage the participation of users of mental health services has yielded limited results; 2) the implementation of three national mental health plans with the same strategic vision over the course of three decades has helped increase access to community care for people with mental illness and diminish the role of psychiatric hospitals; 3) the lack of a mental health law remains a challenge, although a series of laws and decrees has partially compensated for this; 4) financial resource allocation regulations, human resources education, and technical guidelines have helped improve access and the quality of care; and 5) the gradual development of a mental health information system has provided knowledge, primarily on access rates, treatment gaps, and geographical inequities. The Chilean experience confirms the importance of implementing a set of governance strategies and mechanisms to promote the development and operation of mental health services. The type of governance strategies and mechanisms can vary from country to country, depending on the context and windows of opportunity.

RESUMO O presente artigo descreve e analisa o papel da governança no desenvolvimento do modelo de saúde mental comunitária no Chile. São descritas e analisadas cinco dimensões da governança: 1) o desenvolvimento de uma série de estratégias para favorecer a participação dos usuários de serviços de saúde mental não tem obtido resultados satisfatórios; 2) a implementação de três planos nacionais de saúde mental, com a mesma visão estratégica ao longo de três décadas, tem contribuído para melhorar a acessibilidade à atenção comunitária de indivíduos com doenças mentais e restringir o papel dos hospitais psiquiátricos; 3) a inexistência de uma legislação sobre saúde mental continua sendo um desafio, embora tenha sido em parte compensada por distintas leis e decretos; 4) as regulamentações para designação dos recursos financeiros, a capacitação de recursos humanos e as diretrizes técnicas têm servido para melhorar o acesso e a qualidade da atenção e 5) a construção progressiva de um sistema de informação em saúde mental tem possibilitado conhecer sobretudo o nível de acesso, as lacunas de tratamento e as desigualdades geográficas. A experiência chilena confirma a importância do uso de um conjunto de estratégias e mecanismos de governança para favorecer o desenvolvimento e o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde mental. Várias estratégias e os mecanismos de governança podem ser usados em cada país de acordo com o contexto e a janela de oportunidades.

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El desarrollo infantil temprano es un determinante de la salud física, mental y social de poblaciones. Conocer la situación de desarrollo de base, previo a la instalación de «Chile Crece Contigo¼, es clave para efectos de su evaluación. Objetivo: Comparar el desarrollo infantil temprano y factores asociados de preescolares del sector público y del sector privado de salud en la línea de base. Pacientes y método: Una muestra de 1.045 niños de la Región Metropolitana, de 30 a 58 meses, 52% hombres, 671 del sector público y 380 del privado de salud. Se evaluaron mediante el Inventario de Desarrollo Battelle-1 y una encuesta psicosocial en sus hogares aplicada al cuidador principal. Resultados: El 14,4% del sector privado y el 30,4% de la red pública tenían desarrollo alterado. No hubo diferencias en el área adaptativa entre ambos grupos (26,3% vs 29,2%). En las áreas cognitiva (8,8% vs 12,1%), personal-social (13,2% vs 32,5%), motriz (19,2% vs 35,3%) y comunicación (19,0% vs 36,8%) las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas. Mediante regresión logística se determinó que, independiente del nivel socioeconómico, son factores de riesgo: Apgar < 7 (OR: 5,4; IC 95%: 1,24-23,84), tener enfermedades crónicas de la infancia (OR: 1,3; IC 95%: 1,11-1,42); protector es: hogar con recursos para el aprendizaje y juego (OR: 0,8; IC 95%: 0,76-0,89). Conclusión: Estos resultados son un aporte al conocimiento de la situación del desarrollo infantil y para relevar su importancia para las políticas sociales en pediatría.

Early child development is a population determinant of physical, mental and social health. To know the base line situation prior to the implementation of "Chile grows with you" (Chile Crece Contigo) is key to its evaluation. Objective: To compare early child development and associated factors at baseline in pre-school children from public and private health sectors. Patients and method: The sample consisted of 1045 children aged 30-58 months, 52% male, and 671 from the public and 380 from the private sector of the metropolitan region in Chile were evaluated using Battelle Developmental Inventory-1 and a household interview of primary carer. Results: Abnormal child development was found in 14.4% of children in the private sector compared to 30.4% in the public sector. There were no differences in adaptive area (26.3% vs 29.2%), but there were statistically significant differents in cognitive (8.8% vs 12.1%), social-personal (13.2% vs 32.5%), motor (19.2% vs 35.3%), and communication (19% vs 36.8%) development. The logistic regression showed that, independent of socioeconomic level, the risk factors are: Apgar < 7 (OR: 5.4; 95% CI: 1.24-23.84); having childhood chronic diseases (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.11-1.42). Protective factor is: home with resources to learn and play (OR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.76-0.89).

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Early child development is a population determinant of physical, mental and social health. To know the base line situation prior to the implementation of "Chile grows with you" (Chile Crece Contigo) is key to its evaluation. OBJECTIVE: To compare early child development and associated factors at baseline in pre-school children from public and private health sectors. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The sample consisted of 1045 children aged 30-58 months, 52% male, and 671 from the public and 380 from the private sector of the metropolitan region in Chile were evaluated using Battelle Developmental Inventory-1 and a household interview of primary carer. RESULTS: Abnormal child development was found in 14.4% of children in the private sector compared to 30.4% in the public sector. There were no differences in adaptive area (26.3% vs 29.2%), but there were statistically significant differents in cognitive (8.8% vs 12.1%), social-personal (13.2% vs 32.5%), motor (19.2% vs 35.3%), and communication (19% vs 36.8%) development. The logistic regression showed that, independent of socioeconomic level, the risk factors are: Apgar<7 (OR: 5.4; 95% CI: 1.24-23.84); having childhood chronic diseases (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.11-1.42). Protective factor is: home with resources to learn and play (OR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.76-0.89). CONCLUSION: These results are another input about early child development situation and its importance for paediatric social policy.

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Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 14 días internado en el Hospital Tony Facio por una sepsis neonatal. Se documentó un cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) positivo por Citrobacter Koseri. A los dos días inicia con lateralización por lo que se realiza un ultrasonido de cerebro que reveló un absceso cortical, hidrocefalia y ventriculitis purulenta. Fue tratado con cefotaxime y amikacina por 18 días. Al no mejorar se traslada al Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera" (HNN), donde se mantuvo con antibióticos por 24 días y se le realizó una ventriculostomía. Al día 28 cultivó en LCR una Cedecea lapagei y fue tratado con gentamicina intraventricular y trimetroprime sulfametoxazole intravenosa (TMP-SMX). Negativizó el cultivo luego de 21 días de tratamiento. Se mantuvo con cobertura antibiótica durante 26 días más. En el segundo día postoperatorio se egresa afebril, tolerando vía oral y con cultivos de LCR negativos. Palabras claves: ventriculitis, Cedecea lapagei, lactante.

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Presenta ante las autoridades el nuevo régimen establecido en la provincia de Río Negro para el control de calidad y protección de los recursos hídricos y en particular el desarrollo de la Resolución N1302/92, que establece el marco regulatorio para las actividades de la industria petrolera

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El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados obtenidos a casi un año del dictado de la Resolución 1302/92 en la Pcia. de Río Negro como marco regulatorio para las actividades de la industria petrolera

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