RESUMEN
While cyclist aggression is relatively rare, it has been associated with increased crash risk. Previous measures of cyclist aggression have not taken into consideration who the recipient of the aggression may be; this is likely to differ across road user types. The aim of this study was to understand if cyclists' aggression differs according to whether the recipient is a driver, pedestrian or another cyclist. To examine this, 1206 cyclists (males = 75 %; age range 18-80 years; M = 47.35 ± 11.81) completed the Cycling Anger Expression Inventory (CAX; Møller and Haustein, 2017) three times; once for each road user type. Respondents also provided information regarding their cycling anger tendencies. Open text responses regarding sources of, and responses to, anger were also sought. The measurement invariance of the three CAX models was examined to determine whether the items were interpreted in a similar manner for interactions with each road user type and to compare latent factor means. The results showed that verbal aggression was not the same across road users. However, adaptive constructive ways of dealing with anger were similar across the three types of recipients. Comparison of latent means showed that cyclists reported higher expressions of anger toward drivers than cyclists or pedestrians. Qualitative analysis of the text responses suggest this is due to the perceived risk posed by drivers combined with positive attitudes expressed towards sharing infrastructure with pedestrians and other cyclists. Based on these findings it was concluded that: i) the CAX might best be used with reference to drivers, rather than "road users", and ii) while aggression in cyclists is rare, it is more common toward drivers than other road users.
Asunto(s)
Agresión/psicología , Ira , Ciclismo/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Ciclismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Autoinforme , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Anger is a common behaviour exhibited by road users when one's goals are perceived to have been blocked by another. Recent research has demonstrated that, generally, cyclists tend to deal with anger in constructive ways. However, when anger does manifest, it can result in behaviours that increase their crash risk. Amongst motor vehicle drivers, mindfulness levels have been associated with less anger and appear to mediate anger and associated aggression. The current study sought to understand whether mindfulness has similar associations with anger and aggression in a sample of cyclists. A total of 583 cyclists (males = 68 %) completed an online questionnaire that sought information on their levels of mindfulness, current mindfulness practices and tendencies for anger and aggression while cycling. The relationships between these were then examined using structural equation modelling. The results showed that cyclists with higher mindfulness levels tended to report less anger across a range of situations (e.g., interactions with pedestrians, cyclists, motor vehicle drivers and police). Both direct and indirect (through anger) relationships were found between mindfulness and aggression, again showing that more mindful cyclists tended to engage in less frequent aggression. These findings align with recent research investigating this relationship amongst motor vehicle drivers and suggest that mindfulness may be a promising strategy to reduce or avoid anger and aggression in cyclists.
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Ciclismo/psicología , Atención Plena , Violencia Víal/psicología , Accidentes de Tránsito/prevención & control , Adulto , Ciclismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Análisis de Clases Latentes , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Peatones/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia Víal/estadística & datos numéricos , Autoinforme , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Desalination of seawater and brackish water is becoming an increasingly important means to address the scarcity of fresh water resources in the world. Decreasing the energy requirements and infrastructure costs of existing desalination technologies remains a challenge. By enabling the manipulation of matter and control of transport at nanometer length scales, the emergence of nanotechnology offers new opportunities to advance water desalination technologies. This review focuses on nanostructured materials that are directly involved in the separation of water from salt as opposed to mitigating issues such as fouling. We discuss separation mechanisms and novel transport phenomena in materials including zeolites, carbon nanotubes, and graphene with potential applications to reverse osmosis, capacitive deionization, and multi-stage flash, among others. Such nanostructured materials can potentially enable the development of next-generation desalination systems with increased efficiency and capacity.
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Nanoestructuras/química , Salinidad , Sales (Química)/aislamiento & purificación , Cloruro de Sodio/aislamiento & purificación , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Nanoestructuras/ultraestructura , Ósmosis , Transición de FaseRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Microvascular abnormalities (capillary elongation, widening and tortuosity) are a characteristic feature of psoriasis and form one of the pathological diagnostic criteria. However, it is still not entirely clear when these microcirculatory changes appear in the skin of psoriatic subjects. Some studies suggest that capillary dilatation and elongation are present in the clinically uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients even at sites at which psoriatic plaques rarely occur. OBJECTIVES: To determine, using noninvasive techniques in vivo, the nature of any microvascular changes in the clinically uninvolved skin of psoriatic subjects and to quantify the dermal microvasculature in the clinically uninvolved skin of psoriatic subjects, in vivo. METHODS: Dermal microvessels in both the clinically uninvolved skin of psoriatic subjects and in the skin of normal volunteers (i.e. individuals without any clinical evidence of psoriasis or other inflammatory dermatoses) were directly visualized by native video-capillaroscopy, in vivo. Images were analysed using a combination of nonstereological and stereological measurements. The findings in each group were then compared to determine if there were any differences in microvascular parameters. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis of capillaroscopic images showed that there were no significant differences in microvessel density (P = 0.9), image area fraction (P = 0.6), microvessel length density (P = 0.7) and vessel image width (P = 1.0) in the clinically uninvolved skin of psoriatic subjects and the normal skin of healthy volunteers, when extensor forearm skin was examined. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that prior to the development of clinical lesions there are no significant morphological differences between the dermal microvessels in the clinically uninvolved skin of psoriatic subjects and the dermal microvessels in the normal skin of healthy volunteers. However, during plaque formation, the superficial papillary microvessels in plaque skin undergo a striking, characteristic change, i.e. elongation, widening and tortuosity. These blood vessels must therefore, at least in part, play an important, necessary, but probably secondary role in the pathogenesis of clinical lesions in psoriasis.
Asunto(s)
Capilares/patología , Psoriasis/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Microcirculación , Angioscopía Microscópica/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psoriasis/etiología , Piel/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Microvascular abnormalities (capillary elongation, widening and tortuosity) are a characteristic feature of psoriasis and form one of the pathological diagnostic criteria. These changes occur early in the progression of a psoriatic plaque, before there is clinical or histological evidence of epidermal hyperplasia. Treatment of psoriatic microvessels with a pulsed dye laser (PDL) has been associated with both clinical improvement and clearance of lesions. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the structural vascular abnormalities in plaque skin using noninvasive techniques in vivo. Investigations were carried out before and after PDL treatment to determine the nature of laser-induced microvascular changes and the relationship between these changes and clinical improvement. METHODS: Plaque microvessels were visualized using native capillaroscopy. Plaques were then treated three times with the PDL at 14-day intervals. Native capillaroscopy was repeated at 2 and 6 weeks after the final laser treatment. Images were analysed using a combination of nonstereological and stereological measurements. RESULTS: Whole body disease was stable. Treated plaques showed a 48% reduction in plaque severity score (P < 0.01). Native studies showed that the PDL significantly reduced plaque microvessel density (P < 0.05), image area fraction (P < 0.01), microvessel length density (P < 0.01) and vessel image width (P < 0.01). The reduction in plaque severity score (which denoted clinical improvement) was related quantitatively to the reduction in microvessel area per unit area of plaque skin, i.e. the image area fraction (correlation coefficient = 0.772, P < 0.01). The greatest response of plaque microvessels was within 2 weeks after the final laser treatment, while the greatest reduction in plaque severity score occurred between 2 and 6 weeks after the final laser treatment, i.e. clinical improvement was preceded by microvascular improvement. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that there is a close correlation between the state of the superficial vasculature and the clinical status of psoriasis. The expanded superficial microvascular bed in plaque skin is a necessary component for maintaining clinical lesions and these blood vessels are thus a legitimate target for treatment.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Luz de Baja Intensidad , Psoriasis/radioterapia , Piel/irrigación sanguínea , Adulto , Anciano , Capilares/patología , Capilares/efectos de la radiación , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Angioscopía Microscópica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psoriasis/patología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Blood flow is substantially raised in psoriatic plaques. In addition, mechanisms of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation (locally and neurally mediated), although intact, are altered in magnitude. The elevated blood flow is considered to be a result of abnormalities (increase in vessel number, width and length) in the superficial capillary loops rather than changes in the deeper feeding vessels (arterioles). OBJECTIVES: To determine if selective thermolysis of psoriatic capillaries with a pulsed dye laser (PDL) leads to normalization of blood flow and also if the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses are returned to normal magnitude. METHODS: Laser Doppler red cell flux was recorded from plaques on the forearm or elbow (untreated plaque site) and from clinically uninvolved skin at an equivalent site on the opposite limb. Plaques were treated on three occasions, at 2-weekly intervals, with a PDL. Laser Doppler red cell flux measurements were then repeated, 2 weeks after the final laser treatment was performed (treated plaque site). RESULTS: There was significant clinical improvement in plaques after treatment (P = 0.02), but complete clearance of lesions did not occur. Blood flow in plaques under basal conditions remained significantly elevated above blood flow in clinically uninvolved skin, despite laser treatment (P < 0.001). The physiological tests of resistance vessel function showed that the laser did not impair the ability of psoriatic resistance vessels to constrict and dilate. However, there was only partial resolution of the percentage responses to the provocation tests towards the values recorded in clinically uninvolved skin. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that it is unlikely that the reduced resistance of the expanded superficial capillary bed is solely responsible for the massively elevated blood flow in plaque skin. It is more likely that the vascular abnormalities in psoriasis also extend to involve the deeper, larger resistance vessels (arterioles).
Asunto(s)
Coagulación con Láser , Psoriasis/cirugía , Piel/irrigación sanguínea , Adulto , Capilares/cirugía , Eritrocitos/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperemia/etiología , Flujometría por Láser-Doppler , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psoriasis/patología , Psoriasis/fisiopatología , Flujo Sanguíneo Regional , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del Tratamiento , Resistencia Vascular , VasoconstricciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Elongated and tortuous capillary loops are distinctive features of psoriasis. The significance of these microvascular changes in the pathogenesis of plaques, however, remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To determine what part the expanded superficial capillary bed plays in the pathogenesis of clinical lesions by selectively thermolysing psoriatic capillaries with a pulsed dye laser (PDL). METHODS: Cutaneous lesions were biopsied before and after treatment and sections assessed by standard immunohistochemical techniques for changes in known indicators of angiogenesis, including endothelial surface area, endothelial cell proliferation and endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules. We also measured lymphocytic infiltration and epidermal thickness, and quantified the presence of a marker of keratinocyte proliferation before and after treatment. RESULTS: The effect of the PDL was limited to the superficial capillary bed, with no changes in the microvessels (including venules and arterioles) of the upper reticular dermis. Although there was significant clinical improvement in plaques after treatment (P = 0.02), complete clearance of lesions was not achieved. Thermolysis of psoriatic capillaries caused a reduction in both endothelial surface area (P < 0.01) and endothelial cell proliferation in the superficial dermis (P = 0.04). Endothelial expression of surface adhesion molecules (integrins and E-selectin) important in angiogenesis was not, however, altered by treatment. The CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltrate was significantly reduced in the superficial papillary dermis (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively), but not in the epidermis or upper reticular dermis. Laser treatment significantly reduced epidermal thickness (P = 0.001), but did not alter epidermal keratinocyte proliferation (P = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that dermal capillary changes alone are unlikely to be causal in psoriasis. They indicate that the expanded psoriatic capillaries may be important in facilitating the access of activated T cells to the skin and in maintaining the psoriatic plaque. These results do not refute the consensus view that plaque formation may be mediated by the release of growth factors/cytokines from activated epidermal T cells/keratinocytes.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Láser , Neovascularización Patológica/radioterapia , Psoriasis/radioterapia , Piel/irrigación sanguínea , Adulto , Biopsia , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/efectos de la radiación , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/efectos de la radiación , Capilares/patología , Capilares/efectos de la radiación , División Celular/efectos de la radiación , Selectina E/metabolismo , Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Endotelio Vascular/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Integrinas/metabolismo , Queratinocitos/efectos de la radiación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neovascularización Patológica/complicaciones , Psoriasis/etiología , Psoriasis/inmunología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (n=9386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States (U.S.) sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland's Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the U.S. and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when NHAPS was conducted. However, the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is determined by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.
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Recolección de Datos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Contaminación Ambiental , Modelos Estadísticos , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Intravital capillaroscopy is the only noninvasive method available that visualizes directly the nutritional dermal capillaries. It can determine (in vivo): capillary morphology, including size, shape and tortuosity; capillary density; intercapillary distance; volume fraction (the percentage of skin occupied by microvessels); and changes in red cell velocity within capillaries. When capillaroscopy is performed using a video recording system, this permits real-time imaging of the cutaneous capillaries with retrospective analysis of capillary dynamics. Furthermore, when fluorescent dyes are injected intravenously, plasma-perfused capillaries are delineated allowing the calculation of several perfusion indices. Intravital capillaroscopy therefore permits the assessment of static as well as dynamic aspects of the skin microcirculation.
Asunto(s)
Angioscopía Microscópica/métodos , Piel/irrigación sanguínea , Envejecimiento/patología , Capilares , Enfermedades del Tejido Conjuntivo/patología , Diabetes Mellitus/patología , Humanos , Neovascularización Patológica/patología , Enfermedades de la Piel/patología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Enfermedades Vasculares/patologíaRESUMEN
Pruritic folliculitis (PF) is one of the specific dermatoses of pregnancy the aetiology of which remains unknown. Several theories have been proposed, and the most commonly accepted is that it represents a hormonally induced acne, as seen in patients taking progestogenic steroids. This theory led to the proposition that serum androgen levels may be elevated in this condition, and may be causative. We studied a cohort of 125 pregnant women presenting with a variety of pregnancy dermatoses of whom 12 had PF. These women were compared with 138 pregnant control subjects without a pregnancy dermatosis to determine whether serum androgens were elevated. There was no significant elevation of serum androgens in the 12 cases of PF. There was an overall preponderance of male infants among the PF cases and birthweight of the infants was found to be reduced compared with those of controls. However, the outcome of pregnancy in all cases was favourable implying that PF has no adverse effect on foetal wellbeing.
Asunto(s)
Andrógenos/sangre , Foliculitis/sangre , Complicaciones del Embarazo/sangre , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Foliculitis/patología , Humanos , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/patologíaRESUMEN
Pemphigoid gestationis is a rare vesiculo-bullous disorder of pregnancy. In this review we summarize the clinical data on 142 pregnancies in 87 patients complicated by pemphigoid gestationis. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive clinical overview of this disease.
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Penfigoide Ampolloso/complicaciones , Complicaciones del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Aborto Espontáneo/complicaciones , Adolescente , Adulto , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/complicaciones , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Muerte Fetal/complicaciones , Antígenos HLA-DR/análisis , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Paridad , Paternidad , Penfigoide Ampolloso/diagnóstico , Penfigoide Ampolloso/tratamiento farmacológico , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Trimestres del Embarazo , Trastornos Puerperales/complicacionesRESUMEN
In 1994 we set up a specialist clinic for pregnancy dermatoses, both to improve the management of pregnant women with skin problems and to enhance our general understanding of the pregnancy dermatoses. This clinic has provided a large database of 200 women which has formed the basis for a prospective study over a 2-year period. In each case the dermatological diagnosis was clearly defined on clinical criteria, with additional help from histopathology and direct immunofluorescence of the skin where appropriate. We have included a number of patients who presented with relatively trivial diagnoses, as this reflects the referral patterns of our midwives, general practitioners and obstetricians within our hospital and local population. Our results show that all patients with specific dermatoses of pregnancy conformed well to the classification established by Holmes and Black in 1983. The role of the sex hormones [oestradiol, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and cortisol] in polymorphic eruption (PEP) and prurigo of pregnancy was studied in 125 cases and compared with 138 normal healthy pregnant controls. For pruritic folliculitis (PF), serum androgens were measured to establish if these were elevated. Nearly all patients were followed up postpartum, with respect to both maternal and fetal prognosis (some were unfortunately lost to follow-up). Many patients were primiparous (47%) and presented in their third trimester (49%). This study shows a surprisingly high prevalence of eczema during pregnancy. It is possible that earlier cases in the literature termed prurigo of pregnancy may in fact have been eczema, thus explaining the low incidence of prurigo in this study. Hormonal analysis showed a significant reduction in serum cortisol levels in patients with PEP compared with normal pregnant controls (P = 0.03), although hCG and oestradiol showed no differences. Serum androgens were not significantly elevated in patients with PF compared with controls. Birthweight (analysed by the individualized birthweight ratio) was significantly reduced in both the PF and pemphigoid gestationis groups. In the PEP and PF groups there was a male/female infant ratio of 2 : 1, not noted in previous studies. In all cases studied there were no adverse effects either on maternal or fetal outcome as a result of the pregnancy dermatosis. This study indicates that all patients fulfilled the criteria of the previous classification of the specific dermatoses of pregnancy, although we also now highlight the frequency of eczema in pregnancy and speculate as to possible causes. There were no cases of papular dermatitis of pregnancy. We feel that the specialist clinic is an important service which has improved the management of these women and identified areas for further research.
Asunto(s)
Complicaciones del Embarazo/patología , Enfermedades de la Piel/patología , Piel/patología , Análisis de Varianza , Andrógenos/sangre , Peso al Nacer , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Gonadotropina Coriónica/sangre , Dermatitis Atópica/sangre , Dermatitis Atópica/inmunología , Dermatitis Atópica/patología , Estrógenos/sangre , Femenino , Foliculitis/sangre , Foliculitis/patología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Masculino , Paridad , Penfigoide Ampolloso/inmunología , Penfigoide Ampolloso/patología , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/sangre , Complicaciones del Embarazo/inmunología , Segundo Trimestre del Embarazo , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , Prurigo/patología , Prurito/sangre , Prurito/patología , Razón de Masculinidad , Piel/inmunología , Enfermedades de la Piel/sangre , Enfermedades de la Piel/inmunología , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to compare local blood flow in psoriatic plaques before and after provocations known to alter cutaneous vascular resistance, in order to determine whether plaque hyperemia is caused by a failure of normal vascular control mechanisms. Cutaneous blood flow was recorded using a laser Doppler flowmeter over plaque skin (plaque site) and clinically normal skin (nonplaque site) on the opposite arm, at least 5 cm away from the nearest plaque. It is important to note that most of the laser Doppler signal comes from the subpapillary plexus of the skin and only a small portion (2%-10%) is produced by capillary blood flow. In the psoriatic plaques the basal flux was between nine and 13 times greater than nonplaque skin. The biologic zero (a signal independent of perfusion, which also persists after complete proximal arterial occlusion) was also significantly greater at plaque sites compared with nonplaque sites. Sympathetic and local vasoconstriction in psoriatic skin was shown to be intact and responses to vasodilator tests were likewise intact, i.e., there was no failure of response to normal vascular control mechanisms, albeit some quantitative differences. Tests of vasodilatation indicated that, although basal flux is high in plaque compared with nonplaque skin, arterioles supplying plaque skin can dilate further, i.e., lesional arterioles are not normally maximally dilated but have a basal constrictor tone. Interestingly, the red cell flux at maximum dilatation in nonplaque skin is less than even the basal flux in plaque skin. This means that in plaque skin either there are more arterioles than in nonplaque skin, or there is chronic, structural widening of the existing arterioles in plaque skin.
Asunto(s)
Vasos Sanguíneos/fisiopatología , Psoriasis/fisiopatología , Piel/irrigación sanguínea , Adulto , Anciano , Brazo , Temperatura Corporal/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperemia/fisiopatología , Flujometría por Láser-Doppler , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Postura/fisiología , Flujo Sanguíneo Regional , Vasoconstricción/fisiología , Vasodilatación/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Pemphigoid gestationis is an autoimmune bullous eruption specific to pregnancy. It usually presents in the second or third trimester and is characterized by postpartum exacerbations of the disease. Most cases resolve within a few months of delivery, but the disease may be more persistent, developing characteristics of bullous pemphigoid which can be difficult to treat. We now report a patient with severe pemphigoid gestationis, in whom the disease has persisted for 1.5 years postpartum and who developed features more typical of bullous pemphigoid. We discuss this phenomenon and the management of such cases.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Autoinmunes/terapia , Ciclosporina/uso terapéutico , Inmunoglobulinas Intravenosas , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Penfigoide Ampolloso/terapia , Complicaciones del Embarazo/terapia , Adolescente , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Pemphigus vulgaris is an immunobullous disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes most commonly during the fifth and sixth decades of life. Its occurrence in pregnancy is rare. We now report two severe cases of the disorder presenting during pregnancy and discuss its potential effects on the foetus and its management in pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Pénfigo/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Femenino , Enfermedades Fetales/etiología , Humanos , Pénfigo/congénito , Pénfigo/inmunología , Pénfigo/patología , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/inmunología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/patología , Resultado del EmbarazoAsunto(s)
Acetaminofén/efectos adversos , Analgésicos no Narcóticos/efectos adversos , Erupciones por Medicamentos/etiología , Enfermedades Cutáneas Vesiculoampollosas/inducido químicamente , Anciano , Membrana Basal/química , Complemento C3/análisis , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/análisis , Odontalgia/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Prospective experimental field evaluation of genetically engineered microorganisms, such as microbial pest control agents, raises issues of how to properly ascertain their fate and survival in the environment. Field trials with recombinant organisms must reflect requirements for sampling and monitoring. Field trials were conducted at Tulelake, Calif., to monitor the numbers of viable cells of a nonrecombinant strain of Pseudomonas syringae that entered the atmosphere and landed on plants and soil during and after an aerosol spray application. An exponential decrease in numbers of viable cells deposited at increasing distances from three sprayed plots was observed. The relative rate of survival of cells sprayed directly on plants was more than 10 times higher than that of cells dispersed through the air to similar adjacent plants. Results are being used to gain experience with the characteristics of a release site that influence containment or dispersal and to develop appropriate sampling methodologies for evaluating survival and dispersal characteristics of genetically engineered bacteria released into the environment. The ability to make predictions about microbial dispersal and survival will reduce the uncertainties associated with environmental releases of recombinant organisms.