RESUMEN

In September 2013, dengue virus (DENV) infection was diagnosed in a German traveller returning from Japan. DENV-specific IgM and IgG and DENV NS1 antigen were detected in the patient's blood, as were DENV serotype 2-specific antibodies. Public health authorities should be aware that autochthonous transmission of this emerging virus may occur in Japan. Our findings also highlight the importance of taking a full travel history, even from travellers not returning from tropical countries, to assess potential infection risks of patients.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Dual immunohistochemistry was employed to determine the effects of prolactin on expression of Fos and its related antigens (FRA) in tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons located in the dorsomedial (DM) and ventrolateral (VL) subdivisions of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in the male rat. Systemic administration of the DA receptor antagonist haloperidol caused a sustained (up to 12 h) increase in plasma prolactin concentrations that was accompanied by a transient increase (at 3 h) in the percentage of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons containing FRA-IR nuclei in the DM-ARC. In contrast, haloperidol caused a prolonged (1. 5 to 12 h) decrease in the percentage of TH-IR neurons with FRA-IR nuclei in the VL-ARC. Haloperidol had no effect, however, on the overall number of TH-IR neurons in either of these regions. Co-administration of prolactin antisera (PRL-AB) blocked haloperidol-induced increases in both plasma prolactin concentrations and the percentage of TH-IR neurons expressing FRA in the DM-ARC, but had no effect on haloperidol-induced inhibition of FRA expression in TH-IR neurons in the VL-ARC. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of prolactin also increased the percentage of TH-IR neurons containing FRA-IR nuclei in the DM-ARC, but this effect was of longer duration (up to 6 h) than that of haloperidol in all but the most caudal portion of the DM-ARC. In the VL-ARC, prolactin caused a transient increase (at 1.5 h) in the percentage of TH-IR containing FRA-IR nuclei. These results demonstrate that prolactin regulates immediate early gene expression in TIDA neurons in male rats, and reveal that there are temporal differences in the responsiveness of discrete subpopulations of these neurons to prolactin. Prolactin causes a short-lived increase in FRA expression in TIDA neurons in the VL-ARC which is followed by a more prolonged activation of FRA expression in TIDA neurons in the DM-ARC.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute hypoprolactinemia on tuberoinfundibular dopamine (DA) neurons using a rabbit anti-rat prolactin antiserum (PRL-AB) to immunoneutralize circulating prolactin under basal conditions and at various times after haloperidol-induced hyperprolactinemia. The specificity of PRL-AB for prolactin was determined by examining the ability of unlabelled hormone to displace binding of 125I-labelled prolactin to PRL-AB. Tuberoinfundibular DA neuronal activity was estimated by measuring the concentrations of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the median eminence which contains terminals of these neurons. Systemic (i.v.) administration of 200 microl of PRL-AB decreased plasma prolactin concentrations below detectable levels for at least 4 h, and this was accompanied by a pronounced decrease in DOPAC concentrations in the median eminence of females, but not males. Central (i.c.v.) administration of 2 microl PRL-AB diluted up to 1:100 mimicked the inhibitory effect of systemic administration of PRL-AB on median eminence DOPAC concentrations suggesting that the tonic stimulatory effect of prolactin on the basal activity of tuberoinfundibular DA neurons in females occurs via a central site of action. In male rats, blockade of anterior pituitary DA receptors with haloperidol (1 mg/kg; s.c.) caused an prompt (by 1 h) increase in plasma prolactin concentrations which was maintained for at least 12 h. Haloperidol-induced hyperprolactinemia also caused a delayed (at 6 and 12 h) increase in median eminence DOPAC concentrations in these animals which was blocked by PRL-AB. Exposure of rats to initial priming periods of endogenous hyperprolactinemia of up to 6 h duration (followed by 6 h or more of PRL-AB-induced hypoprolactinemia) failed to alter median eminence DOPAC concentrations unless prolactin exposure was reinstated by an i.c.v. injection of prolactin. These results confirm that prolactin mediates the stimulatory effects of haloperidol on tuberoinfundibular DA neurons, and reveal that delayed induced activation of these neurons by prolactin is dependent upon a priming period of sustained hyperprolactinemia longer than 3 h for initiation and maintenance of this response.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of neurotensin (NT) receptors in mediating the stimulatory effects of prolactin on the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons in male and female rats. TIDA neuronal activity was estimated by measuring concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in terminals of these neurons in the median eminence (ME). Haloperidol activates TIDA neurons indirectly by blocking D2 receptors on pituitary lactotropes, thereby increasing secretion of prolactin. Twelve hours after administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg, s.c.), DOPAC concentrations in the ME were increased. Blockade of NT receptors with the selective antagonist SR-48692 had no effect per se on basal DOPAC concentrations in the ME but produced a dose-related (10-1,000 microg/kg, i.p.; 1 h) reversal of haloperidol-induced increases in ME DOPAC concentrations. In contrast, SR-48692 had no effect on either basal or haloperidol-induced increases in plasma prolactin. SR-48692 also blocked the stimulatory effects of prolactin (10 microg/rat, i.c.v.; 12 h) on ME DOPAC concentrations. SR-48692 was equally effective in blocking the stimulatory effects of haloperidol and prolactin on TIDA neurons in male and female rats. These results suggest that NT mediates the induced stimulatory effect of hyperprolactinemia on the activity of TIDA neurons in both males and females, whereas the tonic regulation of these neurons by prolactin in females occurs via an NT-independent mechanism.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Dual immunohistochemistry was employed to examine the role of gonadal steroids in determining sexual differences in the expression of Fos and its related antigens (FRA) in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons located in the dorsomedial (DM-) and ventrolateral (VL-) subdivisions of the arcuate nucleus (ARC). In the DM-ARC, there was no sexual difference in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (-IR) perikarya, but the number of these containing FRA-IR was greater in females than in males in all but the most caudal region. In the VL-ARC, there were more TH-IR perikarya in males than in females, but there was no sexual difference in the numbers of those containing FRA-IR throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of this nucleus. Ovariectomy decreased the number of TH-IR perikarya containing FRA-IR in the DM-ARC, but not in the VL-ARC, whereas orchidectomy increased the number of TH-IR perikayra containing FRA-IR in both the DM-ARC and VL-ARC. These gonadectomy-induced effects were reversed by estrogen and testosterone, respectively. These results reveal gonadal steroid-dependent sexual differences in the regulation of immediate early gene expression in anatomically discrete subpopulations of TIDA neurons. In females, estrogen stimulates FRA expression in TIDA neurons in the DM-ARC, whereas in males, testosterone inhibits FRA expression in TIDA neurons in both the DM-ARC and the VL-ARC.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The drug "Solupront" a sulfonamide was clinical tested in healthy heifers and cows with endometritis, retentio secundinarum etc. The test-results were evaluated with the computer-program "Phakimo". The pharmacokinetic parameters show that there are similar relationships between the extravasal and the intravasal application of this osmochemotherapeutic. A retard of absorption is shown in dioestrus and in prooestrus. If there are pathological signs in uterus, the rate of absorption of the drug is higher and the excretion via urine is more quickly, too. The effect of the sulfonamide in the drug "Solupront" is impaired after application in the uterus in order of the quick absorption, of distribution and excretion and also in order of dilution by lochia and by interaction with p-aminobenzoic acid.

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)