RESUMEN
Documentation of plant taxa has long been subject to the temporal and spatial selectivity of professional research expeditions, especially in tropical regions. Therefore, rare and/or narrowly endemic species are sometimes known only from very few and very old herbarium specimens. However, these taxa are very important from a conservation perspective. The lack of observations of living plants and confirmation of the actual occurrence of taxa hinders the planning and implementation of effective conservation measures. Community science networks have recently made tremendous contributions to documenting biodiversity in many regions across the globe. The rediscovery of six species of Nasa (Loasaceae) from Peru and Ecuador primarily via the platform iNaturalist, is reported.
RESUMEN
Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae are a nearly exclusively American plant group with a center of diversity in Peru. Numerous new taxa have been described over the past decades; one of the most striking discoveries was that of the narrowly endemic Xylopodia with the single species Xylopodiaklaprothioides in Peru, Dpto. Cajamarca in 1997. Surprisingly, field studies in the past years have resulted in the discovery of material clearly belonging to the same genus in both Bolivia and northern Argentina, approximately 1500 km SE of the next known population of Xylopodia in Contumazá, Peru. A closer examination shows that Argentinian and Bolivian material belongs to a single species, clearly different from Xylopodiaklaprothioides. We here describe Xylopodialaurensis and the entire genus is revised. Both species are illustrated, all aspects of their biology and ecology are portrayed and their threat status is discussed.
RESUMEN
The insectivorous genus Pinguicula occurs along the whole Andean mountain chain from Colombia-Venezuela in the north to Tierra del Fuego in the south with a short interruption in the Peruvian-Chilean desert range. This paper describes a new and striking species of Pinguicula that occurs in the south-eastern part of the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone in north Peru. It grows either as a lithophyte on moist rocks or as an epiphyte on Polylepis multijuga Pilg. in the wet highlands of the Cordillera Central. Pinguicula rosmarieae Casper, Bussmann & T.Henning, sp. nov. is clearly distinguished by a basal rosette of ovate-obovate leaves spread out flat on the ground and especially by a two-partite corolla with a straight uniform tube-spur complex, two features unknown from other Andean Pinguicula species. The morphological similarity to P. calyptrata Kunth is discussed and the habitat and distribution of P. rosmarieae are characterised.
ResumenEl género insectívoro Pinguicula se encuentra a lo largo Andes desde Colombia y Venezuela en el norte hasta Tierra Fuego en el sur, con una breve interrupción en el los desiertos peruano-chilenos. Este artículo describe una nueva y distintiva especie de Pinguicula que se encuentra en la parte sur de la zona Amotape-Huancabamba en el norte del Perú. Puede crecer tanto como litófita sobre rocas húmedas o como epífita sobre Polylepis multijuga Pilg. en las tierras altas y húmedas de la Cordillera Central. Pinguicula rosmarieae Casper, Bussmann & T.Henning, sp. nov. se distingue claramente por tener una roseta basal de hojas ovadas-obovadas, postradas sobre el suelo y, especialmente, por la corola bipartida con un espolón uniforme recto, una combinación de características desconocidas de otras especies andinas de Pinguicula. Se discute la similitud morfológica con P. calyptrata Kunth y se caracterizan el hábitat y la distribución de P. rosmarieae.
RESUMEN
The Loasoideae is the largest clade in the Loasaceae. This subfamily is widespread throughout the Neotropics and centered in the Andes, presenting an excellent opportunity to study diversification across much of temperate and mid to high-elevation areas of South America. Despite that, no studies have addressed the historical biogeography of the Loasoideae to date, leaving an important knowledge gap in this plant group. Here, we used four plastid markers (i.e., trnL-trnF, matK, trnS-trnG, and rps16) and sequenced 170 accessions (134 ingroup taxa) to infer the phylogeny of Loasoideae. We then used this phylogeny as basis to estimate divergence times using an uncorrelated relaxed molecular clock approach and seven fossils as primary calibration points. We employed the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (DEC) approach to reconstruct the ancestral ranges of the subfamily. Our results indicate that stem Loasoideae diverged from its sister group in the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene (ca. 83-62â¯Ma). The crown node of the whole clade goes back to the Middle Paleocene to Middle Eocene (ca. 60-45â¯Ma), corresponding to the earliest diversification events of the extant groups, prior to most of the Andean orogeny and roughly coinciding with the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. On the other hand, the crown nodes of most genera appear to have originated in the Oligocene and Miocene (median ages: 28-10â¯Ma). The diversification of some extant lineages appears to have happened in parallel to Andean uplift pulses that seem to have had an effect on the orogeny and concomitant establishment of new habitats and latitudinal corridors. The most likely ancestral areas retrieved for crown Loasoideae, are the tropical Andes and Pacific arid coast. Most of the extant clades have remained restricted to their ancestral areas. Transoceanic Long Distance Dispersal appears to have been involved in the arrival of Loasoid ancestors to South America, and in the distribution of the small clades Kissenia in Africa and Plakothira on the Marquesas Archipelago. The results presented here suggest that the historical biogeography of the continental scale radiation of Loasoideae, follows the sequence and timing of the development of temperate and mid to high-elevation habitats across South America during the Tertiary.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Magnoliopsida/clasificación , Filogenia , Teorema de Bayes , Fósiles , Especiación Genética , Filogeografía , América del Sur , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Nasaangeldiazioides sp. nov. is described and illustrated. The species is restricted to two forest remnants on the western slope of the northern Peruvian Andes (Dept. Lambayeque) where it is found in the undergrowth of primary forest. The new taxon shows a unique leaf morphology in the family Loasaceae. Molecular and morphological data show that the new species belongs to the Nasatriphylla group. Since the relic forests of the north-western Andes are increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, i.e. droughts and wildfires, the new species already faces imminent extinction.
ResumenSe describe e ilustra la especie inédita Nasaangeldiazioides sp. nov. Esta especie está restringida a dos remanentes de bosque de la vertiente occidental de los Andes del norte del Perú (Depto. Lambayeque), donde se la encuentra en el sotobosque de bosques primarios. Nasaangeldiazioides muestra una morfología foliar única en la familia Loasaceae. Tanto la evidencia morfológica como la molecular muestran que esta nueva especie pertenece al grupo de Nasatriphylla. Dado que los bosques relictos de los Andes noroccidentales del Perú se encuentran cada vez más amenazados por los efectos del cambio climático, como lo son las sequías e incendios forestales más frecuentes, esta nueva especie podría estar enfrentando una extinción inminente.
RESUMEN
Nasa is the largest genera in the Loasaceae family and it is particularly speciose in the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone of northern Peru. Nasa ser. Carunculatae is a group of four species, three of them endemic to the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone. Species in this group are characterized by their shrubby habit, deciduous leaves, and typical tilt-revolving flowers with white to greenish petals. In this work, we describe a new species of Nasa ser. Carunculatae from the southern limit of Amotape-Huancabamba area, La Libertad, Peru. The species differs from others in having much smaller and notably narrower leaves. Unlike all the other species of ser. Carunculatae, the entire distal portion of the stem is densely glandular. It is apparently most closely related to Nasa carunculata, a species known from inter-Andean valleys of Ancash and Ayacucho.
Nasa es uno de los géneros más numerosos de la familia Loasaceae y en particular uno de los más especiosos en la zona de Amotape-Huancabamba. Nasa ser. Carunculatae es un grupo con cuatro especies, tres de las cuales son endémicas de la zona de Amotape-Huancabamba. Las especies de este grupo están caracterizadas por su hábito arbustivo, hojas deciduas y flores con pétalos blancos a verdosos del tipo con escamas florales que encierran al néctar y que obligan al polinizador a inclinarlas (tilt-revolver flowers). En el presente trabajo, nosotros describimos una nueva especie del grupo Nasa ser. Carunculatae, procedente del límite sur de la zona de Amotape-Huancabamba, La Libertad, Perú. La especie difiere por presentar hojas mucho más pequeñas y notablemente más angostas. A diferencia de las otras especies de la ser. Carunculatae, la porción distal del tallo es densamente glandular. Aparentemente está estrechamente relacionada a Nasa carunculata, una especie conocida de los valles interandinos de Ancash y Ayacucho.