RESUMEN
The diagnosis of bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) presents significant challenges, as traditional methods lack sensitivity when prolonged transport of samples is required. Assays of preputial samples by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide good sensitivity and high throughput capabilities. However, there is limited information on the acceptable duration of transport and temperature during transport of samples. In addition, the use of pooled samples has proven to be a valuable strategy for the diagnosis of other venereal diseases in cattle. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of sample pooling and of transport time and temperature on the clinical sensitivity of a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in preputial samples from beef bulls. Eight infected bulls and 176 virgin yearling bulls were used as the source of samples. The qPCR sensitivity was comparable for unpooled samples and pools of 5 samples, whereas sensitivity was decreased for pools of 10 samples. Sensitivity for the various pool sizes improved with repeated sampling. For shorter-term transport (2 and 48 h), sensitivity was greatest when the samples were stored at 4°C and 30°C, whereas for longer-term transport (96 h) sensitivity was greatest when the samples were stored at -20°C. The creation of pools of 5 samples is therefore a good option to decrease costs when screening bulls for BGC with the qPCR assay of direct preputial samples. Ideally the samples should be stored at 4°C and arrive at the laboratory within 48 h of collection, but when that is not possible freezing at -20°C could minimize the loss of sensitivity.
Le diagnostic de la campylobactériose génitale bovine (CGB) présente des défis significatifs, étant donné que les méthodes traditionnelles manquent de sensibilité lorsqu'un transport prolongé des échantillons est requis. Les épreuves utilisant des échantillons prépuciaux dans des épreuves de réaction d'amplification en chaine par la polymérase en temps réel (PCR) ont une bonne sensibilité et une capacité de rendement élevée. Toutefois, il y a peu d'information sur la durée acceptable du transport et de la température durant le transport des échantillons. De plus, l'utilisation d'échantillons regroupés s'est avéré être une stratégie valable pour le diagnostic d'autres maladies vénériennes chez les bovins. Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient de déterminer l'effet du regroupement d'échantillons et du temps de transport et de la température sur la sensibilité clinique d'une épreuve PCR quantitative en temps réel (qPCR) pour Campylobacter fetus ssp. venerealis dans des échantillons prépuciaux provenant de taureaux. Huit taureaux infectés et 176 bouvillons vierges ont été utilisés comme source des échantillons. La sensibilité du qPCR était comparable pour des échantillons non-regroupés et des regroupements de 5 échantillons, mais diminuée pour des regroupements de 10 échantillons. La sensibilité pour les différentes tailles de regroupement s'améliorait suite à des échantillonnages répétés. Pour des transport de courte durée (2 et 48 h), la sensibilité était plus élevée lorsque les échantillons étaient entreposés à 4 °C et 30 °C, alors que pour le transport de longue durée (96 h) la sensibilité était plus élevée lorsque les échantillons étaient entreposés à −20 °C. La création de regroupement de 5 échantillons est une bonne option pour diminuer les coûts lors du tamisage de taureaux pour CGB avec le qPCR effectué directement sur des échantillons prépuciaux. Idéalement, les échantillons devraient être entreposés à 4 °C et arriver au laboratoire au plus tard 48 h après le prélèvement, si ce n'est pas possible, la congélation à −20 °C pourrait minimiser la perte de sensibilité.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).
Asunto(s)
Campylobacter fetus/clasificación , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Prepucio/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/veterinaria , Manejo de Especímenes/veterinaria , Animales , Infecciones por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Campylobacter fetus/aislamiento & purificación , Bovinos , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical sensitivity and specificity of a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay for Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis (Cfv) in preputial samples of bulls. ANIMALS: 313 beef bulls. PROCEDURES: Preputial samples were collected from 300 virgin bulls and 13 Cfv-infected bulls. Specificity of the qRT-PCR assay, determined on the basis of results for samples collected from virgin bulls, was compared with specificity of bacteriologic culture performed with transport enrichment medium (TEM). Sensitivity of the qRT-PCR assay, determined on the basis of results for multiple samples collected at weekly intervals from infected bulls, was compared with sensitivity of the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT), bacteriologic culture, and bacteriologic culture with TEM. RESULTS: Specificity was 85% for the qRT-PCR assay and 100% for bacteriologic culture; results were significantly different. Mean sensitivity was 85.4% for the qRT-PCR assay, 82.3% for direct culture in blood agar, 72.1% for the DFAT, 32.7% for direct culture in Skirrow agar, 30% for bacteriologic culture with TEM and blood agar, and 38.1% for bacteriologic culture with TEM and Skirrow agar. Differences in sensitivity among tests varied with ambient outdoor temperature. Repeated sampling significantly increased sensitivity of the qRT-PCR assay. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of the qRT-PCR assay as a screening test on direct preputial samples had comparable sensitivity to bacteriologic culture, and repeated sampling improved sensitivity. Although improved performance of the qRT-PCR assay, compared with direct bacteriologic culture, was dependent on temperature, transport times that allow direct culture are unlikely under field conditions. The qRT-PCR assay would provide a fast and sensitive screening method for Cfv in bulls.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Campylobacter fetus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Animales , Infecciones por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Medios de Cultivo , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Manejo de Especímenes/métodos , TemperaturaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in protozoal cultures of preputial scraping samples pooled from up to 25 bulls and to determine the specificity of that assay for detection of T foetus in cultures for individual animals. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 188 bulls and 150 steers. PROCEDURES: Preputial scraping samples were collected, placed in a culture kit, and incubated at 37°C for 7 days. Cultures for individual animals were tested for T foetus by means of a real-time PCR assay. Pools of protozoal cultures were made by including fixed aliquots of samples with known positive and negative results in ratios of 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, and 1:25. Specificities of the real-time PCR assay and culture for detection of T foetus in samples obtained from individual animals and sensitivity of real-time PCR assay for each evaluated pool ratio were determined. RESULTS: Specificity estimates for culture and the real-time PCR assay for detection of T foetus in preputial scraping samples for individual animals were not significantly different (98.8% and 100%, respectively). Sensitivities of the real-time PCR assay for the various pooled samples with known positive and negative T foetus results were not significantly different; overall sensitivity of the assay was 94%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated the evaluated real-time PCR assay had high specificity and good sensitivity for the detection of T foetus in pooled protozoal cultures of preputial scraping samples obtained from up to 25 animals.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Prepucio/parasitología , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/parasitología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Tritrichomonas foetus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Masculino , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Feedlot calves (n = 3784) were systematically randomized and allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial study to receive metaphylactic oxytetracycline (OTC) on arrival or no antimicrobial, as well as florfenicol once subcutaneously or twice intramuscularly (48 h apart) if diagnosed with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Calves of different treatment groups were comingled and followed from placement to re-implantation (~100 days). Animals receiving OTC had a reduced risk of BRD, an increased risk of arthritis, and no significant differences in average daily gain, BRD relapse, overall mortality, or BRD mortality. There were no significant differences between treatment protocols. Deep nasal swabs (n = 233) taken at arrival (n = 122), treatment (n = 77), and swabs from lungs and joints at postmortem (n = 34) were cultured for Mycoplasma bovis from 61 animals ill or dying of chronic pneumonia and arthritis and from 61 healthy calves. There was significant variation in diversity among isolates (n = 51) between study years and different cattle. Metaphylaxis or antimicrobial treatment did not affect the diversity of isolates. Except for tilmicosin, isolates were largely susceptible to tested antimicrobials.
Effet du traitement antimicrobien et des stratégies préventives sur le complexe respiratoire bovin ainsi que la relation génétique et l'antibiorésistance des isolats deMycoplasma bovisdans un parc d'engraissement de l'Ouest canadien. Les veaux d'un parc d'engraissement (n = 3784) ont été systématiquement randomisés et répartis dans une étude factorielle 2 × 2 pour recevoir de l'oxytétracycline métaphylactique (OTC) à l'arrivée ou pas d'antimicrobien, ainsi qu'une injection sous-cutanée ou deux injections intramusculaires (à intervalle de 48 h) de florfénicol s'ils étaient diagnostiqués avec le complexe respiratoire bovin (CRB). Les veaux de différents groupes de traitement ont été regroupés pêle-mêle et suivis du placement à la réimplantation (~100 jours). Les animaux recevant l'OTC avaient un risque réduit de CRB, un risque accru d'arthrite et ne présentaient pas de différences significatives pour le gain de poids quotidien moyen, la rechute du CRB, la mortalité globale ou la mortalité associée au CRB. Il n'y avait aucune différence significative entre les protocoles de traitement. Des écouvillonnages nasaux profonds (n = 233) prélevés à l'arrivée (n = 122), au traitement (n = 77) et des écouvillonnages des poumons et des articulations post mortem (n = 34) ont été cultivés pour Mycoplasma bovis à partir de 61 animaux malades ou mourants de pneumonie chronique et d'arthrite et de 61 veaux en santé. Il n'y avait aucune variation significative dans la diversité des isolats (n = 51) entre les années d'étude et les différents bovins. La métaphylaxie ou le traitement antimicrobien n'a pas affecté la diversité des isolats. Sauf pour la tilmicosine, les isolats étaient largement sensibles aux antimicrobiens testés.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/prevención & control , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/veterinaria , Mycoplasma bovis/efectos de los fármacos , Oxitetraciclina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Artritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis/prevención & control , Artritis/veterinaria , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/tratamiento farmacológico , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/microbiología , Bovinos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Femenino , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/prevención & control , Mycoplasma bovis/genética , Saskatchewan , Tianfenicol/análogos & derivados , Tianfenicol/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the recovery rates of Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis (Cfv) from preputial scrapings of infected bulls with passive filtration on selective medium versus nonselective medium, with and without transport medium. SAMPLES: 217 preputial scrapings from 12 bulls (4 naturally and 8 artificially infected with Cfv). PROCEDURES: Preputial scrapings were collected in 2 mL of PBS solution and bacteriologically cultured directly on Skirrow medium or passively filtered through 0.65-µm filters onto blood agar, with or without 24 hour preincubation in modified Weybridge transport enrichment medium (TEM). After 72 hours, plates were examined for Cfv and bacterial and fungal contamination or overgrowth. RESULTS: Passive filtration of fresh preputial scrapings onto blood agar yielded significantly higher recovery rates of Cfv (86%) than direct plating on Skirrow medium (32%), whereas recovery from TEM was poor for both media (35% and 40%, respectively). Skirrow cultures without TEM were significantly more likely to have fungal contamination than were cultures performed with any other technique, and fungal contamination was virtually eliminated by passive filtration onto blood agar. Bacterial contamination by Pseudomonas spp was significantly more common with Skirrow medium versus passive filtration on blood agar, regardless of TEM use. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of transport medium and the choice of culture medium had significant effects on Cfv recovery and culture contamination rates from clinical samples. Both factors should be considered when animals are tested for this pathogen.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Bacteriológicas/veterinaria , Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Campylobacter fetus/clasificación , Campylobacter fetus/aislamiento & purificación , Medios de Cultivo/química , Genitales Masculinos/microbiología , Animales , Infecciones por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Bovinos , Masculino , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/microbiología , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/veterinaria , Manejo de Especímenes/métodos , Manejo de Especímenes/veterinariaRESUMEN
The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the effects of flunixin megulmine in combination with caudal epidural anesthesia as a postoperative analgesic in beef calves following surgical castration, and 2) to consider stride length and pedometry as potential behavioral assessment tools for detecting postcastration pain. Surgical castration was performed in 101 beef calves randomly assigned to 3 treatment subgroups: 1) castration without anesthesia (SURG); 2) castration following lidocaine with epinephrine caudal epidural anesthesia (SURG + EPI); 3) castration following lidocaine with epinephrine caudal epidural anesthesia and flunixin meglumine (SURG + EPI + F). Several outcomes, including pedometer counts, changes in stride length, subjective visual assessment of pain, instantaneous scan sampling of the calves' postoperative activities, and the amount of movement and vocalization during the castration procedure, were measured to identify and quantify pain. The results indicated that stride length and the number of steps taken by calves after castration appear to be good measures of pain. Significant differences found between treatment groups for stride length and visual assessments suggest that flunixin meglumine can be considered to provide visible pain relief up to 8 hours postcastration.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos Combinados/administración & dosificación , Conducta Animal , Bovinos/cirugía , Orquiectomía/veterinaria , Dolor/veterinaria , Anestesia Caudal/veterinaria , Anestesia Epidural/veterinaria , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Clonixina/administración & dosificación , Clonixina/análogos & derivados , Epinefrina/administración & dosificación , Lidocaína/administración & dosificación , Locomoción , Masculino , Orquiectomía/efectos adversos , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor/fisiopatología , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor/veterinaria , Dolor Postoperatorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor Postoperatorio/fisiopatología , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Distribución Aleatoria , Factores de Tiempo , Vocalización Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Vocalización Animal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Ultrasonography of the testes was done in bulls at three locations in western Canada (n=325) and one in Argentina (n=387) to determine the prevalence of fibrotic lesions and to examine the relationship between fibrotic lesions and location, age, breed, right compared with left testes, testis size and semen quality. Fibrotic lesions were common in the testes of bulls raised under intensive rearing conditions in western Canada as well as in the more extensive rearing conditions of Argentina. Fibrotic lesions appeared as early as 5-6 months of age and the number of cases continued to increase until at least 12-14 months of age. The severity of lesions increased in some cases during this period; however, it appears that the development of lesions occurred during a finite period of pubertal development. It is unlikely that the prevalence of lesions is influenced by breed, right compared with left testes or testis size. The cause of the lesions is unknown, but there was an association between the development of fibrotic lesions and an outbreak of BRSV disease in Argentina in one group of bulls. There was some indication that during the active process that leads to fibrosis spermatogenesis is adversely affected; however, the presence of a large number of fibrotic lesions that may occupy as much as 50% of the testis parenchyma did not preclude the production of a greater percentage of sperm with normal morphology.
Asunto(s)
Semen/fisiología , Enfermedades Testiculares/veterinaria , Testículo/patología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Bovinos , Supervivencia Celular , Fibrosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Fibrosis/epidemiología , Fibrosis/fisiopatología , Masculino , Prevalencia , Control de Calidad , Semen/citología , Recuento de Espermatozoides , Enfermedades Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Testiculares/epidemiología , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagen , Testículo/fisiopatología , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Our objective was to define the role of monensin sodium in protecting cows from being milk-ELISA positive for paratuberculosis in Ontario, Canada dairy herds. In total, 4933 dairy cows from 94 herds were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Forty-four of the enrolled herds were selected purposively by their herd veterinarian and another 50 herds were randomly selected from a local milk production-recording agency. A herd-management survey was completed on each farm during the months of May through August 2003. During this same time-period, composite milk samples were collected from all lactating cows and tested with a milk-ELISA for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Analyses were stratified according to the paratuberculosis history of the herds. In the 48 herds in which paratuberculosis had not been diagnosed before, the use of calf hutches and monensin in milking cows were both associated with reduced odds of a cow testing positive (OR=0.19 and 0.21, respectively). In the 46 herds with a prior history of paratuberculosis, feeding monensin to the breeding-age heifers was associated with decreased odds of a cow testing positive (OR=0.54). Monensin use might be associated with milk-ELISA positivity, but its impact on the transmission of paratuberculosis remains unknown.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Leche/inmunología , Monensina/farmacología , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/inmunología , Paratuberculosis/diagnóstico , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/efectos de los fármacos , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/transmisión , Estudios Transversales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Femenino , Leche/microbiología , Oportunidad Relativa , Ontario , Paratuberculosis/prevención & control , Paratuberculosis/transmisiónRESUMEN
Reducing the quantity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) being shed by cows with Johne's disease should decrease the risk of spread of this disease to young stock. Previous work has suggested that monensin sodium decreases the pathologic lesions associated with Johne's disease, but the impact on shedding of viable MAP remains unknown. After serologic screening of 32 dairy herds in southwestern Ontario, 228 cows from 13 of these herds were enrolled into a randomized clinical trial. Fecal culture and PCR were used to identify 114 cows as potential fecal shedders, while another 114 cows were enrolled as ELISA negative, herd and parity matched controls. All cows were randomized to receive either a monensin controlled release capsule (CRC) or a placebo capsule. Serial fecal and blood samples were collected for fecal culture and serum ELISA testing over a 98-day period. On day 98 of the study, treatments were switched for all cows continuing in the trial. These remaining cows were followed for another 98 days with a similar sampling protocol. Mixed effect models were used to measure the impact of treatment on the number of colony forming units identified on fecal cultures over time. During the first 98 days of the study, cows treated with a monensin CRC were found to shed 3.4cfu per tube less than placebo treated cows (P=0.05). The serum ELISA S/P ratio was reduced by 1.39 units in cows given monensin (P=0.06). However, treatment with monensin did not reduce the odds of testing positive on serology. Only the cows shedding MAP on day 0 were found to have a reduced odds of testing positive on fecal culture when treated with monensin (OR=0.27; P=0.03). Monensin sodium administered to infected animals at 335mg/day marginally reduced fecal shedding of MAP in mature dairy cattle, but the biological significance of this reduction is unknown.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Monensina/uso terapéutico , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Paratuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/transmisión , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana/veterinaria , Estudios Cruzados , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/inmunología , Ontario , Paratuberculosis/prevención & control , Paratuberculosis/transmisión , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of paratuberculosis on culling, milk production, and milk quality in infected dairy herds. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 689 lactating dairy cows in 9 herds. PROCEDURE: Milk, blood, and fecal samples were obtained from all cows. Fecal samples were evaluated via mycobacterial culture. Serum samples were tested with a commercially available ELISA for antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, and preserved milk samples were tested with an ELISA for antibodies against M paratuberculosis. Mixed effect and proportional hazards models were used to determine the effect of paratuberculosis on 305-day milk, fat, and protein production; somatic cell count linear score; and the risk of culling. RESULTS: Cows with positive results of bacteriologic culture of feces and milk ELISA produced less milk, fat, and protein, compared with herdmates with negative results. No difference in 305-day milk or fat production was detected in cows with positive results of serum ELISA, compared with seronegative cows. The 3 survival analyses revealed that cows with positive results of each test were at higher risk of being culled than cows with negative results. Paratuberculosis status, as determined by use of all 3 diagnostic tests, was not associated with milk somatic cell count linear score. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that for the 9 herds in this study, paratuberculosis significantly decreased milk production and cow longevity.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/fisiopatología , Leche/metabolismo , Leche/normas , Paratuberculosis/fisiopatología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/mortalidad , Estudios Transversales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Lactancia , Leche/química , Leche/microbiología , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/inmunología , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Paratuberculosis/mortalidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether results obtained for milk and serum samples with ELISAs intended for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in dairy cows were comparable to results obtained by means of mycobacterial culture of fecal samples. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 689 lactating dairy cows in 9 Ontario herds. PROCEDURE: Milk, serum, and fecal samples were obtained from all cows. Fecal samples were submitted for mycobacterial culture. Serum samples were tested with a commercially available ELISA for antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, and preserved milk samples were tested with an indirect ELISA for antibodies against M paratuberculosis. RESULTS: Results were positive for 130 of the 689 (18.9%) serum samples, 77 of the 689 (11.1%) milk samples, and 72 of the 689 (10.4%) fecal samples. The level of agreement between results for milk and serum samples was only moderate. Proportions of positive results for serum and fecal samples were significantly different, but proportions of positive results for milk and fecal samples were not significantly different. In addition, results for milk samples had a higher level of agreement with results of mycobacterial culture than did results for serum samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that the indirect ELISA used on milk samples may be a convenient method of detecting paratuberculosis in dairy herds.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Leche/microbiología , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/inmunología , Paratuberculosis/diagnóstico , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana/veterinaria , Estudios Transversales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Paratuberculosis/inmunología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
This case is considered atypical because the clinical signs are exemplary of both the systemic and localized forms of the disease. Although diseases are commonly described and differentiated as either multisystemic or localized, as demonstrated here, disease expression can be a continuum between 2 distinct phenotypes.