RESUMEN
The objective of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of hand-sewn jejunojejunal anastomoses to those of oversewn stapled jejunojejunal anastomoses. Jejunojejunal anastomoses were constructed from harvested jejunal segments using a single-layer Lembert technique (1HS), double-layer simple continuous/Cushing technique (2HS), stapled side-to-side technique oversewn with Cushing pattern (SS), and closed 1-stage stapled functional end-to-end technique oversewn with Cushing pattern (FEE). Anastomosed segments were distended with fluid until the point of biomechanical failure. The 2HS had the longest construction time of all anastomoses. Bursting pressures were significantly higher for hand-sewn jejunojejunostomies than those for oversewn stapled jejunojejunostomies. No significant differences were found in bursting pressures between 1HS and 2HS or between SS and FEE. Hand-sewn jejunojejunostomies proved to be biomechanically stronger than oversewn stapled jejunojejunostomies when initially constructed. However, all anastomotic types would be secure techniques to be used clinically based on the supraphysiological pressures they are capable of withstanding.
Comparaison des anastomoses jéjuno-jéjunales cousues à la main et agrafées et cousues chez les chevaux. Cette étude avait pour objectif de comparer les propriétés biomécaniques des anastomoses jéjuno-jéjunales cousues à la main et celles des anastomoses jéjuno-jéjunales agrafées et cousues. Des anastomoses jéjuno-jéjunales ont été construites à partir de segments jéjunaux prélevés en utilisant la technique Lembert à couche unique (1HS), la technique Cushing à double couche simple continue (2HS), la technique agrafée côte à côte selon la méthode Cushing (SS) et la technique fonctionnelle de bout en bout fermée en 1 étape avec couture selon la méthode Cushing (FEE). Des segments anastomosés ont été dilatés avec du liquide jusqu'au point de défaillance biomécanique. La technique 2HS présentait le temps de construction le plus long de toutes les anastomoses. Les pressions de rupture étaient significativement supérieures pour les jéjuno-jéjunostomies cousues par rapport aux jéjuno-jéjunostomies agrafées et cousues. Aucune différence significative n'a été constatée au niveau des pressions de rupture entre 1HS et 2HS ou entre SS et FEE. Les jéjuno-jéjunostomies cousues à la main se sont avérées plus fortes sur le plan mécanique que les jéjuno-jéjunostomies agrafées et cousues lors de la construction initiale. Cependant, tous les types anastomotiques seraient des techniques sûres pour utilisation clinique en se basant sur les pressions supra-physiologiques qu'elles sont capables de supporter.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Asunto(s)
Anastomosis Quirúrgica/veterinaria , Caballos/cirugía , Yeyuno/cirugía , Grapado Quirúrgico/veterinaria , Técnicas de Sutura/veterinaria , Anastomosis Quirúrgica/métodos , Animales , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , CadáverRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of arthroscopic lavage on systemic serum amyloid A (SAA) and SAA, total protein, nucleated cell count, and percentage of neutrophils in synovial fluid in healthy horses. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Healthy adult horses (n = 6). METHODS: Middle carpal joints were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: arthrocentesis (controls) or arthroscopic lavage, with 30 day washout period between treatments. Synovial fluid and blood samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. Measurements included systemic and synovial fluid SAA, as well as total protein, nucleated cell count, and percentages of neutrophils in synovial fluid. Data were analyzed by median quantile regression and Wilcoxon signed-rank test and significance level set at P < .05. RESULTS: Systemic and synovial fluid SAA did not increase from baseline (except systemic SAA at 24 hours for both treatments) and were not significantly different between treatments. Total protein values were significantly increased after arthroscopic lavage (except at 96 hours) but not in controls at all time points. With both treatments, nucleated cell counts significantly increased from baseline values at all time points. Percentages of neutrophils were significantly increased after arthroscopic lavage at all time points, but only at 24 hours in controls. CONCLUSION: Total protein, nucleated cell count, and percentage of neutrophils in synovial fluid were significantly increased after arthroscopic lavage; however, synovial fluid SAA was not affected by this procedure. Further research is warranted to validate synovial fluid SAA as a monitoring tool during treatment of septic arthritis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Caballos/terapia , Artropatías/veterinaria , Proteína Amiloide A Sérica/metabolismo , Líquido Sinovial/metabolismo , Irrigación Terapéutica/veterinaria , Animales , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Caballos/cirugía , Caballos , Inyecciones Intraarticulares/veterinaria , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Líquido Sinovial/citologíaRESUMEN
The diagnosis of bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) presents significant challenges, as traditional methods lack sensitivity when prolonged transport of samples is required. Assays of preputial samples by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide good sensitivity and high throughput capabilities. However, there is limited information on the acceptable duration of transport and temperature during transport of samples. In addition, the use of pooled samples has proven to be a valuable strategy for the diagnosis of other venereal diseases in cattle. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of sample pooling and of transport time and temperature on the clinical sensitivity of a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in preputial samples from beef bulls. Eight infected bulls and 176 virgin yearling bulls were used as the source of samples. The qPCR sensitivity was comparable for unpooled samples and pools of 5 samples, whereas sensitivity was decreased for pools of 10 samples. Sensitivity for the various pool sizes improved with repeated sampling. For shorter-term transport (2 and 48 h), sensitivity was greatest when the samples were stored at 4°C and 30°C, whereas for longer-term transport (96 h) sensitivity was greatest when the samples were stored at -20°C. The creation of pools of 5 samples is therefore a good option to decrease costs when screening bulls for BGC with the qPCR assay of direct preputial samples. Ideally the samples should be stored at 4°C and arrive at the laboratory within 48 h of collection, but when that is not possible freezing at -20°C could minimize the loss of sensitivity.
Le diagnostic de la campylobactériose génitale bovine (CGB) présente des défis significatifs, étant donné que les méthodes traditionnelles manquent de sensibilité lorsqu'un transport prolongé des échantillons est requis. Les épreuves utilisant des échantillons prépuciaux dans des épreuves de réaction d'amplification en chaine par la polymérase en temps réel (PCR) ont une bonne sensibilité et une capacité de rendement élevée. Toutefois, il y a peu d'information sur la durée acceptable du transport et de la température durant le transport des échantillons. De plus, l'utilisation d'échantillons regroupés s'est avéré être une stratégie valable pour le diagnostic d'autres maladies vénériennes chez les bovins. Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient de déterminer l'effet du regroupement d'échantillons et du temps de transport et de la température sur la sensibilité clinique d'une épreuve PCR quantitative en temps réel (qPCR) pour Campylobacter fetus ssp. venerealis dans des échantillons prépuciaux provenant de taureaux. Huit taureaux infectés et 176 bouvillons vierges ont été utilisés comme source des échantillons. La sensibilité du qPCR était comparable pour des échantillons non-regroupés et des regroupements de 5 échantillons, mais diminuée pour des regroupements de 10 échantillons. La sensibilité pour les différentes tailles de regroupement s'améliorait suite à des échantillonnages répétés. Pour des transport de courte durée (2 et 48 h), la sensibilité était plus élevée lorsque les échantillons étaient entreposés à 4 °C et 30 °C, alors que pour le transport de longue durée (96 h) la sensibilité était plus élevée lorsque les échantillons étaient entreposés à −20 °C. La création de regroupement de 5 échantillons est une bonne option pour diminuer les coûts lors du tamisage de taureaux pour CGB avec le qPCR effectué directement sur des échantillons prépuciaux. Idéalement, les échantillons devraient être entreposés à 4 °C et arriver au laboratoire au plus tard 48 h après le prélèvement, si ce n'est pas possible, la congélation à −20 °C pourrait minimiser la perte de sensibilité.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).
Asunto(s)
Campylobacter fetus/clasificación , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Prepucio/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/veterinaria , Manejo de Especímenes/veterinaria , Animales , Infecciones por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Campylobacter fetus/aislamiento & purificación , Bovinos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Saskatchewan cow-calf producers (n = 2000) were surveyed to determine what factors were associated with their uptake of veterinary services; how and where they access nutritional information and animal health advice; and whether they were comfortable with having non-veterinarians perform veterinary procedures. The survey response rate was 18.1%. Veterinarians were seen as a primary source of nutritional information and animal health advice. Over the past decade producers have shifted their veterinary service usage from individual animal events to herd-level procedures. Producers who pregnancy check were more likely to be large producers (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.2 to 3.1; P = 0.007), to semen test their bulls (OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 2.0 to 5.8: P < 0.001), analyze their forages (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.7 to 4.0; P = 0.006), and to farm in the brown versus the gray or dark brown soil zones (P = 0.004). Most (94.0%) respondents had adequate veterinary services within an hour's drive of the farm and 90.4% were satisfied with their veterinary service provider. Approximately 25% of respondents would be comfortable with having a non-veterinarian pregnancy check and attend to prolapses.
Sondage auprès des producteurs de bétail de la Saskatchewan concernant les pratiques de gestion et le recours aux services vétérinaires. On a sondé des éleveurs-naisseurs de la Saskatchewan (n = 2000) afin de déterminer les facteurs associés à leur recours aux services vétérinaires; comment et où ils ont accès à des renseignements nutritionnels et à des conseils sur la santé animale et s'ils étaient à l'aise avec l'idée que des non-vétérinaires réalisent des interventions vétérinaires. Le taux de réponse au sondage était de 18,1 %. Les vétérinaires étaient perçus comme la principale source en matière d'information nutritionnelle et de conseils sur la santé animale. Au cours de la dernière décennie, les éleveurs ont modifié leur utilisation des services vétérinaires pour passer des événements touchant des animaux individuels à des interventions au niveau du cheptel. Les éleveurs qui effectuent une évaluation de la gestation étaient le plus probablement de grands producteurs (fréquence = 1,9; IC de 95 % = 1,2 à 3,1; P = 0,007), ceux qui effectuaient aussi les épreuves de sperme de leurs taureaux (fréquence = 3,4; IC de 95 % = 2,0 à 5,8 : P < 0,001), qui analysaient leur fourrage (fréquence = 2,3; IC de 95 % = 1,7 à 4,0; P = 0,006) et qui cultivaient dans les zones de sol brun par opposition aux zones de sol gris ou brun foncé (P = 0,004). La plupart (94,0 %) des répondants disposaient de services vétérinaires adéquats dans un rayon d'une heure de route de la ferme et 90,4 % étaient satisfaits de leur prestataire de services vétérinaires. Environ 25 % des répondants étaient à l'aise qu'un non-vétérinaire surveille la gestation et s'occupent des prolapsus.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Bovinos/fisiología , Medicina Veterinaria/estadística & datos numéricos , Animales , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/transmisión , Recolección de Datos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Embarazo , Saskatchewan , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , VeterinariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical sensitivity and specificity of a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay for Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis (Cfv) in preputial samples of bulls. ANIMALS: 313 beef bulls. PROCEDURES: Preputial samples were collected from 300 virgin bulls and 13 Cfv-infected bulls. Specificity of the qRT-PCR assay, determined on the basis of results for samples collected from virgin bulls, was compared with specificity of bacteriologic culture performed with transport enrichment medium (TEM). Sensitivity of the qRT-PCR assay, determined on the basis of results for multiple samples collected at weekly intervals from infected bulls, was compared with sensitivity of the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT), bacteriologic culture, and bacteriologic culture with TEM. RESULTS: Specificity was 85% for the qRT-PCR assay and 100% for bacteriologic culture; results were significantly different. Mean sensitivity was 85.4% for the qRT-PCR assay, 82.3% for direct culture in blood agar, 72.1% for the DFAT, 32.7% for direct culture in Skirrow agar, 30% for bacteriologic culture with TEM and blood agar, and 38.1% for bacteriologic culture with TEM and Skirrow agar. Differences in sensitivity among tests varied with ambient outdoor temperature. Repeated sampling significantly increased sensitivity of the qRT-PCR assay. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of the qRT-PCR assay as a screening test on direct preputial samples had comparable sensitivity to bacteriologic culture, and repeated sampling improved sensitivity. Although improved performance of the qRT-PCR assay, compared with direct bacteriologic culture, was dependent on temperature, transport times that allow direct culture are unlikely under field conditions. The qRT-PCR assay would provide a fast and sensitive screening method for Cfv in bulls.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Campylobacter fetus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Animales , Infecciones por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Medios de Cultivo , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Manejo de Especímenes/métodos , TemperaturaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare bursting strength, construction time, and anastomotic dimensions of 4 jejunoileal anastomotic techniques. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental ex vivo study. ANIMALS: Adult horses (n = 12). METHODS: Jejunoileal anastomoses were constructed from harvested ileal and distal jejunal segments using a single-layer Lembert technique (1HS), double-layer simple continuous/Cushing technique (2HS), stapled side-to-side technique (SS), or stapled functional end-to-end technique (FEE). Anastomotic construction time was recorded. Bursting pressures (BP), bursting wall tension (BWT), percentage of mean anastomotic luminal diameter reduction, percentage of luminal diameter reduction relative to adjacent ileal and jejunal diameters and stomal length, were calculated. RESULTS: FEE had the shortest construction time. BP of 1HS and 2HS was significantly higher than FEE and SS (P < .001), which were not different from each other (P = .67). There were no significant differences in BP (P = .25) and BWT (P = .21) between 1HS and 2HS. Mean luminal diameter reduction was less for 1HS (25.1%) than for 2HS (34.8%), however, not statistically different (P = .12). Luminal diameter reduction relative to ileal diameter was significantly less for 1HS (15.2%) than for 2HS (28.47%; P = .012). Luminal diameter reduction relative to jejunal diameter was less for 1HS (32.4%) than 2HS (44.6%) but not statistically different; P = .07). Stomal length was significantly larger for SS (9.93 cm) than FEE (7.32 cm; P = .0002). CONCLUSION: 1HS and 2HS jejunoileal anastomosis are equal in strength; however, 1HS results in less relative luminal diameter reduction. SS and FEE have comparable strength but fail at significantly lower BPs than hand-sewn jejunoileal anastomoses.
Asunto(s)
Anastomosis Quirúrgica/veterinaria , Caballos , Grapado Quirúrgico/veterinaria , Suturas , Anastomosis Quirúrgica/métodos , Animales , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Cadáver , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in protozoal cultures of preputial scraping samples pooled from up to 25 bulls and to determine the specificity of that assay for detection of T foetus in cultures for individual animals. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 188 bulls and 150 steers. PROCEDURES: Preputial scraping samples were collected, placed in a culture kit, and incubated at 37°C for 7 days. Cultures for individual animals were tested for T foetus by means of a real-time PCR assay. Pools of protozoal cultures were made by including fixed aliquots of samples with known positive and negative results in ratios of 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, and 1:25. Specificities of the real-time PCR assay and culture for detection of T foetus in samples obtained from individual animals and sensitivity of real-time PCR assay for each evaluated pool ratio were determined. RESULTS: Specificity estimates for culture and the real-time PCR assay for detection of T foetus in preputial scraping samples for individual animals were not significantly different (98.8% and 100%, respectively). Sensitivities of the real-time PCR assay for the various pooled samples with known positive and negative T foetus results were not significantly different; overall sensitivity of the assay was 94%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated the evaluated real-time PCR assay had high specificity and good sensitivity for the detection of T foetus in pooled protozoal cultures of preputial scraping samples obtained from up to 25 animals.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Prepucio/parasitología , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/parasitología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Tritrichomonas foetus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Masculino , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Feedlot calves (n = 3784) were systematically randomized and allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial study to receive metaphylactic oxytetracycline (OTC) on arrival or no antimicrobial, as well as florfenicol once subcutaneously or twice intramuscularly (48 h apart) if diagnosed with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Calves of different treatment groups were comingled and followed from placement to re-implantation (~100 days). Animals receiving OTC had a reduced risk of BRD, an increased risk of arthritis, and no significant differences in average daily gain, BRD relapse, overall mortality, or BRD mortality. There were no significant differences between treatment protocols. Deep nasal swabs (n = 233) taken at arrival (n = 122), treatment (n = 77), and swabs from lungs and joints at postmortem (n = 34) were cultured for Mycoplasma bovis from 61 animals ill or dying of chronic pneumonia and arthritis and from 61 healthy calves. There was significant variation in diversity among isolates (n = 51) between study years and different cattle. Metaphylaxis or antimicrobial treatment did not affect the diversity of isolates. Except for tilmicosin, isolates were largely susceptible to tested antimicrobials.
Effet du traitement antimicrobien et des stratégies préventives sur le complexe respiratoire bovin ainsi que la relation génétique et l'antibiorésistance des isolats deMycoplasma bovisdans un parc d'engraissement de l'Ouest canadien. Les veaux d'un parc d'engraissement (n = 3784) ont été systématiquement randomisés et répartis dans une étude factorielle 2 × 2 pour recevoir de l'oxytétracycline métaphylactique (OTC) à l'arrivée ou pas d'antimicrobien, ainsi qu'une injection sous-cutanée ou deux injections intramusculaires (à intervalle de 48 h) de florfénicol s'ils étaient diagnostiqués avec le complexe respiratoire bovin (CRB). Les veaux de différents groupes de traitement ont été regroupés pêle-mêle et suivis du placement à la réimplantation (~100 jours). Les animaux recevant l'OTC avaient un risque réduit de CRB, un risque accru d'arthrite et ne présentaient pas de différences significatives pour le gain de poids quotidien moyen, la rechute du CRB, la mortalité globale ou la mortalité associée au CRB. Il n'y avait aucune différence significative entre les protocoles de traitement. Des écouvillonnages nasaux profonds (n = 233) prélevés à l'arrivée (n = 122), au traitement (n = 77) et des écouvillonnages des poumons et des articulations post mortem (n = 34) ont été cultivés pour Mycoplasma bovis à partir de 61 animaux malades ou mourants de pneumonie chronique et d'arthrite et de 61 veaux en santé. Il n'y avait aucune variation significative dans la diversité des isolats (n = 51) entre les années d'étude et les différents bovins. La métaphylaxie ou le traitement antimicrobien n'a pas affecté la diversité des isolats. Sauf pour la tilmicosine, les isolats étaient largement sensibles aux antimicrobiens testés.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/prevención & control , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/veterinaria , Mycoplasma bovis/efectos de los fármacos , Oxitetraciclina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Artritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis/prevención & control , Artritis/veterinaria , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/tratamiento farmacológico , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/microbiología , Bovinos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Femenino , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/prevención & control , Mycoplasma bovis/genética , Saskatchewan , Tianfenicol/análogos & derivados , Tianfenicol/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the recovery rates of Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis (Cfv) from preputial scrapings of infected bulls with passive filtration on selective medium versus nonselective medium, with and without transport medium. SAMPLES: 217 preputial scrapings from 12 bulls (4 naturally and 8 artificially infected with Cfv). PROCEDURES: Preputial scrapings were collected in 2 mL of PBS solution and bacteriologically cultured directly on Skirrow medium or passively filtered through 0.65-µm filters onto blood agar, with or without 24 hour preincubation in modified Weybridge transport enrichment medium (TEM). After 72 hours, plates were examined for Cfv and bacterial and fungal contamination or overgrowth. RESULTS: Passive filtration of fresh preputial scrapings onto blood agar yielded significantly higher recovery rates of Cfv (86%) than direct plating on Skirrow medium (32%), whereas recovery from TEM was poor for both media (35% and 40%, respectively). Skirrow cultures without TEM were significantly more likely to have fungal contamination than were cultures performed with any other technique, and fungal contamination was virtually eliminated by passive filtration onto blood agar. Bacterial contamination by Pseudomonas spp was significantly more common with Skirrow medium versus passive filtration on blood agar, regardless of TEM use. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of transport medium and the choice of culture medium had significant effects on Cfv recovery and culture contamination rates from clinical samples. Both factors should be considered when animals are tested for this pathogen.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Bacteriológicas/veterinaria , Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Campylobacter fetus/clasificación , Campylobacter fetus/aislamiento & purificación , Medios de Cultivo/química , Genitales Masculinos/microbiología , Animales , Infecciones por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Bovinos , Masculino , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/microbiología , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/veterinaria , Manejo de Especímenes/métodos , Manejo de Especímenes/veterinariaRESUMEN
The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors associated with i) a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-antibody milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAP milk ELISA)-positive herd status, and ii) the within-herd MAP milk ELISA-positive prevalence in Canadian dairy herds. This prospective cohort study was conducted between 2005 and 2009 on 226 herds in Ontario and western Canada, which participated in a voluntary risk assessment (RA)-based Johne's disease control program. Two MAP milk ELISA and risk assessments and a previsit survey were available per herd. The overall farm RA scores alone could not be used to predict whether a herd would test positive for MAP antibodies. However, the results of this study indicated that increasing the likelihood of exposing calves to MAP through certain management practices, as assessed with the RA, increased the likelihood of a herd being test-positive for MAP antibodies.The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors associated with i) a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-antibody milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAP milk ELISA)-positive herd status, and ii) the within-herd MAP milk ELISA-positive prevalence in Canadian dairy herds. This prospective cohort study was conducted between 2005 and 2009 on 226 herds in Ontario and western Canada, which participated in a voluntary risk assessment (RA)-based Johne's disease control program. Two MAP milk ELISA and risk assessments and a previsit survey were available per herd. The overall farm RA scores alone could not be used to predict whether a herd would test positive for MAP antibodies. However, the results of this study indicated that increasing the likelihood of exposing calves to MAP through certain management practices, as assessed with the RA, increased the likelihood of a herd being test-positive for MAP antibodies.
RésuméFacteurs de risque pour les troupeaux avec des résultats positifs lors d'un test ELISA pour détecter des anticorps enversMycobacterium aviumssp.paratuberculosisdans le lait commercial de l'Ontario et de l'Ouest canadien. Les objectifs de cette étude consistaient à identifier les facteurs de risque associés à i) un statut positif du troupeau détecté lors d'un test ELISA pour les anticorps envers Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) dans le lait et ii) et la prévalence de tests ELISA positifs pour MAP au sein du troupeau dans les troupeaux laitiers canadiens. Cette étude prospective d'une cohorte a été réalisée entre 2005 et 2009 auprès de 226 troupeaux de l'Ontario et de l'Ouest canadien qui ont participé à un programme de contrôle de la paratuberculose basé sur une évaluation volontaire des risques. Deux tests ELISA pour MAP et évaluations des risques et une enquête préalable à la visite étaient disponibles pour chaque troupeau. Les notes globales de l'évaluation des risques de la ferme n'ont pas pu être utilisées pour prédire si un troupeau obtiendraient des tests positifs pour les anticorps de MAP. Cependant, les résultats de cette étude ont indiqué que l'augmentation de la probabilité d'exposition des veaux à MAP par le biais de certaines pratiques de gestion, telles qu'examinées lors de l'évaluation des risques, amplifiait la probabilité qu'un troupeau obtienne des résultats positifs pour les anticorps envers MAP.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Leche/inmunología , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/inmunología , Paratuberculosis/epidemiología , Animales , Canadá/epidemiología , Bovinos , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Ontario/epidemiología , Paratuberculosis/diagnóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios SeroepidemiológicosRESUMEN
The detection and subspeciation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (CFV) from veterinary samples is important for both clinical and economic reasons. Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis is the causative agent of bovine genital campylobacteriosis, a venereal disease that can lead to serious reproductive problems in cattle, and strict international regulations require animals and animal products to be CFV-free for trade. This study evaluated methods reported in the literature for CFV detection and reports the translation of an extensively tested CFV-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer set; including the VenSF/VenSR primers and a real-time, quantitative PCR (qPCR) platform using SYBR Green chemistry. Three methods of preputial sample preparation for direct qPCR were evaluated and a heat lysis DNA extraction method was shown to allow for CFV detection at the level of approximately one cell equivalent per reaction (or 1.0 × 10(3) CFU/mL) from prepuce. The optimized sample preparation and qPCR protocols were then used to evaluate 3 western Canadian bull cohorts, which included 377 bulls, for CFV. The qPCR assay detected 11 positive bulls for the CFV-specific parA gene target. DNA sequence data confirmed the identity of the amplified product and revealed that positive samples were comprised of 2 sequence types; one identical to previously reported CFV parA gene sequences and one with a 9% sequence divergence. These results add valuable information towards our understanding of an important CFV subspeciation target and offer a significantly improved format for an internationally recognized PCR test.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Campylobacter fetus/clasificación , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Prepucio/microbiología , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/clasificación , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodos , Secuencia de Bases , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Campylobacter fetus/aislamiento & purificación , Canadá/epidemiología , Bovinos , Clonación Molecular , Estudios de Cohortes , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Forty beef cows were reported to show signs of abdominal pain and discomfort over a period of 1 wk. Two of the affected animals died and on postmortem examination were found to be impacted with sand in their abomasum and small intestines. Sand-laden barley silage was found to be the cause of these impactions.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Impactación Fecal/veterinaria , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Dióxido de Silicio/análisis , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Bovinos , Resultado Fatal , Impactación Fecal/diagnóstico , Femenino , Masculino , Saskatchewan , Dióxido de Silicio/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of a new combination drug, florfenicol-flunixin meglumine, with tulathromycin for initial treatment of undifferentiated fever (UF) in fall-placed calves that received metaphylactic tilmicosin on arrival at the feedlot. No significant differences were observed in UF relapses between the two drugs. Calves treated with florfenicol-flunixin had a lower crude case fatality rate (P = .0447) than calves treated with tulathromycin but did not have a significantly lower respiratory disease and histophilosis case fatality rate (P = .12). Whether the new florfenicol-flunixin product is more cost-effective than tulathromycin for the treatment of UF in fall-placed feedlot calves will depend on how the new product is priced in the marketplace relative to tulathromycin.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos no Narcóticos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Clonixina/análogos & derivados , Disacáridos/uso terapéutico , Fiebre/veterinaria , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/uso terapéutico , Tianfenicol/análogos & derivados , Analgésicos no Narcóticos/administración & dosificación , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Bovinos , Clonixina/administración & dosificación , Clonixina/uso terapéutico , Disacáridos/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Fiebre/tratamiento farmacológico , Fiebre/mortalidad , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Estaciones del Año , Tianfenicol/administración & dosificación , Tianfenicol/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the effects of flunixin megulmine in combination with caudal epidural anesthesia as a postoperative analgesic in beef calves following surgical castration, and 2) to consider stride length and pedometry as potential behavioral assessment tools for detecting postcastration pain. Surgical castration was performed in 101 beef calves randomly assigned to 3 treatment subgroups: 1) castration without anesthesia (SURG); 2) castration following lidocaine with epinephrine caudal epidural anesthesia (SURG + EPI); 3) castration following lidocaine with epinephrine caudal epidural anesthesia and flunixin meglumine (SURG + EPI + F). Several outcomes, including pedometer counts, changes in stride length, subjective visual assessment of pain, instantaneous scan sampling of the calves' postoperative activities, and the amount of movement and vocalization during the castration procedure, were measured to identify and quantify pain. The results indicated that stride length and the number of steps taken by calves after castration appear to be good measures of pain. Significant differences found between treatment groups for stride length and visual assessments suggest that flunixin meglumine can be considered to provide visible pain relief up to 8 hours postcastration.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos Combinados/administración & dosificación , Conducta Animal , Bovinos/cirugía , Orquiectomía/veterinaria , Dolor/veterinaria , Anestesia Caudal/veterinaria , Anestesia Epidural/veterinaria , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Clonixina/administración & dosificación , Clonixina/análogos & derivados , Epinefrina/administración & dosificación , Lidocaína/administración & dosificación , Locomoción , Masculino , Orquiectomía/efectos adversos , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor/fisiopatología , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor/veterinaria , Dolor Postoperatorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor Postoperatorio/fisiopatología , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Distribución Aleatoria , Factores de Tiempo , Vocalización Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Vocalización Animal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in cattle and other farm ruminants, and is also a suspected pathogen of Crohn's disease in humans. Development of diagnostic methods for MAP infection has been a challenge over the last few decades. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between different methods for detection of MAP in milk and fecal samples. A total of 134 milk samples and 110 feces samples were collected from 146 individual cows in 14 MAP-infected herds in southwestern Ontario. Culture, IS900 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR methods were used for detecting MAP in milk; results were compared with those of fecal culture. A significant relationship was found between milk culture, direct PCR, and nested PCR (P < 0.05). The fecal culture results were not related to any of the 3 assay methods used for the milk samples (P > 0.10). Although fecal culture showed a higher sensitivity than the milk culture method, the difference was not significant (P = 0.2473). The number of MAP colony-forming units (CFU) isolated by culture from fecal samples was, on average, higher than that isolated from milk samples (P = 0.0083). There was no significant correlation between the number of CFU cultured from milk and from feces (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.1957, N = 63, P = 0.1243). The animals with high numbers of CFU in milk culture may not be detected by fecal culture at all, and vise versa. A significant proportion (29% to 41%) of the positive animals would be missed if only 1 culture method, instead of both milk and feces, were to be used for diagnosis. This suggests that the shedding of MAP in feces and milk is not synchronized. Most of the infected cows were low-level shedders. The proportion of low-level shedders may even be underestimated because MAP is killed during decontamination, thus reducing the chance of detection. Therefore, to identify suspected Johne's-infected animals using the tests in this study, both milk and feces samples should be collected in duplicate to enhance the diagnostic rate. The high MAP kill rate identified in the culture methods during decontamination may be compensated for by using the nested PCR method, which had a higher sensitivity than the IS900 PCR method used.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Heces/microbiología , Leche/microbiología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidad , Paratuberculosis/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Animales , Bovinos , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Industria Lechera , Femenino , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Ultrasonography of the testes was done in bulls at three locations in western Canada (n=325) and one in Argentina (n=387) to determine the prevalence of fibrotic lesions and to examine the relationship between fibrotic lesions and location, age, breed, right compared with left testes, testis size and semen quality. Fibrotic lesions were common in the testes of bulls raised under intensive rearing conditions in western Canada as well as in the more extensive rearing conditions of Argentina. Fibrotic lesions appeared as early as 5-6 months of age and the number of cases continued to increase until at least 12-14 months of age. The severity of lesions increased in some cases during this period; however, it appears that the development of lesions occurred during a finite period of pubertal development. It is unlikely that the prevalence of lesions is influenced by breed, right compared with left testes or testis size. The cause of the lesions is unknown, but there was an association between the development of fibrotic lesions and an outbreak of BRSV disease in Argentina in one group of bulls. There was some indication that during the active process that leads to fibrosis spermatogenesis is adversely affected; however, the presence of a large number of fibrotic lesions that may occupy as much as 50% of the testis parenchyma did not preclude the production of a greater percentage of sperm with normal morphology.
Asunto(s)
Semen/fisiología , Enfermedades Testiculares/veterinaria , Testículo/patología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Bovinos , Supervivencia Celular , Fibrosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Fibrosis/epidemiología , Fibrosis/fisiopatología , Masculino , Prevalencia , Control de Calidad , Semen/citología , Recuento de Espermatozoides , Enfermedades Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Testiculares/epidemiología , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagen , Testículo/fisiopatología , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of florfenicol versus tulathromycin for initial treatment of undifferentiated fever in fall-placed steer calves that received metaphylactic tilmicosin on arrival at the feedlot. No significant differences (P > .10) were observed in undifferentiated fever relapses or the crude case fatality rate. Calves treated with florfenicol had a lower case fatality rate (P = .04) for bovine respiratory disease and Histophilus disease than did calves treated with tulathromycin. The net economic advantage of florfenicol over tulathromycin (Can$17.70/treated animal) was based on differences in costs for the trial drug and calf replacement owing to bovine respiratory disease and Histophilus disease case fatality.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/tratamiento farmacológico , Disacáridos/farmacología , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/farmacología , Tianfenicol/análogos & derivados , Alberta/epidemiología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Antibacterianos/economía , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/mortalidad , Bovinos , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Disacáridos/economía , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/economía , Masculino , Distribución Aleatoria , Factores de Riesgo , Tianfenicol/economía , Tianfenicol/farmacología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of tilmicosin (MIC) versus tulathromycin (DRAX) as a metaphylactic antimicrobial in feedlot calves at moderate risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Calves that received DRAX had significantly (P < or = .05) lower initial BRD treatment rates compared with calves that received MIC. However, there were no significant differences in the BRD relapse rate, railer rate, total mortality rate, BRD mortality rate, average daily gain, and dry matter conversion between the two groups. The economic advantage of the MIC group was Can$8.29/animal. Based on these results, while DRAX was more efficacious in reducing initial treatments for BRD in feedlot calves at moderate risk for disease, MIC was more cost-effective. The lower initial BRD treatment costs in the DRAX group did not offset the higher metaphylactic cost of DRAX.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/prevención & control , Disacáridos/farmacología , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/farmacología , Tilosina/análogos & derivados , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Antibacterianos/economía , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/epidemiología , Complejo Respiratorio Bovino/mortalidad , Bovinos , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Disacáridos/economía , Femenino , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/economía , Distribución Aleatoria , Resultado del Tratamiento , Tilosina/economía , Tilosina/farmacología , Aumento de PesoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare biomechanical properties of 6 suture configurations using a large diameter polyester prosthesis in the muscular process (MP) of the arytenoid cartilage and to determine failure mode. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cadaveric equine larynges (n=121). METHODS: Suture configurations (4 single, 2 double) were inserted, and then constructs were tested in a single-cycle to failure at a 100 mm/min distraction. Load deformation curves were generated to assess the biomechanical properties of each construct. A 1-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean differences in construct failure force, cricoarytenoid joint (CAJ) disarticulation force, and energy stored at failure. A 2-sample t-test was used to compare single versus double suture patterns and a Fisher's exact test was used to compare failure mode. RESULTS: Both construct and CAJ failure force were significantly greater (P<.05) for double suture patterns compared with single suture patterns; however, there were no significant differences in energy stored at construct failure. Failure at the MP accounted for >or=50% of construct failures for 3 of the single suture patterns and 1 of the double suture patterns tested. The remaining 2 patterns had an increased frequency of clamp failures as well as failure of the cricoid cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: Sutures that sufficiently engage the spine of the MP alone or in conjunction with a second suture were found to be biomechanically superior. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Engaging the spine of the MP appears to result in the most biomechanically sound laryngeal construct.
Asunto(s)
Cartílago Aritenoides/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Caballos/cirugía , Caballos/cirugía , Parálisis de los Pliegues Vocales/veterinaria , Pliegues Vocales/cirugía , Animales , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Cadáver , Técnicas de Sutura/instrumentación , Técnicas de Sutura/veterinaria , Suturas/veterinaria , Resultado del Tratamiento , Parálisis de los Pliegues Vocales/cirugíaRESUMEN
Our objective was to define the role of monensin sodium in protecting cows from being milk-ELISA positive for paratuberculosis in Ontario, Canada dairy herds. In total, 4933 dairy cows from 94 herds were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Forty-four of the enrolled herds were selected purposively by their herd veterinarian and another 50 herds were randomly selected from a local milk production-recording agency. A herd-management survey was completed on each farm during the months of May through August 2003. During this same time-period, composite milk samples were collected from all lactating cows and tested with a milk-ELISA for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Analyses were stratified according to the paratuberculosis history of the herds. In the 48 herds in which paratuberculosis had not been diagnosed before, the use of calf hutches and monensin in milking cows were both associated with reduced odds of a cow testing positive (OR=0.19 and 0.21, respectively). In the 46 herds with a prior history of paratuberculosis, feeding monensin to the breeding-age heifers was associated with decreased odds of a cow testing positive (OR=0.54). Monensin use might be associated with milk-ELISA positivity, but its impact on the transmission of paratuberculosis remains unknown.