RESUMEN
A study to determine the effects of entrainment by the Diablo Canyon Power Plant (DCPP) was conducted between 1996 and 1999 as required under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act. The goal of this study was to present the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB) with results that could be used to determine if any adverse environmental impacts (AEIs) were caused by the operation of the plant's cooling-water intake structure (CWIS). To this end we chose, under guidance of the CCRWQCB and their entrainment technical working group, a unique approach combining three different models for estimating power plant effects: fecundity hindcasting (FH), adult equivalent loss (AEL), and the empirical transport model (ETM). Comparisons of the results from these three approaches provided us a relative measure of confidence in our estimates of effects. A total of 14 target larval fish taxa were assessed as part of the DCPP 316(b). Example results are presented here for the kelp, gopher, and black-and-yellow (KGB) rockfish complex and clinid kelpfish. Estimates of larval entrainment losses for KGB rockfish were in close agreement (FH is approximately equals to 550 adult females per year, AEL is approximately equals to 1,000 adults [male and female] per year, and ETM = larval mortality as high as 5% which could be interpreted as ca. 2,600 1 kg adult fish). The similar results from the three models provided confidence in the estimated effects for this group. Due to lack of life history information needed to parameterize the FH and AEL models, effects on clinid kelpfish could only be assessed using the ETM model. Results from this model plus ancillary information about local populations of adult kelpfish suggest that the CWIS might be causing an AEI in the vicinity of DCPP.
Asunto(s)
Ambiente , Centrales Eléctricas , Agua de Mar , Animales , California , Frío , Ecosistema , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Femenino , Peces/crecimiento & desarrollo , Masculino , Modelos Teóricos , Océano Pacífico , Movimientos del AguaRESUMEN
A stratified sampling design was used for a hydroacoustic survey of the inner parts of the Gulf of Nicoya in 1987 and 1988. The bottom topography of the inner Gulf was modeled by introducing the concept of a topographical basin model, as the basis for the projection of the sample survey estimates to the entire inner gulf. The bottom depth contours and volumes for the basin model were constructed from nautical charts. The estimates of sample abundance were made for the fish in the inner Gulf using the acoustic methods, EMS (Expectation Maximization and Smoothing) and echo integration. The estimates of population were made by the multiplication of the topographic model's estimate of water volume and a model of fish density dependent on bottom depth. The results showed a general decrease in fish density biomass with bottom depth, and a simultaneous tendency for maximum concentrations over bottom depths of about four meters. The four meter bottom depth includes a broad expanse of the inner Gulf located south of Isla Chira. Overall estimates of volumetric density (0.269 fish/m3) and of areal densities (1.88 fish/m2) are comparable to other estuarine shallow water environments.
Asunto(s)
Acústica , Biomasa , Peces , Agua de Mar , Animales , Costa Rica , Biología Marina/métodos , Océano Pacífico , TransductoresRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between ethnicity and Health Care wishes, including Advance Directives, in a group of frail older persons in PACE (Program For All Inclusive Care Of The Elderly). DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of 1193 participants in the PACE program. SETTING: Program of All Inclusive Care Of The Elderly (PACE), a comprehensive managed care demonstration program serving frail older participants at 10 sites across the nation. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1193 older adults, all of whom met state criteria for nursing home level of care. There were 385 non-Hispanic whites, 364 blacks, 156 Hispanics, and 288 Asians. MEASUREMENTS: Presence or absence of advance directives, type of health care wishes selected including living will, durable power of attorney, and health care proxy. RESULTS: Frail older white, black, Hispanic and Asian Americans differ significantly in their health care wishes and how they choose to express them. Blacks were significantly more likely to select aggressive interventions and less likely than non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics to utilize a written instrument for expressing health care wishes. Whites were significantly more likely to utilize written documents for advance directives, whereas Asians were more likely to select less aggressive interventions but were unlikely to use written advance directives. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, we found significant ethnic variations in choice of health care wishes. Although health care wishes are an individual decision, an awareness of cross cultural patterns can assist practitioners in addressing the concerns of their patients, as well as assisting Health Care Policy Development.
Asunto(s)
Directivas Anticipadas/etnología , Actitud Frente a la Salud/etnología , Anciano Frágil/psicología , Directivas Anticipadas/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Asiático/psicología , Comparación Transcultural , Escolaridad , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos , Población Blanca/psicologíaRESUMEN
Deliberate parenteral self-injection of mercury is extremely rare, and is associated with a high degree of mortality and morbidity. Because mercury depresses cellular enzymatic mechanisms by combining with sulfhydryl groups, soluble mercuric salts are toxic to all cells. Embolization of mercury in the lungs has been reported with varying degrees of changes in pulmonary function. Mercury causes urticaria progressing to weeping dermatitis, leukopenia, anemia, diarrhea, salivation, liver damage, and renal damage progressing to acute renal failure with anuria. Dimercaprol is an effective antidote in acute heavy metal intoxication because its two sulfhydryl groups successfully compete with tissue enzyme sulfhydryl groups for the offending metal. Experience with dimercaprol therapy months after the original exposure to mercury is not available. We describe the hospital course of a patient after intravenous elemental injection and the results of dimercaprol therapy months after the original exposure.
Asunto(s)
Dimercaprol/uso terapéutico , Intoxicación por Mercurio/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Dimercaprol/efectos adversos , Humanos , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Masculino , Mercurio/administración & dosificación , Autoadministración , SuicidioRESUMEN
Although the legal duties and obligations of hospital trustees are substantial, the threat of personal liability should not cause trustees undue concern. Simple honesty and sound business judgment will enable trustees to avoid most liability issues.
Asunto(s)
Consejo Directivo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Mala Praxis , Síndicos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ética Profesional , Hospitales , Humanos , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Hospitales , Aseguradoras , Seguro , Medicare/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Two deletion-substitution mutations of phage lambda, spi-113 and spi-274, are shown to remove about half of the rightward operator OR. Physiological studies show that spi-113 is still repressible. Thus, the 50 or so nucleotides of OR deleted in this mutant are not absolutely essential for repression. prm-116, which inactivates the promoter essential for the maintenance of lambda repressor synthesis, is located within OR between the endpoints of spi-113 and spi-274.