RESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the butanol extract of Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra) on 4 species of aquatic animals. Groups of 10 mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) and 8 bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were exposed to the butanol extract of Endod in 300 ml of water at concentrations of 0.0, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2 or 2.0 ppm. Groups of 10 tropical snails (Biomphalaria glabrata) and 10 pond snails (Physa spp) were also exposed to the crude extract in 50 ml of water at concentrations of 0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.2, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 or 5.0 ppm. Following a 24-h exposure period, the test subjects were transferred to extract-free water and observed for an additional 24 h. The number of dead animals was determined after the total 48-h concentration was plotted on logarithmic (probit) graph paper and the concentration of Endod which killed 50% of the test subjects (LC50) was determined. The butanol extract of Endod was lethal to 50% of the fish and snails at relatively low concentrations (less than 3.0 ppm). The results also indicated that fish were approximately 2 to 4 times more sensitive to Endod than snails.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces/inducido químicamente , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Caracoles/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Biomphalaria/efectos de los fármacos , Butanoles , Ciprinodontiformes , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Perciformes , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
A number of methods have been used to extract molluscicidal saponins from the dried berries of Phytolacca dodecandra. The potency of the extract has been determined to depend on the release of an enzyme found only in the seed and breaking the seed is critical to the extraction process. The enzyme is inactivated by heat of alcohol. The highest potency extract is made from a cold water extraction of finely ground dried berries.
Asunto(s)
Moluscos/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Saponinas/farmacología , Animales , Esterasas/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Plantas/enzimologíaRESUMEN
Sulfamethazine was fed to weanling pigs at the rate of 100 g/ton of ration for 98 days to investigate the depletion rate of the drug from the plasma and edible tissues of swine. The mean plasma concentration of sulfamethazine for 21 treated pigs peaked at 10.8 ppm on day 77 of the 98-day treatment period. The concentration of sulfamethazine in kidney, liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous fat was at or below 0.1 ppm within 7 days after withdrawal of medicated feed. Depletion of sulfamethazine from the tissues and plasma of the treated pigs plotted on a semilogarithmic graph. Six of seven unoccupied by the treated pigs accumulated drug residues in their kidney and liver tissues. Sulfamethazine concentrations in these tissues were at or above 0.1 ppm in 5 to 14 days.
Asunto(s)
Sulfametazina/metabolismo , Porcinos/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animales , Músculos/metabolismo , Sulfametazina/sangreRESUMEN
Tissue concentrations of sulfamethazine in swine fed the drug at the rate of 500 g/ton of ration (550 g/1,000 kg) for a 30-day period depleted to 0.1 ppm or less within 4 to 10 days after withdrawal of medicated feed. Depletion from the tissues and plasma of treated pigs showed a linear relationship with time when the concentrations were plotted on a semilogarithmic graph. Six untreated pigs that were placed on bedding in pens formerly occupied by the treated group developed tissue residues at or above 0.1 ppm sulfamethazine; the mean plasma concentration of sulfamethazine reached 2.8 ppm by day 15.
Asunto(s)
Sulfametazina/metabolismo , Porcinos/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animales , Riñón/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Músculos/metabolismo , Sulfametazina/sangreRESUMEN
Cerebrospinal fluid cholinesterase activity was determined in 5 species of domestic animals. Suitable samples of cerebrospinal fluid could be obtained repeatedly from sheep, calves, and dogs without killing, but not from pigs and rabbits. The cholinesterase activity among erythrocytes, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid of these species was also compared statistically.
Asunto(s)
Bovinos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Colinesterasas/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Perros/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Eritrocitos/enzimología , Conejos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Ovinos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Porcinos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Animales , Bovinos/sangre , Colinesterasas/sangre , Perros/sangre , Femenino , Masculino , Conejos/sangre , Ovinos/sangre , Porcinos/sangreRESUMEN
Sulfamethazine was administered to 8- to 10-week-old turkey poults intravenously (IV) at the dose level of 71.5 mg/kg of body weight, orally at the dose level of 143 mg/kg of body weight, or in the drinking water at the concentration of 0.1% over a 6-day period. The concentrations of free sulfamethazine in blood, muscle, skin, kidney, and liver were determined and semilogarithmic plots of concentration vs time for the various tissues indicated that the curve had a linear portion within the first 72-hour period of drug withdrawal. The rates of disappearance of sulfamethazine from the various tissues were proportional to the concentration in the tissues. After 72 hours of withdrawal and for as long as 14 days, sulfamethazine concentrations in kidney, liver, and skin of turkeys given the drug in the drinking water fluctuated between 0.1 and 0.4 ppm. Only 8.6% of the oral dose (143 mg/kg) and 16.5 to 17% of the IV dose (71.5 mg/kg) were recovered in urine and feces as the parent compound during the initial 72-hour period.