RESUMEN
Atypical fatty acid metabolism has been reported in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however, its relationship with temperament in this population is unclear. The current study investigated the association between blood levels of fatty acids implicated in brain structure and function (omega-3, omega-6, omega-9) and personality traits of stability (neuroticism, conscientiousness and agreeableness) and plasticity (extraversion and openness). Twenty right-handed adolescent boys with ADHD completed a self-report NEO-FFI personality questionnaire, and had fatty acid content assessed from red blood using gas chromatography. Pearson's correlations showed no significant associations between omega-3 levels and personality. After correction for multiple comparisons, Adrenic Acid (C22:4n6) was inversely associated with stability. Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was positively associated with plasticity. Results are in line with a role of fatty acids in brain function. They suggest that those fatty acids that are involved in myelination (Adrenic, Oleic) have the strongest associations with temperament in adolescents with ADHD.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/sangre , Ácidos Erucicos/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/sangre , Ácido Oléico/sangre , Temperamento , Adolescente , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/fisiopatología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/psicología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Niño , Extraversión Psicológica , Expresión Facial , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados , Humanos , Masculino , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Sex differences for depression in prevalence and symptom profile may in part be due to differences between men and women in brain dysfunction associated with the disorder. Changes in event-related potential (ERP) measures similar to those seen in clinical populations are reported in subclinical or premorbid forms of depression. The current study investigates sex differences in ERPs associated with subclinical depression. One-hundred-and-forty healthy, right-handed adults (aged 20-60 years; screened to exclude clinical depression and psychosis) completed an auditory oddball task and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Seventy (n = 35 men) subclinically depressed (SD) (i.e. scoring >2 for depression on DASS) participants were matched for age and education with 70 (n = 35 men) participants showing no signs of depression (ND). Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance was used to test for differences in N200 and P300 amplitude between SD and ND groups. ND, but not SD groups had asymmetry (R > L) of central N200 amplitude. Similar asymmetry was seen in ND, but not SD men at posterior sites. SD groups demonstrated left > right posterior P300 amplitude asymmetry due to P300 enhancement at left temporoparietal sites. Results support involvement of various cognitive mechanisms measured by P300 and N200 in subclinical depressive symptoms some of which may rely on sex.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/fisiopatología , Potenciales Evocados/fisiología , Adulto , Demografía , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Potenciales Relacionados con Evento P300/fisiología , Femenino , Lateralidad Funcional/fisiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to quantify the distortion of electrical fields by skull foramina using an in vitro model. Extracranial voltage generated by current dipoles located inside a human calva immersed in saline were measured when a 4-mm hole was open and when it was blocked with paraffin wax. Dipoles were located either along the internal surface of the bone (superficial dipoles) or at increasing distances from the bone (deep dipoles). With the hole open, extracranial signals had a substantially greater amplitude than with the hole blocked. The locations of the largest voltage values recorded outside the skull depended on the distance of the recording electrode from the hole rather than on the location of the internal dipole. For superficial dipoles, voltage values with the hole open were as much as 116 times greater than when the hole was blocked. Furthermore, when the hole was open, the largest extracranial signals were seen at the hole even when the dipole was 5 to 6 cm away from the hole. The effects of skull holes were less prominent for deep dipoles than for superficial dipoles. Skull discontinuities can be major determinants for the distribution of extracranial EEG signals. These results have implications for EEG interpretation and for source localization.