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Objective weather classification methods have been extensively applied to identify dominant ozone-favorable synoptic weather patterns (SWPs), however, the consistency of different classification methods is rarely examined. In this study, we apply two widely-used objective methods, the self-organizing map (SOM) and K-means clustering analysis, to derive ozone-favorable SWPs at four Chinese megacities in 2015-2022. We find that the two algorithms are largely consistent in recognizing dominant ozone-favorable SWPs for four Chinese megacities. In the case of classifying six SWPs, the derived circulation fields are highly similar with a spatial correlation of 0.99 between the two methods, and the difference in the mean frequency of each SWP is less than 7%. The six dominant ozone-favorable SWPs in Guangzhou are all characterized by anomaly higher radiation and temperature, lower cloud cover, relative humidity, and wind speed, and stronger subsidence compared to climatology mean. We find that during 2015-2022, the occurrence of ozone-favorable SWPs days increases significantly at a rate of 3.2 day/year, faster than the increases in the ozone exceedance days (3.0 day/year). The interannual variability between the occurrence of ozone-favorable SWPs and ozone exceedance days are generally consistent with a temporal correlation coefficient of 0.6. In particular, the significant increase in ozone-favorable SWPs in 2022, especially the Subtropical High type which typically occurs in September, is consistent with a long-lasting ozone pollution episode in Guangzhou during September 2022. Our results thus reveal that enhanced frequency of ozone-favorable SWPs plays an important role in the observed 2015-2022 ozone increase in Guangzhou.

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Calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones are common and recurrent, lacking pharmacological prevention. Randall's plaques (RPs), calcium deposits in renal papillae, serve as niduses for some CaOx stones. This study explores the role of osteogenic-like cells in RP formation resembling ossification. CaP crystals deposit around renal tubules, interstitium, and blood vessels in RP tissues. Human renal interstitial fibroblasts (hRIFs) exhibit the highest osteogenic-like differentiation potential compared to chloride voltage-gated channel Ka positive tubular epithelial cells, aquaporin 2 positive collecting duct cells, and vascular endothelial cells, echoing the upregulated osteogenic markers primarily in hRIFs within RP tissues. Utilizing RNA-seq, osteomodulin (OMD) is found to be upregulated in hRIFs within RP tissues and hRIFs following osteogenic induction. Furthermore, OMD colocalizes with CaP crystals and calcium vesicles within RP tissues. OMD can enhance osteogenic-like differentiation of hRIFs in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, crystal deposits are attenuated in mice with Omd deletion in renal interstitial fibroblasts following CaOx nephrocalcinosis induction. Mechanically, a positive feedback loop of OMD/BMP2/BMPR1A/RUNX2/OMD drives hRIFs to adopt osteogenic-like fates, by which OMD induces osteogenic-like microenvironment of renal interstitium to participate in RP formation. We identify OMD upregulation as a pathological feature of RP, paving the way for preventing CaOx stones.

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Genome-wide association study (GWAS) with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been widely used to explore genetic controls of phenotypic traits. Alternatively, GWAS can use counts of substrings of length k from longer sequencing reads, k-mers, as genotyping data. Using maize cob and kernel color traits, we demonstrated that k-mer GWAS can effectively identify associated k-mers. Co-expression analysis of kernel color k-mers and genes directly found k-mers from known causal genes. Analyzing complex traits of kernel oil and leaf angle resulted in k-mers from both known and candidate genes. A gene encoding a MADS transcription factor was functionally validated by showing that ectopic expression of the gene led to less upright leaves. Evolution analysis revealed most k-mers positively correlated with kernel oil were strongly selected against in maize populations, while most k-mers for upright leaf angle were positively selected. In addition, genomic prediction of kernel oil, leaf angle, and flowering time using k-mer data resulted in a similarly high prediction accuracy to the standard SNP-based method. Collectively, we showed k-mer GWAS is a powerful approach for identifying trait-associated genetic elements. Further, our results demonstrated the bridging role of k-mers for data integration and functional gene discovery.

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CRISPR-Cas tools for mammalian genome editing typically rely on single Cas9 or Cas12a proteins. While type I CRISPR systems in Class I may offer greater specificity and versatility, they are not well-developed for genome editing. Here, we present an alternative type I-C CRISPR system from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Dvu) for efficient and precise genome editing in mammalian cells and animals. We optimized the Dvu type I-C editing complex to generate precise deletions at multiple loci in various cell lines and pig primary fibroblast cells using a paired PAM-in crRNA strategy. These edited pig cells can serve as donors for generating transgenic cloned piglets. The Dvu type I-C editor also enabled precise large fragment replacements with homology-directed repair. Additionally, we adapted the Dvu-Cascade effector for cytosine and adenine base editing, developing Dvu-CBE and Dvu-ABE systems. These systems efficiently induced C-to-T and A-to-G substitutions in human genes without double-strand breaks. Off-target analysis confirmed the high specificity of the Dvu type I-C editor. Our findings demonstrate the Dvu type I-C editor's potential for diverse mammalian genome editing applications, including deletions, fragment replacement, and base editing, with high efficiency and specificity for biomedicine and agriculture.

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BACKGROUND: The integration of telehealth-supported programs in chronic disease management has become increasingly common. However, its effectiveness for individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of telehealth-supported exercise or physical activity programs for individuals with KOA. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search encompassing Embase, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, GreyNet, and medRxiv from inception to September 2023 was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials comparing telehealth-supported exercise or physical activity programs to a control condition for KOA. Data were extracted and qualitatively synthesized across eligible studies, and a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effects. The study was reported according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020. RESULTS: In total, 23 studies met eligibility criteria, with 20 included in the meta-analysis. Results showed that telehealth-supported exercise or physical activity programs reduced pain (g=-0.39; 95% CI -0.67 to -0.11; P<.001), improved physical activity (g=0.13; 95% CI 0.03-0.23; P=.01), and enhanced physical function (g=-0.51; 95% CI -0.98 to -0.05; P=.03). Moreover, significant improvements in quality of life (g=0.25; 95% CI 0.14-0.36; P<.001), self-efficacy for pain (g=0.72; 95% CI 0.53-0.91; P<.001), and global improvement (odds ratio 2.69, 95% CI 1.41-5.15; P<.001) were observed. However, self-efficacy for physical function (g=0.14; 95% CI -0.26 to 0.53; P=.50) showed insignificant improvements. Subgroup analyses based on the World Health Organization classification of digital health (pain: χ22=6.5; P=.04 and physical function: χ22=6.4; P=.04), the type of teletechnology in the intervention group (pain: χ24=4.8; P=.31 and function: χ24=13.0; P=.01), and active or inactive controls (pain: χ21=5.3; P=.02 and physical function: χ21=3.4; P=.07) showed significant subgroup differences. CONCLUSIONS: Telehealth-supported exercise or physical activity programs might reduce knee pain and improve physical activity, physical function, quality of life, self-efficacy, and global improvement in individuals with KOA. Future research should consider longer implementation durations and assess the feasibility of incorporating wearables and standardized components into large-scale interventions to evaluate the effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022359658; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=359658.

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Myeloid-derived growth factor (MYDGF) is a cytokine that exhibits a variety of biological functions. This study focused on utilizing BL21(DE3) strain engineering and fermentation strategies to achieve high-level expression of soluble human MYDGF (hMYDGF) in Escherichia coli. Initially, the E. coli expressing strain BL21(DE3) was engineered by deleting the IpxM gene and inserting the GROEL/S and Trigger factor genes. The engineered E. coli strain BL21(TG)/pT-MYDGF accumulated 3557.3 ± 185.6 µg/g and 45.7 ± 6.7 mg/L of soluble hMYDGF in shake flask fermentation, representing a 15.6-fold increase compared to the control strain BL21(DE3)/pT-MYDGF. Furthermore, the yield of hMYDGF was significantly enhanced by optimizing the fermentation conditions. Under optimized conditions, the 5L bioreactor yielded up to 2665.8 ± 164.3 µg/g and 407.6 ± 42.9 mg/L of soluble hMYDGF. The results indicate that the implementation of these optimization strategies could enhance the ratio and yield of soluble proteins expressed by E.coli, thereby meeting the demands of industrial production. This study employed sophisticated strategies to lay a solid foundation for the industrial application of hMYDGF.

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BACKGROUND: Chronic infection with the neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) can cause anxiety and gut microbiota dysbiosis in hosts. However, the potential role of gut microbiota in anxiety induced by the parasite remains unclear. METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were infected with 10 cysts of T. gondii. Antibiotic depletion of gut microbiota and fecal microbiota transplantation experiments were utilized to investigate the causal relationship between gut microbiota and anxiety. Anxiety-like behaviors were examined by the elevated plus maze test and the open field test; blood, feces, colon and amygdala were collected to evaluate the profiles of serum endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), gut microbiota composition, metabolomics, global transcriptome and neuroinflammation in the amygdala. Furthermore, the effects of Diethyl butylmalonate (DBM, an inhibitor of mitochondrial succinate transporter, which causes the accumulation of endogenous succinate) on the disorders of the gut-brain axis were evaluated. RESULTS: Here, we found that T. gondii chronic infection induced anxiety-like behaviors and disturbed the composition of the gut microbiota in mice. In the amygdala, T. gondii infection triggered the microglial activation and neuroinflammation. In the colon, T. gondii infection caused the intestinal dyshomeostasis including elevated colonic inflammation, enhanced bacterial endotoxin translocation to blood and compromised intestinal barrier. In the serum, T. gondii infection increased the LPS levels and decreased the 5-HT levels. Interestingly, antibiotics ablation of gut microbiota alleviated the anxiety-like behaviors induced by T. gondii infection. More importantly, transplantation of the fecal microbiota from T. gondii-infected mice resulted in anxiety and the transcriptomic alteration in the amygdala of the antibiotic-pretreated mice. Notably, the decreased abundance of succinate-producing bacteria and the decreased production of succinate were observed in the feces of the T. gondii-infected mice. Moreover, DBM administration ameliorated the anxiety and gut barrier impairment induced by T. gondii infection. CONCLUSIONS: The present study uncovers a novel role of gut microbiota in mediating the anxiety-like behaviors induced by chronic T. gondii infection. Moreover, we show that DBM supplementation has a beneficial effect on anxiety. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the treatment of T. gondii-related mental disorders.

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK), the key element of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, is crucial for the immune response to adverse environments in aquatic animals. Nevertheless, there is limited information regarding the role of the MKK gene family in mollusks. In our study, genome data and transcriptome were used to identify four MKK genes (CnMKK4, CnMKK5, CnMKK6, and CnMKK7) in the noble scallop. The result of the gene structure, motif analysis, and phylogenetic tree revealed that MKK genes are relatively conserved in bivalves. Moreover, four CnMKK genes were significantly highly expressed in immune-related tissues, suggesting that CnMKKs may related to bivalve immunity. Furthermore, CnMKK6 and CgMKK4 were significantly differentially expressed (P < 0.05) under 24 h of temperature stress, and all CnMKKs were significantly differentially expressed (P < 0.05) under 24 h of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. These results showed that the CnMKKs may have a significant impact under biotic and abiotic stresses. In conclusion, the result of the CnMKKs provides valuable insights into comprehending the function of MKK genes in mollusks.

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The energy system of lithium-sulfur batteries is quite promising, however, lithium-sulfur batteries still suffer from considerable problems, such as the abominable shuttle effect of polysulfides (LiPSs), the low conductivity of the solid-phase products, the slow redox kinetics during charging and discharging, and the volume expansion. Herein, the hybridization pattern between the d-orbitals of various transition metal atoms and the p-orbitals of sulfides is revealed grounded in the theory of density function, which explains the high adsorption strength of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with LiPSs and accelerates the screening of high-performance anchoring and catalytic materials. The results elucidate that the coordinated transition metal-organic frameworks (Mo-NH MOF) monolayers increase the capacity of LiPSs to anchor by forming more π-bonds from the hybridization of the S p orbitals and Mo d orbitals. Notably, Mo-NH MOF exhibits bifunctional catalytic activity for sulfur reduction as well as Li2S decomposition reactions during charging and discharging, which improves the conversion efficiency of redox reactions. As a result, new MOF materials featuring unique active centers and the potential mechanism by which the active centers modulate the performance of the substrate materials are revealed, and this finding may accelerate the development of high-performance Li-S batteries.

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There is no consensus about whether relatively large mediastinal tumors (≥ 5.0 cm) are suitable for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Therefore, this study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of intercostal approach VATS for large-sized anterior mediastinal tumors (5.0-10.0 cm) with no invasion to the surrounding tissues and organs. A total of 129 patients with anterior mediastinal tumors who received surgery in our hospital between January 2018 and July 2022 were consecutively enrolled. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on mediastinal tumor diameter: Group A (tumor size between 1.0 and 4.9 cm) and Group B (tumor size between 5.0 and 10.0 cm). The primary endpoints were operation time, blood loss, and postoperative pain, and the secondary endpoints were the volume of drainage, drainage duration, postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative complications. Significant differences were found in the volume of drainage between the two groups (Group A: 218.4 ± 140.6, Group B: 398.9 ± 369.3, P < 0.001). However, no differences were found in operation time, blood loss, drainage duration, postoperative hospital stay and duration of postoperative oral analgesics (P > 0.05). In addition, there existed no significant differences in the postoperative complications. Intercostal approach VATS is regarded as a feasible and safe surgical method for large-sized anterior mediastinal tumors (5.0-10.0 cm) with no invasion to the surrounding tissues and organs.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish a hematoma expansion (HE) prediction model for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) patients by combining CT radiomics, clinical information, and conventional imaging signs. METHODS: A retrospective continuous collection of HICH patients from three medical centers was divided into a training set (n = 555), a validation set (n = 239), and a test set (n = 77). Extract radiomics features from baseline CT plain scan images and combine them with clinical information and conventional imaging signs to construct radiomics models, clinical imaging sign models, and hybrid models, respectively. The models will be evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC), clinical decision curve analysis (DCA), net reclassification index (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). RESULTS: In the training, validation, and testing sets, the radiomics model predicts an AUC of HE of 0.885, 0.827, and 0.894, respectively, while the clinical imaging sign model predicts an AUC of HE of 0.759, 0.725, and 0.765, respectively. Glasgow coma scale score at admission, first CT hematoma volume, irregular hematoma shape, and radiomics score were used to construct a hybrid model, with AUCs of 0.901, 0.838, and 0.917, respectively. The DCA shows that the hybrid model had the highest net profit rate. Compared with the radiomics model and the clinical imaging sign model, the hybrid model showed an increase in NRI and IDI. CONCLUSION: The hybrid model based on CT radiomics combined with clinical and radiological factors can effectively individualize the evaluation of the risk of HE in patients with HICH. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: CT radiomics combined with clinical information and conventional imaging signs can identify HICH patients with a high risk of HE and provide a basis for clinical-targeted treatment. KEY POINTS: HE is an important prognostic factor in patients with HICH. The hybrid model predicted HE with training, validation, and test AUCs of 0.901, 0.838, and 0.917, respectively. This model provides a tool for a personalized clinical assessment of early HE risk.

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In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes are the ubiquitous glial cells that have complex morphological and molecular characteristics. These fascinating cells play essential neurosupportive and homeostatic roles in the healthy CNS and undergo morphological, molecular, and functional changes to adopt so-called 'reactive' states in response to CNS injury or disease. In recent years, interest in astrocyte research has increased dramatically and some new biological features and roles of astrocytes in physiological and pathological conditions have been discovered thanks to technological advances. Here, we will review and discuss the well-established and emerging astroglial biology and functions, with emphasis on their potential as therapeutic targets for CNS injury, including traumatic and ischemic injury. This review article will highlight the importance of astrocytes in the neuropathological process and repair of CNS injury.

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The selective oxidation of alcohols into aldehydes is a basic and significant procedure, with great potential for scientific research and industrial applications. However, as an important factor in the C(sp3)-H activation process, high selectivity is generally difficult to achieve due to the fact that the more easily activated properties of aldehydes are compared to alcohols. Herein, by the ingenious decoration of eosin Y into a Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF-808), EY@MOF-808 was prepared as a selectivity regulator for the aerobic oxidation of the benzyl alcohols into corresponding aldehydes, possessing applicability for the benzylic alcohols with various substituents. By anchoring eosin Y on Zr6O4(OH)4 clusters of MOF-808 and maintaining open metal nodes with selective binding effects, the benzyl alcohol substrates were selectively coordinated to the unsaturated metal clusters adjacent to eosin Y, which ensured that the excited eosin Y rapidly activated substrates to generate carbon radicals by the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process. The rapid electron transfer (ET) simultaneously produced reactive oxygen species (O2•-) and then a combination of both to further promote the generation of benzaldehydes. The weak interaction of benzaldehydes with the skeleton allowed it to dissociate rapidly, thus preventing overoxidation. Under the catalysis of EY@MOF-808, the selectivity of various benzaldehydes was more than 99%. In contrast, eosin Y gave only benzoic acid products under the same conditions, which demonstrated the superiority of regulatory selectivity of EY@MOF-808. Taking advantage of the heterogeneity of the MOF, EY@MOF-808 was recycled four times without a decrease in its selectivity and avoided the quenching effect of eosin Y. The organic functional units postdecorated MOF-based photocatalyst strategy exhibits a promising new perspective approach to sustainably regulating the selectivity of inert oxidation.

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The cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene superfamily plays a significant role in various physiological processes, producing different compounds such as hormones, fatty acids, and biomolecules. However, little information is known their roles during gonad development in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). In this study, total of 116 CgCYP (Crassostrea gigas cytochrome P450) genes were identified and their expression pattern was analyzed for the first time. The relative molecular weights of these CgCYP genes ranged from 63.52 to 113.41 kDa, and the length of encoded amino acids ranged from 103 to 993. And total 26 cis-acting elements of these CgCYP genes were identified. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed some CgCYP genes are essential for the metabolism of male and female sex hormones. Additionally, expression anslysis showed 69 CgCYP genes were over-expressed in early gonad development and triploid infertile individuals. More importantly, expression levels of CgCYP1, CgCYP15, CgCYP34, CgCYP46, CgCYP69, CgCYP87, CgCYP88, and CgCYP103, were found to be significantly higher in female gonad, suggesting their important roles in female gonad development. The results of this study will provide a better understanding of the CgCYP genes in the gonad development of Pacific oyster.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease in the elderly population and its substantial morbidity and disability impose a heavy economic burden on patients and society. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most common subtype of OA, which is characterized by damage to progressive articular cartilage, synovitis, and subchondral bone sclerosis. Most current treatments for OA are palliative, primarily aim at symptom management, and do not prevent the progression of the disease or restore degraded cartilage. The activation of α-granules in platelets releases various growth factors that are involved in multiple stages of tissue repair, suggesting potential for disease modification. In recent years, platelet-based therapies, such as platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin, and platelet lysates, have emerged as promising regenerative treatments for KOA, but their related effects and mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the biological characteristics and functions of platelets, classify the products of platelet-based therapy and related preparation methods. Moreover, we summarize the basic research of platelet-based regeneration strategies for KOA and discuss the cellular effects and molecular mechanisms. Further, we describe the general clinical application of platelet-based therapy in the treatment of KOA and the results of the meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

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Urease-producing bacteria (UPB) are widely present in soil and play an important role in soil ecosystems. In this study, 65 UPB strains were isolated from cadmium (Cd)-polluted soil around a lead-zinc mine in Yunnan Province, China. The Cd tolerance, removal of Cd from aqueous solution, production of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and plant growth-promoting effects of these materials were investigated. The results indicate that among the 65 UPB strains, four strains with IAA-producing ability were screened and identified as Bacillus thuringiensis W6-11, B. cereus C7-4, Serratia marcescens W11-10, and S. marcescens C5-6. Among the four strains, B. cereus C7-4 had the highest Cd tolerance, median effect concentration (EC50) of 59.94 mg/L. Under Cd 5 mg/L, S. marcescens C5-6 had the highest Cd removal from aqueous solution, up to 69.83%. Under Cd 25 mg/kg, inoculation with B. cereus C7-4 significantly promoted maize growth in a sand pot by increasing the root volume, root surface area, and number of root branches by 22%, 29%, and 20%, respectively, and plant height and biomass by 16% and 36%, respectively, and significantly increasing Cd uptake in the maize roots. Therefore, UPB is a potential resource for enhancing plant adaptability to Cd stress in plants with Cd-polluted habitats.

This study utilized urease-producing bacteria screened from the soil of lead zinc mining areas in Yunnan, China as the research object, enriching the microbial resources in Yunnan. In addition, this article verified the IAA production ability and cadmium removal ability of urease-producing bacteria, and screened out bifunctional urease-producing bacteria that have potential in cadmium pollution control and plant growth promotion.

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Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) imparts an energetic advantage over single electron transfer in activating inert substances. Natural PCET enzyme catalysis generally requires tripartite preorganization of proton relay, substrate-bound active center, and redox mediator, making the processes efficient and precluding side reactions. Inspired by this, a heterogeneous photocatalytic PCET system was established to achieve higher PCET driving forces by modifying proton relays into anthraquinone-based anionic coordination polymers. The proximally separated proton relays and photoredox-mediating anthraquinone moiety allowed pre-assembly of inert substrate between them, merging proton and electron into unsaturated bonds by photoreductive PCET, which enhanced reaction kinetics compared with the counter catalyst without proton relay. This photocatalytic PCET method was applied to a broad-scoped reduction of aryl ketones, unsaturated carbonyls, and aromatic compounds. The distinctive regioselectivities for the reduction of isoquinoline derivatives were found to occur on the carbon-ring sides. PCET-generated radical intermediate of quinoline could be trapped by alkene for proton relay-assisted Minisci addition, forming the pharmaceutical aza-acenaphthene scaffold within one step. When using heteroatom(X)-H/C-H compounds as proton-electron donors, this protocol could activate these inert bonds through photooxidative PCET to afford radicals and trap them by electron-deficient unsaturated compounds, furnishing the direct X-H/C-H functionalization.

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Objective: Whether the efficacy of combined stent retriever and contact aspiration (S + A) is superior to stent retriever (S) alone for revascularisation in patients with large vessel occlusive stroke remains uncertain. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the safety and efficacy of combined stent retriever and contact aspiration for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke with large vessel occlusion by comparing it with stent retriever alone. Methods: We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library databases for randomised controlled trials and observational studies (case-control and cohort studies) published before 1 October 2023 comparing the efficacy of combined stent retriever and contact aspiration versus tent retriever alone in patients with large vessel occlusive stroke. The end point of the primary efficacy observed in this meta-analysis study was the rate of first pass nearly complete or complete recanalisation (mTICI 2c-3). Secondary effectiveness nodes were: rate of first pass successful recanalisation (mTICI 2b-3), rate of near-complete or complete recanalisation of the postoperative vessel, rate of successful recanalisation of the postoperative vessel, and MRS 0-2 within 90 days. Safety endpoints were interoperative embolism, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, and mortality within 90 days. Results: A total of 16 studies were included in the literature for this meta-analysis, with a total of 7,320 patients (S + C group: 3,406, S group: 3,914). A comprehensive analysis of the included literature showed that combined stent retriever and contact aspiration had a higher rate of near-complete or complete recanalisation of the postoperative vessel [OR = 1.53, 95% CI (1.24, 1.88), p < 0.0001] and rate of successful recanalisation of the postoperative vessel compared to stent retriever alone [OR = 1.83, 95% CI (1.55, 2.17), p < 0.00001]; there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of the rate of first pass nearly complete or complete recanalisation [OR = 1.00, 95% CI (0.83, 1.19), p = 0.96], rate of first pass successful recanalisation [OR = 1.02, 95% CI (0.85, 1.24), p = 0.81], interoperative embolism [OR = 0.93, 95% CI (0.72, 1.20), p = 0.56], symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage [OR = 1.14, 95% CI (0.87, 1.48), p = 0.33], MRS 0-2 within 90 days [OR = 0.89, 95% CI (0.76, 1.04), p = 0.14] and mortality within 90 days [OR = 1.11, 95% CI (0.94, 1.31), p = 0.22]. Conclusion: Combined stent retriever and contact aspiration has a higher rate of postprocedural revascularisation (mTICI 2c-3/mTICI 2b-3) compared with stent retriever alone in patients with large vessel occlusion stroke. In addition, it was not superior to stenting alone in terms of the rate of first pass recanalisation (mTICI 2c-3/mTICI 2b-3), interoperative embolisation, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, good functional prognosis within 90 days and mortality within 90 days.

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Groundwater nitrate (NO3-) contamination in China has become a serious environmental problem, especially in agricultural production areas, which greatly affects the safety of drinking groundwater and requires urgent attention. In this study, the main sources of groundwater nitrate in China were reviewed, including atmospheric deposition, soil nitrogen, agricultural fertilization, and fecal sewage, among which fecal sewage and agricultural fertilization were the main reasons for the excessive groundwater nitrate. The application of hydrochemical analysis, multivariate statistical analysis, stable isotope tracer method, and microbial source tracking in the source apportionment of groundwater nitrate was summarized. All types of source apportionment methods had certain limitations. It is suggested that a variety of methods should be used to identify the source of groundwater nitrate, and the contribution rate of different pollution sources should be calculated using multivariate statistical analysis and isotope quantitative analysis models. The source apportionment of nitrate pollution has undergone a process from qualitative to quantitative research. At present, the SIAR and MixSIAR models based on δ15N-NO3-and δ18O-NO3- have been used widely to analyze the source of nitrate. However, due to the overlap of isotope characteristic values of different input end-members, the difference in δ15N-NO3-and δ18O-NO3- values under different spatial and temporal changes, and the influence of isotope fractionation in the process of nitrogen migration and transformation, the results calculated by the model remain uncertain. It is necessary to further optimize the analytical method of the model to obtain the source of nitrate pollution and its contribution rate more accurately to further aid in the scientific management of groundwater resources.

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Recently, computationally intensive multiobjective optimization problems have been efficiently solved by surrogate-assisted multiobjective evolutionary algorithms. However, most of those algorithms can only handle no more than 200 decision variables. As the number of decision variables increases further, unreliable surrogate models will result in a dramatic deterioration of their performance, which makes large-scale expensive multiobjective optimization challenging. To address this challenge, we develop a large-scale multiobjective evolutionary algorithm guided by low-dimensional surrogate models of scalarization functions. The proposed algorithm (termed LDS-AF) reduces the dimension of the original decision space based on principal component analysis, and then directly approximates the scalarization functions in a decompositionbased multiobjective evolutionary algorithm. With the help of a two-stage modeling strategy and convergence control strategy, LDS-AF can keep a good balance between convergence and diversity, and achieve a promising performance without being trapped in a local optimum prematurely. The experimental results on a set of test instances have demonstrated its superiority over eight state-of-the-art algorithms on multiobjective optimization problems with up to 1000 decision variables using only 500 real function evaluations.