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Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) offer high energy density due to the ability to intercalate both anions and cations, thereby increasing the cutoff voltage and battery capacity. Graphite, with its ordered layered structure and cost-effectiveness, is commonly employed as the cathode material for DIBs. However, the discharge capacity of graphite cathodes is relatively low, and their cycling stability is poor, limiting the practical applications of DIBs. The formation of cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) on the graphite cathode surface is closely related to anion behavior. Constructing a stable cathode electrolyte interface is crucial for improving the stability of anion storage. Therefore, we introduce a series of strategies to enhance the quality of the CEI layer, including additives, binders, main salts or solvents, high-concentration electrolytes, doping elements, artificial CEI, and graphite surface modifications. These strategies improve the CEI by enhancing anion transport rates, increasing anion solvation capabilities, and improving the structural stability of graphite cathodes, which is of profound significance for increasing the capacity and stability of DIBs. This review provides inspiration for future CEI research, encouraging further exploration of resources of CEI components and improvement strategies to further promote the development of DIBs technology.

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Background: Ultra-early inflammatory reaction after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) plays an important role in the coagulation process and is closely related to early hematoma expansion. However, the relationship between ultra-early hematoma growth (uHG) and ultra-early inflammatory reaction remains unknown. Objective: To evaluate the association between ultra-early inflammatory indicators and uHG in patients with sICH. Methods: We retrospectively included 225 patients with acute sICH who were divided into the uHG ≤4.7 ml/h group and the uHG >4.7 ml/h group, respectively. The uHG was defined as hematoma volume (milliliter) at the primary computed tomography (CT) scan divided by time (hour) from onset to the performance of primary CT within 6 h after onset. The white blood cells (WBC), blood hypersensitive C-reactive protein, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and other related baseline data were collected and compared between the two groups. The multivariate regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate the independent risk factors for uHG >4.7 ml/h. Results: NIHSS score and WBC were independent risk factors for uHG in patients with acute sICH (OR 1.188, 95% CI: 1.111-1.271, p < 0.001; OR 1.151, 95% CI: 1.018-1.300, p = 0.024; respectively). The area under curve of ROC for WBC and NIHSS score was 0.658 and 0.754, respectively (all p < 0.001), while the WBC combined with NIHSS score was 0.773 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: WBC count within 6h after onset might be an independent risk factor for the increase of uHG in patients with sICH.

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Background: Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) commonly presents in general hospital settings, posing challenges for healthcare professionals lacking specialised psychiatric training. The Neuro-11 Neurosis Scale (Neuro-11) offers promise in screening and evaluating psychosomatic symptoms, comprising 11 concise items across three dimensions: somatic symptoms, negative emotions and adverse events. Prior research has validated the scale's reliability, validity and theoretical framework in somatoform disorders, indicating its potential as a valuable tool for SSD screening in general hospitals. Aims: This study aimed to establish the reliability, validity and threshold of the Neuro-11 by comparing it with standard questionnaires commonly used in general hospitals for assessing SSD. Through this comparative analysis, we aimed to validate the effectiveness and precision of the Neuro-11, enhancing its utility in clinical settings. Methods: Between November 2020 and December 2021, data were collected from 731 patients receiving outpatient and inpatient care at Shenzhen People's Hospital in China for various physical discomforts. The patients completed multiple questionnaires, including the Neuro-11, Short Form 36 Health Survey, Patient Health Questionnaire 15 items, Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Hamilton Depression Scale. Psychiatry-trained clinicians conducted structured interviews and clinical examinations to establish a gold standard diagnosis of SSD. Results: The Neuro-11 demonstrated strong content reliability and structural consistency, correlating significantly with internationally recognised and widely used questionnaires. Despite its brevity, the Neuro-11 exhibited significant correlations with other questionnaires. A test-retest analysis yielded a correlation coefficient of 1.00, Spearman-Brown coefficient of 0.64 and Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.72, indicating robust content reliability and internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the validity of the three-dimensional structure (p<0.001, comparative fit index=0.94, Tucker-Lewis index=0.92, root mean square error of approximation=0.06, standardised root mean square residual=0.04). The threshold of the Neuro-11 is set at 10 points based on the maximum Youden's index from the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. In terms of diagnostic efficacy, the Neuro-11 has an area under the curve of 0.67. Conclusions: (1) The Neuro-11 demonstrates robust associations with standard questionnaires, supporting its validity. It is applicable in general hospital settings, assessing somatic symptoms, negative emotions and adverse events. (2) The Neuro-11 exhibits strong content reliability and validity, accurately capturing the intended constructs. The three-dimensional structure demonstrates robust construct validity. (3) The threshold of the Neuro-11 is set at 10 points.

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Introduction: A rare pathogen of Infective Endocarditis (IE), the Abiotrophia defectiva, has been known to trigger life-threatening complications. The case discussed here is of a teenager with brain infarction and subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by IE due to A. defectiva. Case report: A 15-year-old girl with movement disorders involving the left limbs and intermittent fevers was admitted to the hospital. A head CT scan revealed cerebral infarction in the right basal ganglia and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, vegetation on the mitral valve were confirmed by echocardiography. The blood cultures were found to be positive for Gram-positive streptococcus and identified by Vitek mass spectrometry as A. defectiva. She was prescribed vancomycin antibacterial therapy and underwent a surgical mitral valve replacement. Conclusion: This case is suggestive of the fact that A. defectiva is a rare but crucial pathogen of IE-associated stroke. Obtaining early blood cultures and using microbial mass spectrometry could help achieve an accurate diagnosis. Moreover, reasonable anti-infective medications and surgical interventions need to be combined to avoid and/or manage severe complications.

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Carotid artery web (CaW) is a rare focal fibromuscular dysplasia, which is an underappreciated risk factor for transient ischemic attack. This case illustrates the dynamic evolution of secondary thrombus and plaque in CaW, and the importance of carotid doppler ultrasound in early detection and follow-up.

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The intercalating of anions into cost-effective graphite electrode provides a high operating voltage, therefore, the dual-ion batteries (DIBs) as novel energy storage device has attracted much attention recently. The "graphene in graphite" has always existed in the graphite cathode of DIBs, but has rarely been researched. It is foreseeable that the graphene blisters with the intact lattice structure in the shell can utilize its ultra-high elastic stiffness and reversible lattice expansion for increasing the storage capacity of anions in the batteries. This review proposes an expected "blister model" by introducing the high elasticity of graphene blisters and its possible formation mechanism. The unique blisters composed of multilayer graphene that do not fall off on the graphite surface may become indispensable in nanotechnology in the future development of cathode materials for DIBs.

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Camellia (Theaceae) is a morphologically highly diverse genus of flowering plants and includes many famous species with high economic value, and the phylogeny of this genus is not fully resolved. We used 95 transcriptomes from 87 Camellia species and identified 1481 low-copy genes to conduct a detailed analysis of the phylogeny of this genus according to various data-screening criteria. The results show that, very different from the two existing classification systems of Camellia, 87 species are grouped into 8 main clades and two independent species, and that all 8 clades except Clade 8 were strongly supported by almost all the coalescent or concatenated trees using different gene subsets. However, the relationships among these clades were weakly supported and different from analyses using different gene subsets; furthermore, they do not agree with the phylogeny from chloroplast genomes of Camellia. Additional analyses support reticulate evolution (probably resulting from introgression or hybridization) among some major Camellia lineages, providing explanation for extensive gene tree conflicts. Furthermore, we inferred that together with the formation of East Asian subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, Camellia underwent a radiative divergence of major clades at 23 âˆ¼ 19 Ma in the late Miocene then had a subsequent species burst at 10 âˆ¼ 5 Ma. Principal component and cluster analyses provides new insights into morphological changes underlying the evolution of Camellia and a reference to further clarify subgenus and sections of this genus. The comprehensive study here including a nuclear phylogeny and other analyses reveal the rapid evolutionary history of Camellia.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether jugular venous reflux (JVR) relates to more serious ischemic white matter lesions (WMLs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty cases were enrolled and divided into absent to mild ischemic WMLs group and moderate to severe ischemic WMLs group. Then the univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between JVR and moderate to severe ischemic WMLs, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of JVR for moderate to severe ischemic WMLs. RESULTS: There were 28 patients in the absent to mild ischemic WMLs group and 22 patients in the moderate to severe ischemic WMLs group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in gender, blood lipid indexes, proportions of diabetes, and abnormal deep cerebral veins (all p > 0.05). However, compared with the absent to mild ischemic WMLs group, the moderate to severe ischemic WMLs group was older and had a higher proportion of hypertension and JVR (p = 0.005; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that JVR was an independent risk factor for moderate to severe ischemic WMLs (OR = 17.679, 95 % CI: 3.056-102.286, p = 0.001). Furthermore, the area under curve of JVR combined with hypertension was 0.912 (p < 0.001), and the specificity of predicting moderate to severe ischemic WMLs was 92.9 %. CONCLUSION: Our study suggested that JVR might relate to more severe ischemic WMLs.

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INTRODUCTION: Cerebral ischemia is a serious acute disease with high mortality and disability rates. circRNAs are associated with cerebral ischemia inflammation and can be used as therapeutic targets. We aimed to investigate circNup188/miR-760-3p/Map3k8 role in inflammation during cerebral ischemia. METHODS: According to the sequencing results of previously published, signaling pathways and circRNAs related to inflammation were screened and looped for verification. In vitro OGD/R cell model was constructed to detect OGD/R effects on PC12 cell viability, apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6. qRT-PCR assessed circRNAs, circNup188 bound miRNAs, and four mRNAs associated with inflammation and brain diseases expressions. p65 and IkB-α and their phosphorylated proteins in NF-κB pathway and Map3k8 expressions were assessed by Western blot. RESULTS: KEGG analysis revealed MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways played a vital role in it, and were classic inflammatory pathways. circNup188, circU2, and circCnot2 were verified to be the loop structure. circNup188 might play an essential role in OGD/R cell model. Regulating circNup188 expression could affect OGD/R cells function. In addition, miR-760-3p might play a vital role in OGD/R cell model. Moreover, circNup188 regulated cerebral ischemia by sponging miR-760-3p. miR-760-3p might be involved in inflammation in OGD/R cell model by regulating Map3k8 to activate the NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS: circNup188 might up-regulate Map3k8 expression through sponging miR-760-3p and then activate NF-κB pathway, which was involved in cerebral ischemia development. This study provided a new target for cerebral ischemia treatment.

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Fluoxetine is used to improve cognition, exercise ability, depression, and neurological functions in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important regulatory roles in multiple diseases. However, studies regarding the fluoxetine-mediated circRNA-microRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) axis have not been conducted. This study is aim to investigate the functions of fluoxetine and identification of fluoxetine-mediated circRNAs and mRNAs in cerebral ischemic stroke. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat models were successfully established at fisrt, and then rats were intraperitoneally injected with 10-mg/kg fluoxetine hydrochloride for 14 d. Afterward, the cerebral infarction area was evaluated using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. High-throughput sequencing was adopted to screen the differential circRNAs and mRNAs. The candidate circRNAs, mRNAs, and potential microRNAs were verified using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addtion, microRNA and circRNA binding was verified using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results revealed that fluoxetine markedly diminished the cerebral infarction area in rats after MCAO. The circRNAs and mRNAs were differentially expressed, which includes 879 circRNAs and 815 mRNAs between sham and MCAO groups, respectively, and 958 circRNAs and 838 mRNAs between MCAO and fluoxetine groups, respectively. In which, circMap2k1 and Pidd1 expression was significantly increased in the MCAO group but suppressed after fluoxetine treatment. Moreover, circMap2k1 directly binds with miR-135b-5p. Taken together, we verified that fluoxetine could improve brain injury after cerebral ischemic stroke. Moreover, the circMap2k1/miR-135b-5p/Pidd1 axis is potentially involved in cerebral ischemic stroke.

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OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of fluoxetine on morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) in patients with ischemic stroke. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with acute ischemic stroke, 15 in the control group and 15 in the treatment group, were enrolled. Two patients in the control group and one in the treatment group were lost during follow-up. The patients in the treatment group were treated with fluoxetine (20 mg per day for 3 months) based on the treatments in the control group. Baseline characteristics, Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) items scale score, mean blood pressure and MBPS were evaluated before and after treatment, and the correlation between the improvements of PHQ-9 scale score and MBPS was also analyzed. RESULTS: The mean SBP and the systolic and diastolic MBPS in the treatment group were significantly lower than that in the control group after 3 months of treatment (P = 0.024, P = 0.022, P = 0.001, respectively). Besides, the improvement of PHQ-9 scale score was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (P = 0.049). There was no significant correlation between the improvement of systolic or diastolic MBPS and the improvement of PHQ-9 scale score in the treatment group (P = 0.289 and P = 0.206, respectively). CONCLUSION: Fluoxetine might improve MBPS in patients with ischemic stroke.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between right to left shunt (RLS) and youth benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (YBPPV). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and normal control cases younger than 45 years were enrolled at 1:1 ratio. Contrast-enhanced transcranial doppler ultrasound was performed to determine the existence and shunt grading of RLS. Regression analysis was conducted by including other possible risk factors for YBPPV to evaluate whether RLS acts as an independent risk factor. RESULTS: A total of 174 cases were enrolled, with 87 cases in the YBPPV group and 87 cases in the normal control group. The proportion of existing RLS in the YBPPV group was significantly higher than in the normal control group (65.52% vs. 28.74%, P < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that RLS was an independent risk factor for YBPPV (odds ratio = 2.157, 95% credibility interval: 1.504～3.093, P＜0.001). In the YBPPV group, the recurrence of BPPV within 180 days showed no statistical difference between cases with RLS and receiving anti-platelet treatment and cases with RLS and without anti-platelet treatment. In the YBPPV group, the recurrence of BPPV within 180 days in cases without RLS and anti-platelet treatment did not significantly differ from cases with RLS and without anti-platelet treatment and cases with RLS and receiving anti-platelet treatment. CONCLUSION: In the present study, RLS resulted as an independent risk factor for YBPPV. This observation could generate hypotheses of the mechanism by which a RLS could induce YBPPV.

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We report the case of a patient in whom we used deep cerebral venous blood flow monitoring by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to monitor the effect of anticoagulation therapy on cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. The blood flow velocity of deep cerebral veins increased in the early stage of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, then gradually decreased to the normal level as the disease improved. Moreover, the recovery of the blood flow velocity of deep cerebral veins occurred earlier than the morphological recovery demonstrated by magnetic resonance venography.

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OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to confirm whether coagulation function of patients presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was associated with onset of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). METHODS: A total of 174 patients with basal ganglia ICH were divided into CMBs and non-CMBs groups. Indicators of coagulation function and other clinical data that included fibrinogen (FBI), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and the international normalized ratio (INR) were compared by univariate and multivariate analysis between the two groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to determine the predictive value of coagulation function indicators for CMBs. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that APTT levels was significantly higher in the CMBs group than the non-CMBs group (30.20 ± 5.18 vs. 27.95 ± 4.19; p = .004), while there was no significant difference between PT, INR, and FBI. The proportion of male patients in the CMBs group was significantly higher than the non-CMBs group (76.58% vs. 52.38%, p = .001). Multifactor logistic regression analysis demonstrated that APTT and male gender were independent risk factors for CMBs in patients with ICH (OR 1.100, 95% CI: 1.026-1.180, p = .008; OR 2.957, 95% CI: 1.500-5.826, p = .002; respectively). ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve of APTT and male gender for CMBs in patients with ICH was 0.641 and 0.621, respectively (p = .002 and .008; respectively). CONCLUSION: APTT was an independent risk factor for CMBs in patients with ICH.

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Traditionally, dendrite growth is considered to be one of the reasons leading to poor performance of lithium metal. However, it is found that the growth of dendrites does not necessarily reduce the Coulombic efficiency (CE) of lithium metal. Here, the relationships among morphologies, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) composition, and the CE of lithium metal have been systematically studied. By comparing different kinds of morphologies of lithium metal and the electrolytes, we discovered that SEI composition showed a great influence on the CE of lithium metal owing to the enhanced desolvation of the SEI by ionic compounds such as lithium fluoride and lithium nitride. In addition, we further developed a new method using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the symmetric Li-Li cell to study the properties of the SEI.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether inferior vena cava compression (IVCC) can be an alternative for valsalva maneuver (VM) in contrast-enhanced transcranial doppler (c-TCD). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, and migraine were enrolled in this study. C-TCD was conducted at resting state, after VM and IVCC to detect right to left shunt (RLS). Then, the RLS was compared to examine whether IVCC could be an alternative for VM in c-TCD. RESULTS: A total of 246 patients were enrolled in this study. Via Wilcoxon signed-rank test of paired data, the detection for RLS of c-TCD conducted after IVCC was superior to at resting state, but inferior to after VM (P ï¼œ .001, P = .01, respectively); the detection for RLS of c-TCD conducted after IVCC was inferior to after VM for patients with good cooperation of VM, but was superior for patients with poor cooperation of VM (P ï¼œ .001, P ï¼œ .001, respectively); the detection for RLS of c-TCD conducted after IVCC and after VM showed no significant difference for patients with good cooperation of VM and without abdominal obesity, or with poor cooperation of VM and with abdominal obesity (P = .201, P = .157, respectively); the detection for RLS of c-TCD conducted after IVCC was superior to at resting state for patients with abdominal obesity (P ï¼œ .001). CONCLUSIONS: For patients with poor cooperation of VM, IVCC could be used as an effective supplement to increase the detection of RLS in c-TCD.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of insomnia after acute ischemic stroke on cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). METHODS: A total of 158 eligible patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled prospectively. Of these, six patients were lost to follow-up, and 152 were included in the final analysis. The patients were divided into the insomnia (N = 24) and non-insomnia (N = 128) groups based on the Athens Insomnia Scale. The insomnia group was further divided into benzodiazepine (BDZ) and non-BDZ treatment groups according to BDZ use status after ischemic stroke. The transcranial doppler ultrasound (TCD) breath-holding test was performed to calculate the breath-holding index (BHI) of the responsible cerebral middle artery, which was used to evaluate CVR. Then, univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were carried out to determine the effect of insomnia after acute ischemic stroke on CVR. RESULTS: At one month after the onset of acute ischemic stroke, TCD-BHI was significantly higher in the non-insomnia group compared with the insomnia group (p = 0.027). In patients with insomnia, TCD-BHI was significantly higher in the BDZ treatment group compared with non-BDZ treatment group (p = 0.039). With age, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, long-term smoking, blood homocysteine, and Athens Insomnia Scale score as independent variables, and TCD-BHI at one month after onset as a dependent variable, univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses indicated that the Athens Insomnia Scale score was an independent factor affecting TCD-BHI (regression coefficient, -0.013; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.024 to -0.003). CONCLUSION: Insomnia after acute ischemic stroke is an independent risk factor for CVR.

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