RESUMEN
Soil stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) are indicators for nutrient balance. Shrub encroachment into grasslands could change nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry in soils, but the general patterns remain unclear. With a meta-analysis of a global dataset covering 344 observations from 68 studies, we examined the responses of grassland soil C:N:P stoichiometry to shrub encroachment under various environmental conditions. Our results show that: 1) Shrub encroachment significantly increased the concentrations of soil C (+29 %), N (+25 %), P (+20 %), C:N (+5 %), C:P (+12 %), and N:P (+6 %). The magnitude of such effects varied with climate, soil texture, and soil layer. 2) Increases in SOC and TN concentrations mainly occurred in Mediterranean and very humid climate zones. Soil C:P and N:P decreased in semi-humid climate zone after shrub encroachment. 3) The increases in SOC and TN concentrations and in the C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios after shrub encroachment were greater in the topsoil than in deeper soil layers. 4) Both finest-textured soil (clay) and coarsest-textured soil (sand) are beneficial for increase of soil nutrient concentrations following shrub encroachment. 5) The magnitude of the change in soil C:N was negatively correlated with the duration of shrub encroachment, due to greater increases in soil TN than in SOC concentrations with longer durations of encroachment. Our results indicate that soil stoichiometric shifts in shrub-encroached grasslands are relatively sensitive to environmental factors, including soil texture, soil pH, and climate. These findings help us to better understand the effects of shrub encroachment on biogeochemical cycling, functioning, and services in grasslands across a broad range of spatio-temporal scales.
Asunto(s)
Carbono , Pradera , Nitrógeno , Fósforo , Suelo , Fósforo/análisis , Suelo/química , Nitrógeno/análisis , Carbono/análisis , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
China's commitment to attaining carbon neutrality by 2060 has galvanized research into carbon sequestration, a critical approach for mitigating climate change. Despite the rapid urbanization observed since the turn of the millennium, a comprehensive analysis of how urbanization influences urban carbon storage throughout China remains elusive. Our investigation delves into the nuanced effects of urbanization on carbon storage, dissecting both the direct and indirect influences by considering urban-suburban gradients and varying degrees of urban intensity. We particularly scrutinize the roles of climatic and anthropogenic factors in mediating the indirect effects of urbanization on carbon storage. Our findings reveal that urbanization in China has precipitated a direct reduction in carbon storage by approximately 13.89 Tg of carbon (Tg C). Remarkably, urban sprawl has led to a diminution of vegetation carbon storage by 8.65 Tg C and a decrease in soil carbon storage by 5.24 Tg C, the latter resulting from the sequestration of impervious surfaces and the elimination of organic matter inputs following vegetation removal. Meanwhile, carbon storage in urban greenspaces has exhibited an increase of 6.90 Tg C and offsetting 49.70% of the carbon loss induced by direct urbanization effects. However, the indirect effects of urbanization predominantly diminish carbon storage in urban greenspaces by an average of 5.40%. The degree of urban vegetation management emerges as a pivotal factor influencing the indirect effects of urbanization on carbon storage. To bolster urban carbon storage, curbing urban sprawl and augmenting urban green spaces are imperative strategies. Insights from this study are instrumental in steering sustainable urban planning and advancing towards the goal of carbon neutrality.
Asunto(s)
Secuestro de Carbono , Carbono , Cambio Climático , Urbanización , China , Carbono/análisis , Suelo/químicaRESUMEN
HLA-DRB1*11:298 shows one single nucleotide substitution at position 397 T>G compared with HLA-DRB1*11:01:01:01.
Asunto(s)
Alelos , Pueblo Asiatico , Donantes de Sangre , Exones , Sangre Fetal , Cadenas HLA-DRB1 , Prueba de Histocompatibilidad , Humanos , Cadenas HLA-DRB1/genética , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Prueba de Histocompatibilidad/métodos , Secuencia de Bases , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodos , China , Alineación de Secuencia , Pueblos del Este de AsiaRESUMEN
Compared with HLA-DRB1*12:02, the alleles HLA-DRB1*12:92 and HLA-DRB1*12:101 each show one nucleotide substitution respectively.
Asunto(s)
Alelos , Cadenas HLA-DRB1 , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Prueba de Histocompatibilidad , Humanos , Cadenas HLA-DRB1/genética , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento/métodos , Prueba de Histocompatibilidad/métodos , Exones , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Secuencia de Bases , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodosRESUMEN
Various 2,2-difunctionalized 2H-azirines were synthesized via I2-mediated annulation reactions of readily accessible enamines in the presence of nitrogen or non-nitrogen nucleophiles. The features of the present synthesis process also include no use of transition metals, simple operation, mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and gram-scale synthesis.
RESUMEN
HLA-A*29:171 differs from HLA-A*29:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 257T>G in exon 2.
Asunto(s)
Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Alelos , Exones/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Emerging viruses in the blood of healthy/qualified donors can seriously affect transfusion safety. However, the virus characteristics in different healthy blood donors and blood components are still not fully understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Buffy coat (BC) and plasma specimens were collected from 32 whole blood donors, and platelet (PLT) and BC specimens from 30 apheresis platelet donors to explore the full annotation of viral metagenomics in different blood components from Chinese blood donors using next-generation sequencing technology. RESULTS: The study detected 56 viruses in the plasma and BC groups of whole blood donors. The plasma group had a significantly higher viral abundance and more types of viruses than the BC group. We detected 20 viruses in the PLT and BC groups of apheresis platelet donors. Viral abundance and types were significantly lower in the BC group than in the PLT group. According to ß-diversity analysis, the plasma group had a significantly different community structure and composition than the BC group. DISCUSSION: Viral nucleic acid is found in the blood of healthy Chinese blood donors, with the highest concentration in plasma, which could explain the distribution of viruses in the blood of healthy individuals.
Asunto(s)
Eliminación de Componentes Sanguíneos , Donantes de Sangre , Humanos , Plaquetas , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , ChinaRESUMEN
HLA-A*03:453 differs from HLA-A*03:02:01:01 by one single nucleotide substitution at position 376 G > A.
Asunto(s)
Donantes de Sangre , Antígenos HLA-A , Humanos , Alelos , China , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , Pueblos del Este de Asia/genéticaRESUMEN
HLA-C*01:220 has one nucleotide change compared with HLA-C*01:02:01:01 in codon 163 of exon 3.
Asunto(s)
Pueblos del Este de Asia , Antígenos HLA-C , Humanos , Antígenos HLA-C/genética , Alelos , Codón , Exones/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Compared with HLA-A*26:01:01:01, the alleles HLA-A*26:01:70, and HLA-A*26:01:74 each show one nucleotide substitution, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Pueblo Asiatico , Pueblos del Este de Asia , Humanos , Alelos , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
HLA-B*46:95N shows one nucleotide substitution at position 2 when compared with HLA-B*46:01:01:01.
Asunto(s)
Donantes de Sangre , Pueblos del Este de Asia , Humanos , Alelos , Antígenos HLA-B/genética , Genes MHC Clase I , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto RendimientoRESUMEN
In order to treat the alloimmunization platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR), human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-type and/or human platelet antigen (HPA)-type matched platelets between donors and patients are usually used. Therefore, genotyping of HLA-A and HLA-B loci, as well as HPA systems, for donors and patients, is of great significance. However, there is a rare report of genotyping for HLA-A and HLA-B loci as well as HPA systems at the same time. In this study, a high-throughput method for simultaneous genotyping of HLA-A and HLA-B loci, as well as HPA genotyping, was developed. A RNA capture probe panel was designed covering all exon sequences of the GP1BA, GP1BB, ITGA2, CD109, ITGB3, and ITGA2B genes and HLA-A and HLA-B loci. The HLA-A, HLA-B, and 34 HPA systems were genotyped using a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. The genotypes of the HLA-A and HLA-B loci, as well as the HPA, were assigned based on the nucleotides in the polymorphism sites. Using the NGS method, 204 unrelated blood specimens were successfully genotyped for all 34 HPA systems as well as HLA-A and HLA-B loci. The accuracy of the NGS method was 100%. Only HPA-2, HPA-3, HPA-5, HPA-6w, HPA-15, and HPA-21w showed polymorphism with frequencies of 0.9412, 0.6863, 0.9853, 0.9779, 0.4314, and 0.9951 for a allele, respectively. Thirty-two single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were detected. Of them, 12 SNVs can lead to amino acid change. HLA-A*11:01 and HLA-B*46:01 are the most common alleles for HLA-A and HLA-B loci. A targeted next-generation sequencing method for simultaneously genotyping HPA systems and HLA-A and HLA-B loci was first established, which could be used to create a database of HLA-typed and/or HPA-typed unrelated donors.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Plaqueta Humana , Humanos , Antígenos de Plaqueta Humana/genética , Genotipo , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Antígenos HLA-B/genética , Nucleótidos , Aminoácidos/genética , ARNRESUMEN
Background: Although many molecular diagnostic methods have been used for ABO genotyping, there are few reports on the full-length genomic sequence analysis of the ABO gene. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been shown to provide fast and high-throughput results and is widely used in the clinical laboratory. Here, we established an NGS method for analyzing the sequence of the start codon to the stop codon in the ABO gene. Study Design and Methods: Two pairs of primers covering the partial 5'-untranslated region (UTR) to 3'-UTR of the ABO gene were designed. The sequences covering from the start codon to the stop codon of the ABO gene were amplified using these primers, and an NGS method based on the overlap amplicon was developed. A total of 110 individuals, including 88 blood donors with normal phenotypes and 22 ABO subtypes, were recruited and analyzed. All these specimens were first detected by serological tests and then determined by polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT) and NGS. The sequences, including all the intron regions for the specimens, were analyzed by bioinformatics software. Results: Among the 88 blood donors with a normal phenotype, 48 homozygous individuals, 39 heterozygous individuals, and one individual with a novel O allele were found according to the results of the PCR-SBT method. Some single-nucleotide variants (SNV) in intronic regions were found to be specific for different ABO alleles from 48 homozygous individuals using the NGS method. Sequences in the coding region of all specimens using the NGS method were the same as those of the PCR-SBT method. Three intronic SNVs were found to be associated with the ABO subtypes, including one novel intronic SNV (c.28+5956T>A). Moreover, six specimens were found to exhibit DNA recombination. Conclusion: An NGS method was established to analyze the sequence from the start codon to the stop codon of the ABO gene. Two novel ABO alleles were identified, and DNA recombination was found to exist in the ABO alleles.
Asunto(s)
Genómica , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Alelos , Codón Iniciador , Codón de Terminación , ADN , Genotipo , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento/métodosRESUMEN
HLA-C*03:537 allele is identical to HLA-C*03:03:01:01 except for a single nucleotide substitution G257C.
Asunto(s)
Pueblo Asiatico , Antígenos HLA-C , Alelos , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Secuencia de Bases , China , Antígenos HLA-C/genética , HumanosRESUMEN
HLA-C*03:538 differs from HLA-C*03:04:01:01 by a mutation at nucleotide 920.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos HLA-C , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Alelos , Exones/genética , Genes MHC Clase I , Antígenos HLA-C/genética , HumanosRESUMEN
Compared with HLA-DRB1*15:01:01:01, the alleles HLA-DRB1*15:01:43 and HLA-DRB1*15:01:44 each show one nucleotide substitution respectively.
Asunto(s)
Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Mutación Missense , Alelos , Cadenas HLA-DRB1/genética , Humanos , NucleótidosRESUMEN
Compared with HLA-A*11:01:01:01, the alleles HLA-A*11:383N, and HLA-A*11:388N each show one single nucleotide substitution.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos HLA-A , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Alelos , Exones/genética , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , HumanosRESUMEN
HLA-DRB1*15:01:42 differs from HLA-DRB1*15:01:01:01 by one single nucleotide substitution at position 732 C>T.
Asunto(s)
Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Nucleótidos , Alelos , Cadenas HLA-DRB1/genética , Humanos , Mutación MissenseRESUMEN
HLA-DRB1*11:271 differs from HLA-DRB1*11:01:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 610G > A.
Asunto(s)
Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Nucleótidos , Alelos , Cadenas HLA-DRB1/genética , Humanos , Mutación MissenseRESUMEN
HLA-B*55:107 shows two nucleotides substitution when compared to HLA-B*55:02:01:01.