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AIMS: Interleukin(IL)-22 plays an important role in promoting liver regeneration and repair, but its role in chronic HBV-related liver diseasesis not clear. The goal of this study was to evaluate associations between eight IL22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the development of chronic HBV cirrhosis and HBV-related HCC within a Chinese Han population. METHODS: We investigated associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL22 gene (rs1026788, rs2227472, rs2227491, rs2227485, rs1179249, rs2046068,rs2227473, and rs7314777) and the risk of HBV-related chronic liver diseases within a Han population in Northeast China. A total of 649 participants were included in the study, including 103 patients with CHB, 264 patients with LC, and 282 patients with HCC. The odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using chi-square test. Haplotype analysis was conducted by haploview software. RESULTS: Genotype and allele distributions of SNPs rs1179249 and rs2227472 differed between LC and CHB groups (both P < 0.05).The G alleles of SNP rs2227491 and rs1026788 were more frequent in the LC group than in the CHB group (P = 0.046, P = 0.041 respectively). A IL22 haplotype consisting of the minor alleles of SNP rs1179249 and the major alleles of seven other SNPs occurred less frequently in the LC and HCC groups than in the CHB group (28.2%, 33.94%, and 37.86%, respectively, P < 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant associations between smoking or drinking and IL22 SNPs on the risk of HCC (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: IL22 genetic variations were associated with chronic HBV infection progression, especially in the HBV-LC group. The IL22 genetic variations may help clinicians initiate the correct treatment strategy at the CHB stage.

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AIM: To investigate the relationship between levels of iron metabolism markers and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic liver diseases. METHODS: This case-control study with 318 participants included 78 cases of chronic hepatitis B, 85 cases of HBV-related liver cirrhosis, 77 cases of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma, and 78 healthy controls. Markers of iron metabolism were detected in participants. Hematological and biochemical parameters and HBV-DNA were assessed. Child-Pugh grade and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage were determined for each hepatocellular carcinoma patient. Perls' staining was performed on liver sections. The SPSS program was used for all statistical analyses, and statistical significance was considered if a P-value < 0.05. RESULTS: Significantly higher serum ferritin and lower serum hepcidin levels were detected in all groups of HBV-infected patients compared with healthy controls. Serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and serum transferrin levels were significantly lower in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, whereas the hepcidin level was higher than that in chronic hepatitis B patients. Correlation analysis indicated that serum hepcidin was negatively correlated with HBV-DNA load (P < 0.01). Serum ferritin and transferrin saturation levels increased proportionally to the extent of liver cirrhosis and poorer Child-Pugh scores (P < 0.05). The decreased serum iron and transferrin saturation levels were significantly correlated with a smaller hepatocellular carcinoma tumor burden according to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging. Liver histology showed a clearly increasing trend in iron deposition in the liver tissues with increased fibrosis, which became prominent at stages 3 (severe liver fibrosis) and 4 (cirrhosis). CONCLUSION: Iron metabolism disorders occur in patients with HBV-related liver diseases. The serum markers of iron metabolism disorders vary in different stages of HBV-related liver diseases.

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AIM: To determine the relationship between five A3G gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: This association study was designed as a retrospective study, including 657 patients with chronic HBV infection (CHB) and 299 healthy controls. All subjects were ethnic Han Chinese. Chronic HBV-infected patients recruited between 2012 and 2015 at The First Hospital of Jilin University (Changchun) were further classified into HBV-related HCC patients (n = 287) and non-HCC patients (n = 370). Frequency matching by age and sex was performed for each group. Human genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood. Gene polymorphisms were identified using a mass spectroscopic method. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the genotype and allele frequencies of the rs7291971, rs5757465 and rs5757463 A3G gene polymorphisms, and risk of CHB and HBV-related HCC. The AG genotype and G allele for rs8177832 were significantly related to a decreased risk of CHB (OR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.47-0.96; OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.50-0.95, respectively) and HCC (OR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.34-0.84; OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.39-0.87, respectively). A significant relationship was found between rs2011861 computed tomography, TT genotypes and increased risk of HCC (OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.02-2.80; OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.08-3.06, respectively). Haplotype analyses showed three protective and four risk haplotypes for HCC. Also, one protective haplotype was found against CHB. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the A3G rs8177832 polymorphism is associated with a decreased risk of CHB infection and HCC, while the rs2011861 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of HCC.

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BACKGROUND: Due to the differences in structure and composition of glycinin and ß-conglycinin, they exhibit different characteristics during heat treatment. In present study, the thermal aggregation behaviour of glycinin, ß-conglycinin and their isolated sub-units was investigated at pH 7.0. RESULTS: Acidic polypeptides, basic polypeptides, αα' and ß sub-units of soy protein were denatured during the isolation process. The degree of aggregation of protein fractions after heat treatment was in the order: denatured basic polypeptides > native glycinin > denatured ß sub-unit > native ß-conglycinin > denatured acidic polypeptides > denatured αα' sub-units. Glycinin, ß-conglycinin, acidic polypeptides and αα'/ß sub-units exhibited different changing trends of surface hydrophobicity with increasing temperature. The αα' sub-units showed higher ability to suppress thermal aggregation of basic polypeptides than ß sub-units during heat treatment. The ß sub-units were shown to form soluble aggregates with glycinin after heating. CONCLUSION: The interaction mechanism of αα' and ß sub-units heated with basic polypeptides was proposed. For the ß sub-units-basic polypeptides mixed system, more hydrophobic chains were binding together and buried inside during heat treatment, which resulted in lower surface hydrophobicity. The αα' sub-units-basic polypeptides mixed system was considered to be a stable system with higher surface hydrophobicity after being heated.

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Amphiphilic graft copolymers were prepared from ß-conglycinin-dextran conjugates hydrolyzed by trypsin at a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 2.2%. Nanoparticles were prepared from ß-conglycinin, ß-conglycinin-dextran conjugates (CDC), and amphiphilic hydrolysates of ß-conglycinin-dextran conjugates at DH 2.2% (CDCH) by a desolvation method. All of the nanoparticle samples exhibited spherical structures, as evidenced by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering. The nanoparticles prepared from amphiphilic hydrolysates of ß-conglycinin-dextran conjugates at DH 2.2% (CDCHN) exhibited higher interfacial pressure and dilatational modulus after long-term absorption at the oil-water interface compared with nanoparticles prepared from ß-conglycinin (CN) and ß-conglycinin-dextran conjugates (CDCN). This might be mainly associated with the higher surface hydrophobicity of CDCHN, which enhanced adsorption and intermolecular interactions of nanoparticles in the adsorbed layer.

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Concentrations of sulfonamides including sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfadimidin (SM2) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in sediments, muscle and liver tissues of 7 kinds of fish species collected from two marine aquaculture regions along the coast of Guangdong Provice were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a ultraviolet detector. Assessment of the health risks were conducted based on the values of maximum residue limits (MRL) and acceptable daily intake (ADI). The results showed that sulfonamides were found in all the sediment samples. The concentrations (dry wet) ranged from 2.1 - 35.2 ng x g(-1), the detected frequency of the 3 sulfonamide antibiotics ranked as SDZ (85.7%) > SM2 (71.4%) > SMX (28.6%). The detection rate of sulfonamides in samples from Daya Bay was higher than that from Hailing Island. Higher concentrations were detected in liver tissues rather than in muscle tissues (P < 0.05). The residues of SDZ, SM2 and SMX in fish muscle tissues (wet weight) ranged from 11.6-37.9, 16.3-27.8 and 4.9-20.0 ng x g(-1), respectively. The calculated daily intakes of sulfonamides in the present study ranged from 3.37-36.72 ng x kg(-1), which accounted for 0.007% -0.073% of the ADI (50 microg x kg(-1)). Health risks to human body were negligible as the estimated intake was less than 1% ADI, therefore the security of dietary was high.

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Soy lipophilic protein nanoparticles (LPP), which present a novel delivery vehicle for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), were fabricated by ultrasonication of the soy lipophilic protein (LP), which exhibits unique characteristics including a high loading capacity, oxidation protection and a sustained releasing profile in vitro for CLA. The CLA-loaded LPP exhibited a mean diameter of 170 ± 0.63 nm and a loading capacity of 26.3 ± 0.40% (w/w). A coating of sodium caseinate (SC) on the surface improved the colloidal stability of the CLA-loaded LPP. This encapsulation conferred protection against the oxidation of CLA, by which the head space-oxygen consumption and hydrogen peroxide value were obviously decreased in comparison with the SC-encapsulated CLA and CLA alone. The delivery system enables a sustained releasing profile of CLA in a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT). These findings illustrate that the LPP could act as an effective delivery device for CLA, which could provide oxidation stability and a sustained release property.

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We evaluated the influence of heat treatment on interfacial properties (adsorption at the oil-water interface and dilatational rheology of interfacial layers) of soy protein isolate. The related structural properties of protein affecting these interfacial behaviors, including protein unfolding and aggregation, surface hydrophobicity, and the state of sulfhydryl group, were also investigated. The structural and interfacial properties of soy protein depended strongly on heating temperature (90 and 120 °C). Heat treatment at 90 °C induced an increase in surface hydrophobicity due to partial unfolding of protein, accompanied by the formation of aggregates linked by disulfide bond, and lower surface pressure at long-term adsorption and similar dynamic interfacial rheology were observed as compared to native protein. Contrastingly, heat treatment at 120 °C led to a higher surface activity of the protein and rapid development of intermolecular interactions in the adsorbed layer, as evidenced by a faster increase of surface pressure and dilatational modulus. The interfacial behaviors of this heated protein may be mainly associated with more flexible conformation and high free sulfhydryl group, even if some exposed hydrophobic groups are involved in the formation of aggregates. These results would be useful to better understand the structure dependence of protein interfacial behaviors and to expand utilization of heat-treated protein in the formulation and production of emulsions.

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In this work, different thermal aggregation behaviors of soy ß-conglycinin and glycinin at pH 7.0 were characterized with size exclusion chromatography and low-angle light scattering. Limited aggregation that grew via the consumption of "monomers" was detected in ß-conglycinin, forming soluble aggregates. For glycinin, the association between the aggregates that led to the appearance of insoluble materials was observed. Heated with ß-conglycinin, the assembly between the glycinin aggregates was terminated and its solubility was recovered. The structure of the soluble and insoluble aggregates was analyzed by small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering. Unlike the ß-conglycinin soluble aggregates that possessed limited size and less compact conformation, particles with a denser core and a less dense outer shell were found in the glycinin insoluble aggregates. Evidence is presented to reveal the transition between the soluble and insoluble aggregates and the role of ß-conglycinin in the solubilization of the soy protein aggregates during heating.

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The present investigation aimed to expand the knowledge of the in vitro bioaccessibility of fatty acids and tocopherol from natural soybean oil body emulsions stabilized with different concentrations of ι-carrageenan. Several physicochemical parameters including proteolysis of the interfacial layer, interfacial composition, and microstructure were evaluated with regard to their impact on the bioaccessibility of fatty acids and tocopherol. Results from simulated human digestion in vitro indicated that the bioaccessibility of total fatty acids and tocopherol decreased (62.7-8.3 and 59.7-19.4%, respectively) with the increasing concentration of ι-carrageenan. During the in vitro digestion procedure, ι-carrageenan affected physicochemical properties of the emulsions, thereby controlling the release of fatty acids and tocopherol. These results suggested that soybean oil body emulsions stabilized with ι-carrageenan could provide natural emulsions in foods that were digested at a relatively slow rate, the important physiological consequence of which might be increasing satiety.

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The concentrations and distributions of three sorts of quinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enorfloxacin) in water, sediments and the tissues of 8 kinds of fishes from 7 sites in Pearl River Delta aquaculture regions (freshwater and marine) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector. Results showed that no quinolones were found in either fresh waterborne or marine water. Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enorfloxacin in sediments collected from freshwater aquaculture region ranged from 5.03-13.28, 3.64-9.32 and 0-7.13 ng x g(-1), respectively, ranged from 1.88-8.81, 0-1.09 ng x g(-1) in marine aquaculture area, respectively. Enorfloxacin were not found in sediments from marine aquaculture. Three kinds of quinolones in liver tissues were higher than that in muscle tissues. The residues of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enorfloxacin in fish muscle tissues ranged from 1.95-100.54, 0.48-33.26 and 1.18-51.89 ng x g(-1), respectively. The concentration of pharmaceuticals in fish tissues were ranked by size as following: norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enofloxacin. Higher concentration of quinolones was found in fish from freshwater aquaculture than marine aquaculture.

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