RESUMEN
The study examined whether the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood, Revised Edition (DC: 0-3R; ZERO TO THREE, 2005) Parent-Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIR-GAS) is applicable to six European countries and contributes to the identification of caregiver-infant/toddler dyads with abusive relationship patterns. The sample consisted of 115 dyads with children's ages ranging from 1 to 47 months. Sixty-four dyads were recruited from community settings without known violence problems, and 51 dyads were recruited from clinical settings and already had been identified with violence problems or as being at risk for violence problems. To classify the dyads on the PIR-GAS categories, caregiver-child interactions were video-recorded and coded with observational scales appropriate for child age. To test whether the PIR-GAS allows for reliable identification of dyads with abusive relationship patterns, PIR-GAS ratings were compared with scores on the the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect's (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool-Parental Version (ICAST-P; D.K. Runyan et al., ), a questionnaire measuring abusive parental disciplinary practices. It was found that PIR-GAS ratings differentiated between the general and the clinical sample, and the dyads with abusive patterns of relationship were identified by both the PIR-GAS and the ICAST-P. Interrater reliability for the PIR-GAS ranged from moderate to excellent. The value of a broader use of tools such as the DC: 0-3R to promote early identification of families at risk for infant and toddler abuse and neglect is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Cuidadores , Maltrato a los Niños/diagnóstico , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Adolescente , Adulto , Maltrato a los Niños/clasificación , Preescolar , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Humanos , Renta , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proyectos Piloto , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This study examined the effects of infant sex, maternal postnatal depression, and maternal interactive style on infant sensitivity to maternal negative emotional shifts. Face-to-face interactions of 68 mother-infant dyads were analyzed at 8 and 18 weeks. Twenty-five (28%) mothers had postnatal depression. Interactions were analyzed in terms of overall maternal interactive style: "sensitive," "anxious," "intrusive," and "sad." Episodes of negative shifts in maternal emotional expression were recorded, along with expressions of infant sensitivity to these changes. Daughters of depressed mothers showed higher rates of sensitivity to maternal negative emotion whereas their sons showed lower rates, in comparison to both girl and boy infants of well mothers. While maternal interactive style had no effect on 8-week infant sensitivity to maternal negative emotional shifts, high rates of 18-week infant sensitivity were predicted by both an 8-week and a concurrent, "sad" maternal interactive style. The findings are discussed in relation to theories of emotional and interpersonal development.
RESUMEN
Este estudo investigou o padrão temporal e expressivo da capacidade de empatia em bebês de 8 e 18 semanas no contexto de interações face-face entre 90 duplas de mãe-bebê. As interações foram analisadas em tempo real e através de micro-análise. Alguns comportamentos infantis apresentaram maior probabilidade de fazerem parte do padrão expressivo da empatia do que outros. Ainda, o padrão expressivo se manifestou diferente em instâncias de empatia com emoções negativas e instâncias de empatia com emoções positivas comunicadas pela mãe. Em relação ao padrão temporal, observou-se que a manifestação da capacidade de empatia ocorreu dentro de um intervalo de tempo igual de ½ segundo antes e 1 segundo depois da mudança emocional da mãe. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de reavaliação das proposições tradicionais sobre as capacidades comunicativas precoces de bebês, e sugerem uma coerência entre os achados e as proposições teóricas contemporâneas na área da Psicologia Infantil.
The present study examined the expressive and temporal pattern of empathy in 8- and 18-week-old babies. Infant empathy was observed in the context of face-to-face interactions of 90 mother-infant dyads, seen both at 8 and 18 weeks. These interactions were observed and analyzed both, in real time and micro-analytically. Certain infant behaviors were more likely to be involved in the expressive pattern of infant empathy than others. In addition, the expressive pattern of infant empathy was found to be quite different in the case of the infant empathizing with positive and negative maternal emotions. In relation to its temporal pattern, it was observed that infant empathy occurred in a time-interval of ½ second before and 1 second after the emotional change in the mother. The results suggest the re-evaluation of traditional beliefs concerning early infant communicative capacities, while contemporary theoretical contexts are discussed.
RESUMEN
Este estudo investigou o padrão temporal e expressivo da capacidade de empatia em bebês de 8 e 18 semanas no contexto de interações face-face entre duplas de mãe-bebê. As interações foram analisadas em tempo real e através de micro-análise. Alguns comportamentos infantis apresentaram maior possibilidade de fazerem parte do padrão expressivo da empatia do que outros. Ainda, o padrão expressivo se manifestou diferente em instâncias de empatia com emoções negativas e instâncias de empatia com emoções positivas comunicadas pela mãe. Em relação ao padrão temporal, observou-se que a manifestação da capacidade de empatia ocorreu dentro de um intervalo de tempo igual de 1/2 segundo antes e 1 segundo depois da mudança emocional da mãe. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de reavaliação das proposições tradicionais sobre as capacidades comunicactivas precoces de bebês, e sugerem uma coerência entre os achados e as proposições teóricas contemporâneas na área de Psicologia Infantil.(AU)