RESUMEN
Fat-tailed dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus medius), primates endemic to Madagascar, are obligate hibernators that form stable, lifelong pairs in the wild. Given the temporal constraints imposed by seasonal hibernation, infant dwarf lemurs must grow, develop, and wean within the first two months of life. Maternal as well as paternal infant care, observed in the wild, has been deemed critical for infant survival. Given the importance of fathers' involvement in early infant care, we expect this behavior to persist even under captive conditions. At the Duke Lemur Center, in Durham NC, we observed two families of fat-tailed dwarf lemurs and focused on the behavior of adult males within the first two months of the infants' lives. We report evidence of paternal involvement, including babysitting, co-feeding, grooming, accompanying, and leading infants, consistent with observations from the wild. As expected, paternal babysitting decreased as infants gained independence, while co-feeding increased. Supplemental anecdotes, video recorded by observers, also highlight clear cases of involvement by both parents, and even older siblings, in safeguarding and socializing new infants. We argue that maintaining captive fat-tailed dwarf lemur populations under socially and ecologically relevant conditions facilitates the full expression of physiological and behavioral repertoires. Most importantly, it also allows dwarf lemurs to realize their species' potential and become robust proxies of their wild kin.
Asunto(s)
Cheirogaleidae , Conducta Paterna , Animales , Masculino , Cheirogaleidae/fisiología , Femenino , Conducta Social , North Carolina , Animales de Zoológico/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Patients with structural heart disease are at increased risk of adverse outcomes from the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) due to advanced age and comorbidity. In the midst of a global pandemic of a novel infectious disease, reality-based considerations comprise an important starting point for formulating clinical management pathways. The aims of these "crisis-driven" recommendations are: 1) to ensure appropriate and timely treatment of structural heart disease patients; 2) to minimize the risk of COVID-19 exposure to patients and health care workers; and 3) to limit resource utilization under conditions of constraint. Although the degree of disruption to usual practice will vary across the United States and elsewhere, we hope that early experiences from a heart team operating in the current global epicenter of COVID-19 may prove useful for others adapting their practice in advance of local surges of COVID-19.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus , Vías Clínicas , Cardiopatías , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral , Betacoronavirus/aislamiento & purificación , COVID-19 , Comorbilidad , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Vías Clínicas/organización & administración , Vías Clínicas/tendencias , Cardiopatías/epidemiología , Cardiopatías/cirugía , Humanos , Innovación Organizacional , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/terapia , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
The purpose of the current study was to examine the DSM-IV E and F criteria when using self-report measures of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). According to DSM-IV there are six core criteria required for a PTSD diagnosis including specific trauma characteristics, re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, duration, and impairment level. The Impact of Events Scale (IES) is a widely used self-report measure designed to measure PTSD symptoms. It has recently been suggested that the IES may produce misleading results, making emotional reactions to obviously non-traumatic events look like PTSD. In two separate studies, when duration (E criterion) and subjective impairment (F criterion) were included, the rates of those meeting PTSD criteria dropped from 20% to 3%. In addition, only 30% of events identified by a trauma history questionnaire met the DSM-IV definition of a traumatic event. The results have implications for the use of self-report measures in the assessment of PTSD.
Asunto(s)
Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Autoevaluación (Psicología) , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psicometría , Autorrevelación , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
To qualify for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) requires that individuals report experiencing dominant emotions of fear, helplessness, and horror during the trauma (Criterion A2). Despite this stipulation, traumatic events can elicit a myriad of emotions other than fear, such as anger, guilt or shame, sadness, and numbing. The present study examined which emotional reactions to a stressful event in a college student sample are associated with the highest levels of PTSD symptoms. Our results suggest mixed support for the DSM-IV criteria. Although, participants who experienced a dominant emotion of fear reported relatively high PTSD symptomatology, participants who experience danger, disgust-related emotions, and sadness reported PTSD symptoms of equivalent severity. Additionally, participants reported dominant emotions of sadness and other emotions (including disgust, guilt, and shame) more frequently than they reported fear. These results question the specifics of diagnostic Criterion A2 and may have diagnostic and treatment implications.