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Data of high quality are critical for the meaningful interpretation of registry information. The National Joint Registry (NJR) was established in 2002 as the result of an unexpectedly high failure rate of a cemented total hip arthroplasty. The NJR began data collection in 2003. In this study we report on the outcomes following the establishment of a formal data quality (DQ) audit process within the NJR, within which each patient episode entry is validated against the hospital unit's Patient Administration System and vice-versa. This process enables bidirectional validation of every NJR entry and retrospective correction of any errors in the dataset. In 2014/15 baseline average compliance was 92.6% and this increased year-on-year with repeated audit cycles to 96.0% in 2018/19, with 76.4% of units achieving > 95% compliance. Following the closure of the audit cycle, an overall compliance rate of 97.9% was achieved for the 2018/19 period. An automated system was initiated in 2018 to reduce administrative burden and to integrate the DQ process into standard workflows. Our processes and quality improvement results demonstrate that DQ may be implemented successfully at national level, while minimizing the burden on hospitals.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(9):716-725.
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BACKGROUND: Exertional dyspnea is common in patients with cancer and limits their function. The impact of high-flow nasal cannula on exertional dyspnea in nonhypoxemic patients is unclear. In this double-blind, parallel-group, randomized trial, we assessed the effect of flow rate (high vs. low) and gas (oxygen vs. air) on exertional dyspnea in nonhypoxemic patients with cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with cancer with oxygen saturation >90% at rest and exertion completed incremental and constant work (80% maximal) cycle ergometry while breathing low-flow air at 2 L/minute. They were then randomized to receive high-flow oxygen, high-flow air, low-flow oxygen, or low-flow air while performing symptom-limited endurance cycle ergometry at 80% maximal. The primary outcome was modified 0-10 Borg dyspnea intensity scale at isotime. Secondary outcomes included dyspnea unpleasantness, exercise time, and adverse events. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients were enrolled, and 44 completed the study (mean age 63; 41% female). Compared with low-flow air at baseline, dyspnea intensity was significantly lower at isotime with high-flow oxygen (mean change, -1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.1, -0.12) and low-flow oxygen (-1.83; 95% CI, -2.7, -0.9), but not high-flow air (-0.2; 95% CI, -0.97, 0.6) or low-flow air (-0.5; 95% CI, -1.3, 0.4). Compared with low-flow air, high-flow oxygen also resulted in significantly longer exercise time (difference + 2.5 minutes, p = .009), but not low-flow oxygen (+0.39 minutes, p = .65) or high-flow air (+0.63 minutes, p = .48). The interventions were well tolerated without significant adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary findings support that high-flow oxygen improved both exertional dyspnea and exercise duration in nonhypoxemic patients with cancer. (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02357134). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: In this four-arm, double-blind, randomized clinical trial examining the role of high-flow nasal cannula on exertional dyspnea in patients with cancer without hypoxemia, high-flow oxygen, but not high-flow air, resulted in significantly lower dyspnea scores and longer exercise time. High-flow oxygen delivered by high-flow nasal cannula devices may improve clinically relevant outcomes even in patients without hypoxemia.
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Cánula , Neoplasias , Estudios Cruzados , Disnea/etiología , Disnea/terapia , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Neoplasias/terapia , Proyectos PilotoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Weight gain is common among breast cancer patients and may contribute to poorer treatment outcomes. Most programs target breast cancer survivors after the completion of therapy and focus on weight reduction. This study examined the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an intervention designed to prevent primary weight gain among women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. METHODS: Thirty-eight newly diagnosed stage II or III breast cancer patients were randomized to the BALANCE intervention or usual care within 3 weeks of starting neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The intervention used a size acceptance-based approach and encouraged home-based resistance and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise as well as a low energy-dense diet to prevent weight gain. Assessments were conducted at baseline, mid-chemotherapy (3 months), and post-chemotherapy (6 months). Intervention feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects on anthropometric, quality of life, and circulating biomarker measures were evaluated. RESULTS: Intervention participant retention (100%) and in-person session attendance (80%) were high during the intervention period, although attendance dropped to 43% for telephone-delivered sessions. The majority of participants reported being satisfied with the intervention during chemotherapy (88%). Participants in the intervention group had greater reductions in waist circumference (p = .03) and greater improvements in self-reported vitality scores (p = .03) than the control group at the end of chemotherapy. Significant effects on biomarkers were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: A size acceptance weight management program is feasible during neoadjuvant chemotherapy among breast cancer patients and may have beneficial effects on waist circumference and patient vitality. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered as a clinical trial at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00533338).
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Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Terapia Neoadyuvante/métodos , Aumento de Peso/fisiología , Pérdida de Peso/fisiología , Programas de Reducción de Peso/métodos , Ejercicio Físico , Estudios de Factibilidad , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Terapia Nutricional , Proyectos Piloto , Calidad de Vida/psicología , Proyectos de Investigación , TeléfonoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer survivors are at an increased risk of poor quality of life outcomes. Physical activity is positively associated with general quality of life in this population, however, little is known about how changes in physical activity may be associated with changes in specific aspects of quality of life. The aim of this secondary data analysis was to explore the relationships between change in physical activity and change in physical, mental, social, and other aspects of quality of life in endometrial cancer survivors receiving a physical activity intervention. METHODS: Endometrial cancer survivors (N = 100) participated in a telephone-based physical activity intervention for six months. At baseline and post-intervention we measured physical activity via accelerometry and ecological momentary assessment, and quality of life via the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Quality of Life of Adult Cancer Survivors instrument, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Perceived Stress Scale. We conducted structural equation modeling path analyses to investigate how physical activity post-intervention was associated with the quality of life measures' subscales post-intervention, adjusting for baseline levels and potentially confounding covariates. RESULTS: Increasing physical activity was positively associated with improvements in general health (p = .044), role limitation due to physical health (p = .005), pain (p = .041), and somatic distress (p = .023). There was no evidence to indicate that change in physical activity was associated with change in other aspects of quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Endometrial cancer survivors are at higher risk for suffering from challenges to physical quality of life, and findings from this study suggest that increasing physical activity may alleviate some of these problems. Further research is needed to determine whether other aspects of quality of life are linked to change in physical activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration number: NCT00501761 Name of registry: clinicaltrials.gov Date of registration: July 16, 2007. Date of enrollment: June 16, 2005.
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Supervivientes de Cáncer/psicología , Neoplasias Endometriales/psicología , Ejercicio Físico , Calidad de Vida , Adulto , Anciano , Neoplasias Endometriales/terapia , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Cancer treatment-related heart failure (HF) is an emerging health concern, as the number of survivors is increasing rapidly, and cardiac health issues are a leading cause of mortality in this population. While there is general evidence for the efficacy of exercise rehabilitation interventions, more research is needed on exercise rehabilitation interventions for patients specifically with treatment-induced HF and whether such interventions are safe and well-accepted. This study provides feasibility and health outcomes of a pilot exercise intervention for cancer survivors with chemotherapy-induced HF. METHODS: Twenty-five participants were randomized to a clinic-based exercise intervention or a wait-list control group or, alternatively, allowed to enroll in a home-based exercise intervention if they declined the randomized study. For purposes of analysis, both types of exercise programs were combined into a single intervention group. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to assess for significant time and treatment group main effects separately and time × treatment group interaction effects. RESULTS: Significant improvements in maximum oxygen uptake ((Equation is included in full-text article.)O2max) were observed in the intervention group. Intervention satisfaction and adherence were high for both clinic- and home-based interventions, with no reported serious adverse events. Enrollment was initially low for the clinic-based intervention, necessitating the addition of the home-based program as an intervention alternative. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that exercise rehabilitation interventions are feasible in terms of safety, retention, and satisfaction and have the potential to improve (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2max. To maximize adherence and benefits while minimizing participant burden, an ideal intervention may incorporate elements of both clinic-based supervised exercise sessions and a home-based program.
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Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Tolerancia al Ejercicio/fisiología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/rehabilitación , Calidad de Vida , Volumen Sistólico/fisiología , Función Ventricular Izquierda/fisiología , Adulto , Anciano , Supervivientes de Cáncer , Estudios de Factibilidad , Femenino , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The current randomized trial examined the effects of a Tibetan yoga program (TYP) versus a stretching program (STP) and usual care (UC) on sleep and fatigue in women with breast cancer who were undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS: Women with stage (American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM) I to III breast cancer who were undergoing chemotherapy were randomized to TYP (74 women), STP (68 women), or UC (85 women). Participants in the TYP and STP groups participated in 4 sessions during chemotherapy, followed by 3 booster sessions over the subsequent 6 months, and were encouraged to practice at home. Self-report measures of sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), fatigue (Brief Fatigue Inventory), and actigraphy were collected at baseline; 1 week after treatment; and at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: There were no group differences noted in total sleep disturbances or fatigue levels over time. However, patients in the TYP group reported fewer daily disturbances 1 week after treatment compared with those in the STP (difference, -0.43; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], -0.82 to -0.04 [P = .03]) and UC (difference, -0.41; 95% CI, -0.77 to -0.05 [P = .02]) groups. Group differences at the other time points were maintained for TYP versus STP. Actigraphy data revealed greater minutes awake after sleep onset for patients in the STP group 1 week after treatment versus those in the TYP (difference, 15.36; 95% CI, 7.25-23.48 [P = .0003]) and UC (difference, 14.48; 95% CI, 7.09-21.87 [P = .0002]) groups. Patients in the TYP group who practiced at least 2 times a week during follow-up reported better Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and actigraphy outcomes at 3 months and 6 months after treatment compared with those who did not and better outcomes compared with those in the UC group. CONCLUSIONS: Participating in TYP during chemotherapy resulted in modest short-term benefits in sleep quality, with long-term benefits emerging over time for those who practiced TYP at least 2 times a week. Cancer 2018;124:36-45. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de la Mama/rehabilitación , Fatiga/rehabilitación , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/rehabilitación , Yoga , Actigrafía , Adulto , Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Mama/complicaciones , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Quimioterapia Adyuvante , Ciclofosfamida/administración & dosificación , Docetaxel , Doxorrubicina/administración & dosificación , Epirrubicina/administración & dosificación , Fatiga/inducido químicamente , Fatiga/etiología , Femenino , Fluorouracilo/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ejercicios de Estiramiento Muscular , Terapia Neoadyuvante , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Sueño , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/inducido químicamente , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/etiología , Taxoides/uso terapéutico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
For cancer survivors, who also often present with co-existing health conditions, exercise testing is often performed using submaximal protocols incorporating linear heart rate response for estimating the cardiorespiratory capacity and assessing exercise tolerance. However, use of beta-blocker medications, during sub-maximal protocols based on linear HR response can be problematic. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), which takes into account an individual's overall perception of effort, can be used as a complementary tool that does not rely solely on the heart rate response to increased workload. We compared heart rate response (VO2HR) and self-rating of perceived exertion (VO2RPE) in a graded submaximal exercise test (GXT) in 93 endometrial cancer survivors. The results of the GXT were stratified according to whether participants were taking beta-blocker (BB) medications or not (non-BB). Among non-BB participants, there was no difference between the mean VO2HR and the mean VO2RPE estimates of cardiorespiratory capacity (mlO2//kg/min) (20.4 and 19.3, respectively; p = 0.166). Among BB participants, the mean VO2HR approached significant difference than the mean VO2RPE (21.7 mlO2//kg/min and 17.6 mlO2//kg/min, respectively; p = 0.087). Bland-Altman plots for both methods showed a proportional bias for the non-BB group; but not the BB group. Our results suggest that sub-maximal protocols based on Borg's Rating of Perceived exertion (RPE) produce differing results from sub-maximal protocols based on HR response when applied to clinical population taking BB medications. Using RPE instead of HR for participants on BB medications may be a better method for assessing the exercise tolerance for estimating the cardiorespiratory capacity in sub-maximal exercise testing.
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Supervivientes de Cáncer , Capacidad Cardiovascular , Neoplasias Endometriales/terapia , Prueba de Esfuerzo/métodos , Estado de Salud , Esfuerzo Físico , Autoimagen , Autoinforme , Adulto , Anciano , Ciclismo , Neoplasias Endometriales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Endometriales/fisiopatología , Tolerancia al Ejercicio , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Análisis de los Mínimos Cuadrados , Modelos Lineales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Consumo de Oxígeno , Valor Predictivo de las PruebasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Sleep disturbances and fatigue are common in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Prior research suggests mind-body techniques may improve these outcomes. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of qigong/tai chi (QGTC) in men with prostate cancer undergoing radiotherapy. METHODS: Men with prostate cancer starting definitive radiation were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: (1) QGTC; (2) light exercise (LE); or (3) waiting list control. Sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and fatigue (Brief Fatigue Inventory) were assessed at baseline, midway through radiotherapy (T2), during the last week of radiotherapy (T3), and at 1 (T4) and 3 months (T5) after the end of radiotherapy. Patients in the QGTC and LE groups attended three 40-minute classes per week throughout radiotherapy. RESULTS: Ninety patients were randomized to the 3 groups (QGTC = 26; LE = 26; waiting list control = 24). The QGTC group reported longer sleep duration midway through radiotherapy (QGTC = 7.01 h; LE = 6.42; WL = 6.50; P = .05), but this difference did not persist over time. There were no group differences in other domains of sleep or fatigue. Exploratory analyses conducted to examine the effect of health-related quality of life (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite and American Urological Association Symptom score) on sleep and fatigue showed significant correlations across multiple domains. CONCLUSIONS: Qigong/tai chi during radiation for prostate cancer resulted in superior sleep duration midway through radiation, but this effect was not durable, and there were no differences in other domains of sleep or fatigue. Exploratory analysis demonstrated that both sleep and fatigue were highly correlated with prostate cancer-related physical symptoms. Future mind-body intervention studies should incorporate multimodal therapy focused on improving physical symptoms in this population.
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Ejercicio Físico , Fatiga/terapia , Neoplasias de la Próstata/radioterapia , Qigong , Calidad de Vida , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/terapia , Taichi Chuan , Listas de Espera , Anciano , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Neoplasias de la Próstata/psicología , Sueño , TexasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although epidemiological research demonstrates that there is an association between lifestyle factors and risk of breast cancer recurrence, progression of disease, and mortality, no comprehensive lifestyle change clinical trials have been conducted to determine if changing multiple risk factors leads to changes in biobehavioral processes and clinical outcomes in women with breast cancer. This article describes the design, feasibility, adherence to the intervention and data collection, and patient experience of a comprehensive lifestyle change clinical trial (CompLife). METHODS: CompLife is a randomized, controlled trial of a multiple-behavior intervention focusing on diet, exercise, and mind-body practice along with behavioral counseling to support change. The initial exposure to the intervention takes place during the 4 to 6 weeks of radiotherapy (XRT) for women with stage III breast cancer and then across the subsequent 12 months. The intervention group will have 42 hours of in-person lifestyle counseling during XRT (7-10 hours a week) followed by up to 30 hours of counseling via video connection for the subsequent 12 months (weekly sessions for 6 months and then monthly for 6 months). The primary outcome is disease-free survival. Multiple secondary outcomes are being evaluated, including: (1) biological pathways; (2) overall survival; (3) patient-reported outcomes; (4) dietary patterns/fitness levels, anthropometrics, and body composition; and (5) economic outcomes. Qualitative data of the patient experience in the trial is collected from exit interviews, concluding remarks, direct email correspondences, and web postings from patients. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients have been recruited and randomized to the trial to date. Accrual of eligible patients is high (72%) and dropout rates extremely low (5%). Attendance to the in-person sessions is high (95% attending greater than 80% of sessions) as well as to the 30 hours of video counseling (88% attending more than 70% of sessions). Adherence to components of the behavior change intervention is high and compliance with the intensive amount of data collection is exceptional. Qualitative data collected from the participants reveals testimonials supporting the importance of the comprehensive nature of intervention, especially the mind-body/mindfulness component and social support, and meaningful lifestyle transformations. CONCLUSION: Conducting a comprehensive, multicomponent, lifestyle change clinical trial for women with breast was feasible and collection of biobehavioral outcomes successful. Adherence to behavior change was high and patient experience was overwhelmingly positive.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/psicología , Consejo/métodos , Dieta/psicología , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/psicología , Cooperación del Paciente/psicologíaRESUMEN
Recent evidence suggests dietary advice to limit red meat is unnecessarily restrictive and may have unintended health consequences. As nutrient-rich high quality protein foods, red meats can play an important role in helping people meet their essential nutrient needs. Yet dietary advice to limit red meat remains standard in many developed countries, even though red meat intakes appear to be within current guidelines. Meanwhile, energy intakes from processed foods have increased dramatically at the expense of nutrient-rich foods, such as red meat. Research suggests these food trends are associated with the growing burden of obesity and associated diseases in recent decades. It is time for dietary advice that emphasizes the value of unprocessed red meat as part of a healthy balanced diet.
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Dieta , Conducta Alimentaria , Salud , Carne , Valor Nutritivo , Obesidad , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada , Animales , Manipulación de Alimentos , Humanos , Obesidad/etiología , Obesidad/prevención & controlRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated whether social-cognitive theory (SCT) variables, as measured by questionnaire and ecological momentary assessment (EMA), predicted exercise in endometrial cancer survivors. METHOD: One hundred posttreatment endometrial cancer survivors received a 6-month home-based exercise intervention. EMAs were conducted by using hand-held computers for 10- to 12-day periods every 2 months. Participants rated morning self-efficacy and positive and negative outcome expectations by using the computer, recorded exercise information in real time and at night, and wore accelerometers. At the midpoint of each assessment period, participants completed SCT questionnaires. Using linear mixed-effects models, the authors tested whether morning SCT variables predicted minutes of exercise that day (Question 1) and whether exercise minutes at time point Tj could be predicted by questionnaire measures of SCT variables from time point Tj-1 (Question 2). RESULTS: Morning self-efficacy significantly predicted that day's exercise minutes (p < .0001). Morning positive outcome expectations were also associated with exercise minutes (p = .0003), but the relationship was attenuated when self-efficacy was included in the model (p = .4032). Morning negative outcome expectations were not associated with exercise minutes. Of the questionnaire measures of SCT variables, only exercise self-efficacy predicted exercise at the next time point (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: The consistency of the relationship between self-efficacy and exercise minutes over short (same day) and longer (Tj to Tj-1) time periods provides support for a causal relationship. The strength of the relationship between morning self-efficacy and exercise minutes suggest that real-time interventions that target daily variation in self-efficacy may benefit endometrial cancer survivors' exercise adherence.
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Neoplasias Endometriales/terapia , Terapia por Ejercicio , Cooperación del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Autoeficacia , Sobrevivientes/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Teoría Psicológica , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Sobrevivientes/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de TiempoAsunto(s)
Antropología Cultural , Literatura Erótica , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico , Conducta Reproductiva , Sexualidad , Población Blanca , Antropología Cultural/educación , Antropología Cultural/historia , Literatura Erótica/historia , Literatura Erótica/psicología , Expediciones/historia , Francia/etnología , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales/historia , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico/educación , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico/etnología , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico/historia , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico/psicología , Islas del Pacífico/etnología , Océano Pacífico/etnología , Conducta Reproductiva/etnología , Conducta Reproductiva/historia , Conducta Reproductiva/fisiología , Conducta Reproductiva/psicología , Sexualidad/etnología , Sexualidad/historia , Sexualidad/fisiología , Sexualidad/psicología , Población Blanca/educación , Población Blanca/etnología , Población Blanca/historia , Población Blanca/psicologíaRESUMEN
RATIONALE: Cardiotoxicity is a troubling long-term side effect of chemotherapy cancer treatment, affecting therapy and quality of life (QOL). Exercise is beneficial in heart failure (HF) patients and in cancer survivors without HF, but has not been tested in cancer survivors with treatment induced HF. METHODS: We present case studies for two survivors: a 56-year old female Hodgkin's lymphoma survivor (Pt 1) and a 44-year old male leukemia survivor (Pt 2). We conducted a 16-week exercise program with the goal of 30 minutes of exercise performed 3 times per week at a minimum intensity of 50% heart rate reserve (HRR) or '12' rating of perceived exertion (RPE). RESULTS: Pt 1 improved from 11.5 minutes of exercise split over two bouts at an RPE of 14 to a 30 minute bout at an RPE of 15. Pt 2 improved from 11 minutes of exercise split over two bouts at an RPE of 12 to an 18 minute bout at an RPE of 12. Both improved in VO(2) peak (Pt 1: 13.9 to 14.3 mlO(2)/kg/min; Pt 2: 12.5 to 18.7 mlO(2)/kg/min). Ejection fraction increased for Pt 2 (25-30% to 35-40%) but not for Pt 1 (35-40%). QOL as assessed by the SF-36 Physical Component Scale (PCS) improved from 17.79 to 25.31 for Pt 1 and the Mental Component Scale (MCS) improved from 43.84 to 56.65 for Pt 1 and from 34.79 to 44.45 for Pt 2. CONCLUSIONS: Properly designed exercise interventions can improve physical functioning and quality of life for this growing group of survivors.
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Revolutionary France's two Pacific expeditions, under the command of Jean-Antoine Bruny d'Entrecasteaux (1792-94) and Nicolas Baudin (1801-1804), demonstrate the importance of scientific inquiry to the newly sovereign nation. France's scientific community adapted to the changed circumstances of revolutionary upheaval by describing its work in terms of national priorities. Individuals on board the expeditions, both naval and scientific personnel, behaved as scientific citizens, intent on composing an encyclopedic body of knowledge about the Pacific. Disputes over whose science mattered more and how credit should be assigned through publication, however, broke down the consensus that science should be a national project.
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Expediciones/historia , Investigación/historia , Personajes , Francia , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Islas del Pacífico , Publicaciones/historia , NavíosRESUMEN
Following a pretest, 11 participants who were naive with regard to various algebraic and trigonometric transformations received an introductory lecture regarding the fundamentals of the rectangular coordinate system. Following the lecture, they took part in a computer-interactive matching-to-sample procedure in which they received training on particular formula-to-formula and formula-to-graph relations as these formulas pertain to reflections and vertical and horizontal shifts. In training A-B, standard formulas served as samples and factored formulas served as comparisons. In training B-C, factored formulas served as samples and graphs served as comparisons. Subsequently, the program assessed for mutually entailed B-A and C-B relations as well as combinatorially entailed C-A and A-C relations. After all participants demonstrated mutual entailment and combinatorial entailment, we employed a test of novel relations to assess 40 different and complex variations of the original training formulas and their respective graphs. Six of 10 participants who completed training demonstrated perfect or near-perfect performance in identifying novel formula-to-graph relations. Three of the 4 participants who made more than three incorrect responses during the assessment of novel relations showed some commonality among their error patterns. Derived transfer of stimulus control using mathematical relations is discussed.