RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine: (1) the prevalence and socio-economic distribution of undiagnosed, untreated, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM); (2) the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and undiagnosed, untreated, and uncontrolled DM; and (3) if this relationship is mediated by gender. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional nationally representative household-based survey. METHODS: We used data from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey from 2017 to 18. Our findings were based on the responses of 12,144 individuals aged 18 years and older. As a measure of SES, we focused on standard of living (hereinafter referred to as wealth). The study's outcome variables were prevalence of total (diagnosed + undiagnosed), undiagnosed, untreated, and uncontrolled DM. We used three regression-based approaches-adjusted odds ratio, relative inequality index, and slope inequality index-to assess different aspects of SES differences in the prevalence of total, undiagnosed, untreated, and uncontrolled DM. We used logistic regression analysis to look at the adjusted association between SES and the outcomes after gender stratification to see whether gender status moderates the association between SES and the targeted outcomes. RESULTS: In our sample analysis, the age-adjusted prevalence of total, undiagnosed, untreated, and uncontrolled DM was 9.1%, 61.4%, 64.7%, and 72.1%, respectively. Females had a higher prevalence of DM and undiagnosed, untreated, and uncontrolled DM than males. When compared to people in the poor SES group, people in the rich and middle SES groups had 2.60 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.05-3.29) and 1.47 times (95% CI 1.18-1.83) higher chance of developing DM. When compared to individuals in the poor SES group, those in the rich SES groups were 0.50 (95% CI 0.33-0.77) and 0.55 times (95% CI 0.36-0.85) less likely to have undiagnosed and untreated DM. CONCLUSIONS: In Bangladesh, rich SES groups were more likely than poor SES groups to have DM, whereas poor SES groups with DM were less likely than rich SES groups to be aware of their disease and obtain treatment. The government and other concerned parties are urged by this study to pay more attention to developing suitable policy measures to reduce the risk of DM, particularly among rich SES groups, as well as targeted efforts to screen for and diagnose DM in socio-economically disadvantaged groups.

Asunto(s)

Diabetes Mellitus , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Factores Sexuales , Bangladesh/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Prevalencia

RESUMEN

Icariin, a major component of Epimedium species, was evaluated using isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. Rats were treated with icariin at the doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg kg-1 orally for 15 days. Afterward, rats were administered with ISO (85 mg kg-1, subcutaneous) on 14th and 15th day to produce cardiac injury. Sildenafil (0.7 mg kg-1, intraperitoneal) was used as a positive reference to compare the effects of icariin. ISO-treated rats showed significant changes in hemodynamic parameters. Elevated levels of cardiac troponin T, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in serum, positive expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase in cardiac tissue, and a decrease in serum level of interleukin-10, manifested inflammation and associated cardiac injury. However, pretreatment with icariin and sildenafil significantly prevented the hemodynamic fall and showed improved contractile and lusitropic states. Furthermore, pretreatment groups also showed a reversal of other toxicity markers to normal. Additionally, pretreatment with icariin and sildenafil significantly increased the myocardial cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels. Our results thus indicated the potential role of icariin in the restoration of the ISO-induced cardiac toxicity and restored membrane integrity through modulation of cGMP and NF-κB signaling.

Asunto(s)

Cardiotoxicidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiotoxicidad/etiología , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Isoproterenol/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Modelos Animales , Ratas , Ratas Wistar

RESUMEN

To examine: 1) whether exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) at home is associated with symptoms of self-reported illness among mother-child pairs (MCPs); and 2) the relationship between low socio-economic status and SHS exposure and the role these play as obstacles to the reduction of risk of illness in MCPs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Rajshahi District, Bangladesh, from May to July 2017. A total of 541 MCPs were interviewed. The prevalence of SHS exposure at home in our sample data was 49.0%. SHS exposure was found to be associated with a higher likelihood of any self-reported rhinitis, any respiratory symptoms and any reproductive health problems among mothers. SHS exposure in children was found to be associated with a higher likelihood of any self-reported rhinitis and food sensitisation, any respiratory symptoms and otitis media. Our findings also suggested that although SHS had an independently adverse effect on MCPs, wealth moderated the likelihood of illness. MCPs who were both poor and exposed to SHS were uniquely disadvantaged in terms of their poor health conditions than MCPs who were wealthier and exposed to SHS. .

Asunto(s)

Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Pobreza/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Bangladesh/epidemiología , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/economía , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Madres/estadística & datos numéricos , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Autoinforme , Factores Socioeconómicos , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/economía , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

Increased production and expansion of the oil sand industry in Alberta are of great benefit to the economy, but they carry major environmental challenges. The volume of fluid fine tailings requiring storage is 840×10(6) m(3) and growing, making it imperative that we better understand the fate and transport of oil sand process-affected water (OSPW) seepage from these facilities. Accordingly, the current study seeks to characterize both a) the potential for major ion and trace element release, and b) the principal biogeochemical processes involved, as tailing pond OSPW infiltrates into, and interacts with, underlying glacial till sediments prior to reaching down gradient aquifers or surface waters. Objectives were addressed through a series of aqueous and solid phase experiments, including radial diffusion cells, an isotope analysis, X-ray diffraction, and sequential extractions. The diffusion cells were also simulated in a reactive transport framework to elucidate key reaction processes. The experiments indicate that the ingress and interaction of OSPW with the glacial till sediment-pore water system will result in: a mitigation of ingressing Na (retardation), displacement and then limited precipitation of exchangeable Ca and Mg (as carbonates), sulfate reduction and subsequent precipitation of the produced sulfides, as well as biodegradation of organic carbon. High concentrations of ingressing Cl (~375 mg L(-1)) and Na (~575 mg L(-1)) (even though the latter is delayed, or retarded) are expected to migrate through the till and into the underlying sand channel. Trace element mobility was influenced by ion exchange, oxidation-reduction, and mineral phase reactions including reductive dissolution of metal oxyhydroxides - in accordance with previous observations within sandy aquifer settings. Furthermore, although several trace elements showed the potential for release (Al, B, Ba, Cd, Mn, Pb, Si, Sr), large-scale mobilization is not supported. Thus, the present results suggest that in addition to the commonly cited naphthenic acids, remediation of OSPW-impacted groundwater will need to address high concentrations of major ions contributing to salinization.

Asunto(s)

Residuos Industriales , Modelos Teóricos , Petróleo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Alberta , Cloruros/análisis , Industria Procesadora y de Extracción , Sedimentos Geológicos , Metales/análisis , Movimientos del Agua

RESUMEN

The prevalence of obesity has been rising alarmingly and it has now become a global concern causing an enormous economic burden on the health care system. Obesity is generally linked to complications in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg, po) on obesity-induced oxidative stress in high fat-fed Wistar rats. Oral administration of rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg) for 21 days along with high fat diet brought about significant elevation in serum high density lipoprotein and cardiac antioxidant enzymes levels (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase-, glutathione reductase- and glutathione-S-transferase) while decreasing in serum lactate dehydrogenase, apolipoprotein-B, lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and atherogenic index) and cardiac thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels. The results were comparable with orlistat, a standard antiobesity drug. These preliminary results for the first time demonstrate that administration of rosuvastatin can be beneficial for the suppression of obesity-induced oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in high fat-fed Wistar rats.

Asunto(s)

Fluorobencenos/farmacología , Corazón/fisiopatología , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/farmacología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Femenino , Humanos , Miocardio/metabolismo , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Rosuvastatina Cálcica

RESUMEN

CONTEXT: There has been a steady increase in the epidemiology of obesity over the last 30 years with developed countries leading the way. Oxidative stress was believed to be the principle contributor to the development of cardiovascular disorders that linked with obesity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanism by Pitavastatin (PTV) and Rosuvastatin (RSV) on obesity-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. METHODS: Fifty Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups. High fat diet (HFD, 20 g/day/rat) pellets were given for 28 days to produce obesity-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Oral administration of HFD along with PTV, RSV and Orlistat [(HFD for 28 days + from 8th day PTV (1 mg/kg), RSV (5 mg/kg) and Orlistat (10 mg/kg) to 28th day] were given respectively. RESULTS: Both PTV and RSV produced significant (p < 0.01) reduction in serum apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), cardiac-lipid peroxides (TBARS) levels and elevation in serum high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), cardiac antioxidant enzymes [glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catase (CAT)] levels. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Results were comparable with Orlistat, a standard antiobesity drug and present initial evidence that Pitavastatin and Rosuvastatin are useful for the treatment of obesity by enhancing the antioxidant defense mechanism. However, the effects of PTV were more prominent than RSV. The present findings of Pitavastatin and Rosuvastatin raise the possibility of a new application as an antiobesity therapeutic modality.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Fluorobencenos/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/uso terapéutico , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Quinolinas/uso terapéutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapéutico , Administración Oral , Animales , Fármacos Antiobesidad/administración & dosificación , Fármacos Antiobesidad/uso terapéutico , Apolipoproteínas B/sangre , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fluorobencenos/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/administración & dosificación , Lactonas/administración & dosificación , Lactonas/uso terapéutico , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Miocardio/enzimología , Miocardio/metabolismo , Obesidad/enzimología , Obesidad/metabolismo , Orlistat , Pirimidinas/administración & dosificación , Quinolinas/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Rosuvastatina Cálcica , Sulfonamidas/administración & dosificación , Resultado del Tratamiento , Triglicéridos/sangre

RESUMEN

The Euphorbia hirta ethanolic extract (EH A001) was found to possess a prominent anti-anaphylactic activity. A preventive effect of EH-A001 given by oral route at dose from 100 to 1000 mg/kg was observed against compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis. At the same range of dose, EH-A001 inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rat and active paw anaphylaxis in mice. A suppressive effect of EH-A001 was observed on the release of TNF-alpha and IL-6 from anti-DNP-HSA activated rat peritoneal mast cells.

Asunto(s)

Anafilaxia/prevención & control , Euphorbia , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H1/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Administración Oral , Anafilaxia/inducido químicamente , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H1/administración & dosificación , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H1/uso terapéutico , Interleucina-6/biosíntesis , Mastocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Mastocitos/inmunología , Ratones , Anafilaxis Cutánea Pasiva , Peritoneo/citología , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesis , p-Metoxi-N-metilfenetilamina

RESUMEN

The present study was aimed to find out the protective effect of bezafibrate on lipid peroxidation (LPO), activities of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and histopathological examination of pancreas in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (60mg/kg, i.p.) injection. The oxidative stress was measured by tissue LPO level, reduced glutathione (GSH) content and by enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) in liver and pancreas. Biochemical observations were further substantiated with histological examination of pancreas. The increase in blood glucose, LPO level with reduction in GSH content and decreased enzymatic activities were the salient features observed in diabetic control rats. Administration of bezafibrate (30mg/kg day, p.o.) for 15 days caused a significant reduction in blood glucose and LPO level in STZ treated rats (group III) when compared with diabetic control rats (group II). Furthermore, bezafibrate treated diabetic rats (group III) showed significant increase in the activities of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants when compared to diabetic control rats (group II). Degenerative changes of pancreatic beta-cells in STZ treated rats were minimized to near normal morphology by administration of bezafibrate as evident by histopathological examination. The results obtained clearly indicate the role of oxidative stress in the induction of diabetes and suggest a protective effect of bezafibrate in this animal model.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/farmacología , Bezafibrato/farmacología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/prevención & control , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Oral , Animales , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Bezafibrato/administración & dosificación , Glucemia/metabolismo , Catalasa/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Glutatión/metabolismo , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Hiperglucemia/inducido químicamente , Hiperglucemia/prevención & control , Hipolipemiantes/administración & dosificación , Hipolipemiantes/farmacología , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efectos de los fármacos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Islotes Pancreáticos/patología , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Estreptozocina/administración & dosificación , Estreptozocina/toxicidad , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo

RESUMEN

Anticataract activity of Ambroxol, Spirulina and Vitamin E was examined using the naphthalene cataract model. Adult female albino rats of Wistar strain weighing between 180 and 220 grams were taken and divided into eight groups. Group I received light liquid paraffin 5 ml/kg/ day p.o. for 6 weeks. Group II received naphthalene solution 0.5 gm/kg/ day p.o. for first three days and 1 gm/kg/day p.o. thereafter for six weeks. Group III received Ambroxol suspension in 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day p.o. alongwith naphthalene. Group IV received Spirulina in distilled water at the dose of 1500 mg/kg/ day p.o. alongwith naphthalene. Group V received Vitamin E emulsion at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day p.o. alongwith naphthalene. Group VI received Ambroxol alone at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day p.o. Group VII received Spirulina alone at the dose of 1500 mg/kg/day p.o. Group VIII received vitamin E alone at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day p.o. Lens glutathione, soluble protein and water content profiles revealed the preventive role of Ambroxol, Spirulina and Vitamin E in naphthalene-induced cataract in female rats.

Asunto(s)

Ambroxol/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Bacterianas/uso terapéutico , Catarata/inducido químicamente , Catarata/prevención & control , Naftalenos/toxicidad , Vitamina E/uso terapéutico , Animales , Catarata/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Spirulina

RESUMEN

Denaturations of ribonuclease A, lysozyme, and cytochrome c by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl), urea, and GdnHCl-urea mixture were studied at constant temperature and pH to assess the functional dependence of denaturational free energy change (delta GD) on denaturant concentration over an extended GdnHCl concentration range. Conventional analysis of GdnHCl-induced transition curve exhibits a linear plot of delta GD versus [GdnHCl] in the transition zone. To extend delta GD measurements beyond this narrow concentration range, GdnHCl-induced unfolding was measured in the presence of different concentrations of urea. delta GD values from these measurements were corrected for the effect of urea on the free energy change using the appropriate relation. The corrected delta GD data were mapped onto the delta GD versus [GdnHCl] plot. For each protein, the dependence of free energy change on denaturation was found to be linear over the full GdnHCl concentration.

Asunto(s)

Desnaturalización Proteica , Pliegue de Proteína , Animales , Grupo Citocromo c/química , Estabilidad de Enzimas , Guanidina , Guanidinas , Caballos , Muramidasa/química , Miocardio/enzimología , Ribonucleasa Pancreática/química , Termodinámica , Urea