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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess Candida albicans attachment on conventionally fabricated (polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA), CAD-CAM milled, and 3D-printed acrylic resin bases pre- and post-simulated thermal aging, along with examining material surface changes after aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six samples (10 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm) for each of four material groups (conventional heat-polymerized PMMA, CAD-CAM milled acrylic resin base, CAD-CAM 3D-printed methacrylate resin base, CAD-CAM 3D-printed urethane methacrylate resin base) were subjected to 0, 1, or 2 years of simulated thermal aging. Microscopic images were taken before and after aging, and C. albicans attachment was quantified using cell proliferation assay (XTT). Statistical analysis employed analysis of variance (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Two-way factorial analysis showed no significant differences based on acrylic resin type or thermal aging (p = 0.344 and p = 0.091 respectively). However, C. albicans attachment significantly differed between 0- and 2-year thermally aged groups (p = 0.004), mainly due to elevated initial attachments on CAD-CAM milled acrylic resin base and CAD-CAM 3D-printed urethane methacrylate resin base. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the fabrication technique and material combination, no significant differences were found in C. albicans adhesion pre- or post- thermal aging. Milled and 3D-printed bases compared favorably with heat- polymerized PMMA in their affinity for C. albicans attachment and surface characteristics after aging. These findings indicate that the risk of patients developing denture stomatitis might not be linked to the type of acrylic resin or fabrication method used.

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PURPOSE: To compare retentive forces of removable partial denture clasps traditionally fabricated with cobalt-chromium (CoCr) material and two computer-aided design and computer-aided manufactured (CAD/CAM) thermoplastic polymers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight clasp assemblies (16 CoCr, 16 polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and 16 polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) thermoplastic polymer) were fabricated for 48 mandibular tooth analogs. Individual clasps were inserted and removed on the tooth analogs utilizing a chewing simulator for 15,000 cycles to simulate 10 years of use. Retentive forces were measured utilizing a mechanical load tester at baseline and intervals of 1500 cycles. Data were analyzed with one-way Analysis of Variance, Tukey post-hoc, and paired T tests. RESULTS: Mean retentive forces between all groups were significantly different (p < 0.001). Retentive forces of CoCr clasps were significantly higher than both polymers (p < 0.001). The mean retentive forces for PEEK were not significantly different from PEKK (p = 0.23). A significant increase in retentive forces was observed for all three clasps after the first period of cycling, followed by continual decrease for the remaining cycles. At the endpoint of 15,000 cycles, no clasp assemblies showed lower retentive forces than at initial baseline. CONCLUSION: Thermoplastic polymer clasps demonstrated lower retentive forces compared to CoCr clasps. All three groups displayed a similar pattern of initial increase, followed by a gradual decrease, of retentive force. Despite this observation, the clasps maintained similar or higher retentive forces than measured at baseline. This resistance to fatigue and ability to fabricate with CAD/CAM technologies provides support for clinical use of these high-performance polymer (HPP) materials.

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COVID-19 has created a rapidly evolving public health crisis disproportionately impacting African Americans due to persistent inequities. The changing COVID-19 guidelines have resulted in concerns expressed by the American public, including unique concerns expressed by African Americans. To increase COVID-19-related awareness and dialogue among the African American community, the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health and the Housing Association of the Birmingham District convened a virtual town hall. This process of stakeholder engagement underscored the importance of cross-disciplinary expertise and collaboration and of community education and outreach by trusted sources.

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The CDC released revised HIV testing guidelines in 2006 recommending routine, opt-out HIV testing in acute care settings including emergency departments (ED). Patient attitudes have been cited as a barrier to implementation of routine HIV testing in the ED. We assessed patients' perceptions of HIV testing in the ED through a contextual qualitative approach. The study was conducted during a 72-h period. All adults presenting to the ED without life-threatening trauma or psychiatric crisis completed a standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire explored HIV testing history, knowledge of testing resources, and qualitative items addressing participant perceptions about advantages and disadvantages to ED testing. After completion of the interview, participants were offered a free, confidential, rapid HIV test. Among 329 eligible individuals approached, 288 (87.5%) completed the initial interview. Participants overwhelmingly (n=247, 85.8%) reported support for testing and identified increased knowledge (41%), prevention (12.5%), convenience (11.8%), and treatment (4.9%) among the advantages. Fear and denial about one's HIV status, reported by <5% of patients, were identified as the most significant barriers to ED testing. Bivariate analysis determined race and ethnicity differences between individuals completing the interview and those who refused (p<0.05). Among individuals consenting for testing (n=186, 64.6%), no positives were detected. Most patients support HIV testing in the ED, noting knowledge of status, prevention, convenience, and linkage to early treatment as distinct advantages. These data are of particular benefit to decision makers considering the addition of routine HIV testing in EDs.

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OBJECTIVE: Home-delivered nutrition programmes that are federally subsidized by the US Administration on Aging seek to ensure that socially isolated older adults who are unable to purchase and prepare their own food have nutritious meals delivered to them regularly by both employed and volunteer staff. Unfortunately, there are long waiting lists in some neighbourhoods that are often due to a shortage of volunteers. The present paper describes a theoretically driven community-based project designed to increase volunteer participation in serving Meals on Wheels (MOW) clients. DESIGN: A Support Team model was applied in the project wherein existing social capital among religious faith communities, and social networks within those organizations, was joined with a local MOW programme to create a sustainable meal delivery route to vulnerable homebound older adults. SETTING: The programme participants were in one underserved neighbourhood in Birmingham, Alabama, an urban city in the south-eastern USA. SUBJECTS: The subjects under consideration are both MOW clients and volunteers. MOW clients are those individuals aged 60 years and above who qualify for the service; the volunteers are from community churches. RESULTS: One volunteer route, comprising six congregations that delivered meals to sixteen homebound older adults, was created. The route served more than 2000 meals in 2006 (the year the programme began) and continues to serve clients today. CONCLUSIONS: The programme's successful implementation provides evidence that reliance on theory is critical in planning and developing effective community-based programme interventions.

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