RESUMEN
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to describe the current state of smoking and alcohol drinking among pregnant women, and assess the factors related to smoking behavior during pregnancy. METHODS: Subjects were mothers whose children had undergone 4-month checkups publicly provided by Kyoto City in February 2007. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey about their smoking and alcohol drinking behavior was conducted. Chi-square tests and a logistic regression analysis were carried out to assess the factors related to smoking behavior during pregnancy. RESULTS: Out of a total of 999, 722 questionnaires were returned (response rate, 72.3%). Usable questionnaires were 689 (available response rate, 69.0%). The prevalence levels of alcohol drinking during prenatal, pregnant and postnatal periods were 55.9%, 9.1%, 22.1%, respectively. In 586 breast feeding mothers, the prevalence of alcohol drinking was 19.5%. The percentages of women smoking during prenatal, pregnant and postnatal periods were 23.4%, 7.5%, 9.0%, respectively. Out of prenatal smokers, the rate of quit smoking taking advantage of pregnancy was 67.7%. The prevalence of their husbands' smoking was 43.1%. Logistic regression analysis showed that "young age (<25 years)", "drinking alcohol during pregnancy" and "passive smoking due to their husbands" were significantly related to smoking during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Maternal smoking and alcohol drinking are important public health problems. The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was found to be especially high in young women, and some pregnant women could not quit smoking. Approximately half of pregnant women were exposed to passive smoking. The prevalence of alcohol drinking during pregnancy was high in women aged more than 40 years. It is necessary to give knowledge about obstetric and perinatal complications of smoking and alcohol drinking for childbearing-age women, and provide support help quit smoking and alcohol drinking giving due consideration to age.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Embarazo , Fumar/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Cese del Hábito de FumarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Due to the low measles vaccination rate, localized measles epidemics occasionally occur in Japan with the majority of sufferers being children under 2 years of age. Despite an increased risk of infection at day-care centers, the measles vaccination coverage for day-care attendees is lower than children who are reared-at-home or attend kindergartens. This study aims to describe the current state of measles prevention policy at day-care centers and to examine factors associated with vaccine promotion. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed to the director or person-in-charge at 250 all licensed day-care centers in Kyoto City, Japan, in 2004. The preventive measures against measles at day-care centers and factors related to carrying out the promotion of measles vaccination were examined. Descriptive statistics and odds ratios (OR) using a logistical model were presented. RESULTS: Out of 250 day-care centers, 187 questionnaires were returned (response rate, 74.8%). Measles vaccination history was taken at 161 day-care centers (86.1%) at the time of enrollment; only 61 day-care centers (32.6%) took a history during the school year. A total of 101 day-care centers (54.0%) promoted measles vaccination in day-care attendees who had not yet been immunized. Day-care centers which promoted it were more likely to be 'public facility' (OR, 3.09) and 'having opportunities to learn about vaccination' (OR, 5.55). After adjustment, 'having opportunities to learn about vaccination' and 'having knowledge that measles vaccination is best under the age of 15 months' were significantly related to carrying out the promotion of measles vaccination (OR, 6.47; 95% confidence interval, 2.52-18.61; OR, 3.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.45-6.95, respectively). CONCLUSION: Preventive measures for measles at day-care centers are currently insufficient. Increasing opportunities to learn about vaccination may encourage promotional behavior.