RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Indigenous populations globally are continually striving for better health and wellbeing due to experiencing significant health and social inequities. The social determinants of health are important contributors to health outcomes. Comprehensive primary health care that is governed and delivered by Indigenous people extends beyond the biomedical model of care to address the social determinants of health. Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) are known to provide culturally informed, holistic health services that directly and indirectly address the social determinants of health. The range and extent of their activities in addressing the social determinants of health, however, is not well documented. METHODS: The most recent ACCHO annual reports were retrieved online or by direct correspondence. For coding consistency, a dictionary informed by the World Health Organization's Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health was developed. A document and textual analysis of reports coded ACCHO activities and the determinants of health they addressed, including intermediary determinants, socio-economic position and/or socio-political context. Summary statistics were reported. Representative quotes illustrating the unique nature of ACCHO service provision in addressing the social determinants of health were used to contextualise the quantitative findings. RESULTS: Sixty-seven annual reports were collected between 2017 and 2018. Programs were delivered to population groups across the life span. Fifty three percent of reports identified programs that included work at the socio-political level and all annual reports described working to improve socioeconomic position and intermediary determinants of health through their activities. Culture had a strong presence in program delivery and building social cohesion and social capital emerged as themes. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of the considerable efforts of the ACCHO sector, as a primary health care provider, in addressing the social determinants of health and health inequity experienced by Indigenous communities. For the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, ACCHOs not only have an essential role in addressing immediate healthcare needs but also invest in driving change in the more entrenched structural determinants of health. These are important actions that are likely to have an accumulative positive effect in closing the gap towards health equity.
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Equidad en Salud , Servicios de Salud del Indígena , Australia/epidemiología , Humanos , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico , Determinantes Sociales de la SaludRESUMEN
The study investigates the genetic diversity present as well as its development in the Brown Cattle population of Switzerland from pedigree information. The population consisted of three subpopulations, the Braunvieh (BV), the original Braunvieh (OB) and the US-Brown Swiss (BS). The BV is a cross of OB with BS where crossing still continues. The OB is without any genetic influence of BS. The diversity measures effective population size, effective number of ancestors (explaining 99% of reference genome) and founder genome equivalents were calculated for 11 reference populations of animals born in a single year from 1992 onwards. The BS-subpopulation consisted of animals and their known ancestors which were used in the crossing scheme and was, therefore, quite small. The youngest animals were born in 2002, the oldest ones in the 1920s. Average inbreeding was by far the highest in BS, in spite of the lowest quality of pedigrees, and lowest in OB. Effective population size obtained from the difference between average inbreeding of offspring and their parents was, mostly due to the heavy use of few highly inbred BS-sires, strongly overestimated in some BV-reference populations. If this parameter was calculated from the yearly rate of inbreeding and a generation interval of 5 years, no bias was observed and ranking of populations from high to low was OB-BV-BS, i.e. equal to the other diversity parameters. The high genetic diversity found in OB was a consequence of the use of many natural service sires. Rate of decrease of effective number of ancestors was steeper in BV than OB was, however, equal for founder genome equivalents. Founder genome equivalents were more stable than effective population sizes calculated from the difference between average inbreeding of offspring and parents. The five most important ancestors contributed one-third of the 2002-reference genomes of BV and OB, in BV all were BS-sires. The relative amount of BS-genes in the BV-genome increased from 59.2% to 78.5% during the 11 years considered.
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Bovinos/genética , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , Endogamia , Animales , Cruzamiento , Femenino , Masculino , Linaje , Densidad de Población , SuizaRESUMEN
Susceptibility to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli with fimbriae F4ac is dominantly inherited in the pig. A three-generation pedigree was created to refine the position of F4acR on chromosome 13 comprising 202 pigs: eight parents, 18 F1 and 176 F2 pigs. The 17-point analysis indicates that F4acR lies between Sw207 and S0283. Recombinant offspring specify that the most probable order is Sw207-S0075-F4acR-Sw225-S0283. We observed six phenotypes for the three fimbrial variants F4ab, F4ac and F4ad. The two missing phenotypes F4abR-/F4acR+/F4adR+ and F4abR-/F4acR+/F4adR- indicate that pigs susceptible to F4ac are always susceptible to F4ab. Furthermore, a weak and a strong adhesion of F4ab and F4ad bacteria was observed. The weak receptor F4abR (F4abRw) was present only in pigs devoid of the receptor F4acR (F4abR+/F4acR-). In contrast, in pigs with the phenotype F4abR+/F4acR+, F4ab bacteria adhered to the majority of enterocytes. F4abRw constitutes a frequently observed phenotype whose inheritance is still unclear. Strong adhesion of F4ab and F4ac bacteria is most likely influenced by the same receptor that we name F4bcR. The number of F4ad bacteria that adhered to enterocytes was very variable in the adhesion test. Moreover, expression of F4adR was independent of age. Our segregation analyses indicated a dominant inheritance of F4adR, although the number of susceptible pigs was smaller than expected. We examined four genes as candidates for the F4acR locus: the transferrin receptor gene (TFRC) and three genes members of the glucosyl/galactosyltransferase family (B3GnT5, B3GALT3 and B4GALT4). Comparison of sequences from resistant and homozygous susceptible F4ac pigs did not reveal any causative single nucleotide polymorphism in the four genes. Two silent mutations at the positions 295 (C/T) and 313 (T/C) in B3GALT3 were found. Using the somatic cell hybrid panel, B3GnT5 and B3GALT3 were assigned to the chromosomal region SSC13q23-q41. No mutations were found in the cDNA sequences of these genes associated with the F4acR genotypes.
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Antígenos Bacterianos/genética , Adhesión Bacteriana/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas Fimbrias/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Animales , Antígenos Bacterianos/metabolismo , Secuencia de Bases , Mapeo Cromosómico/veterinaria , Cromosomas de los Mamíferos/genética , Cartilla de ADN , ADN Complementario/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas Fimbrias/metabolismo , Intestinos/microbiología , Escala de Lod , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Linaje , Fenotipo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/veterinaria , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/veterinaria , PorcinosRESUMEN
Pedigree analysis was used to monitor genetic dynamics in retrospect in two identically selected lines (S1, S2) and a control (CL) of laying hens, originating from a common base. The pedigree of the last generation animals had nine generations of ancestors the members of the first known generation of ancestors were taken as founders. In each generation and in all lines one son was randomly chosen from each of 20 sires. Selection of females was randomly one daughter from each of 80 dams in CL and the best 80 according to a complex criterion in S1 and S2. The experiment included seven generations of selection. After three generations 51.6, 51.5 and 95.5% of the female founders of the base generation remained in S1, S2 and CL, respectively. The corresponding figures for the founder males were 67.7, 65.1 and 96.2%. These fractions did not change much in the following generations. On average 88.5, 87.1 and 78.8% of the remaining founders of the last generation were present in the pedigree of a last generation animal in S1, S2 and CL, respectively. The average genetic contribution of a founder male to the genome of the last generation was 1.22, 1.25 and 1.04% in S1, S2 and CL, respectively. The corresponding female contributions were 0.64, 0.60 and 0.49%, respectively. The most important founders of S1 and S2, which contributed 90% of the genome of their own line, contributed 80% of the genome of the other line and 73% of the one of CL in both cases. The most important founders of CL contributed 82% to the genomes of S1 and S2. The numbers of founder genome equivalents, were 9.8, 10.3 and 12.2 for S1, S2 and CL in the last generation and indicate a considerable loss of founder alleles in all lines. Effective population sizes calculated from average rate of inbreeding obtained from pedigrees were 91.1, 98.3 and 122.5 for S1, S2 and CL, respectively. Using the squared founder contributions for this purpose resulted in effective sizes of 0.966, 0.941 and 0.959 of the former values for S1, S2 and CL, respectively. Mating only animals with four different grand sires reduced inbreeding compared with random mating over the duration of the experiment. The effectiveness of this scheme was, however, strongly reduced in the last generation.
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Cruzamiento/métodos , Pollos/genética , Efecto Fundador , Genética de Población , Selección Genética , Animales , Femenino , Endogamia , Masculino , Linaje , Densidad de Población , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
A mixed inheritance model, postulating a polygenic effect and differences between the 3 genotypes of a biallelic locus, was fitted separately to the data of 2 multigeneration selection lines and a control evolving from a common base population. Inferences about the model were drawn from the application of the Gibbs sampler. Body weight at 20 and 40 wk (BW20, BW40) and average egg weight to 40 wk (EW40) were included in the analyses. Significance of differences between posterior means of parameters was established by comparing their 95% highest probability density regions. Significant (P < 0.05) additive and dominance effects due to the genotypes at the major locus were found for all traits. The allele causing a lower trait value was the (partial) dominant one in all traits, leading to a negative dominance effect. The additive variance due to the major locus was also significant, i.e., greater than zero (P < 0.05) in all traits, whereas the dominance variance was only important for EW40. With the exception of the residual variances of one selection and the control line, no (P > 0.05) differences of posterior means of any parameter could be observed between lines. No significant genotypic or polygenic selection response was found for BW40. On the contrary, both genetic responses were found significant for EW40 in the selected lines, but not in the control. No differences (P > 0.05) between lines could be observed for the derived frequencies of the allele causing the higher trait value and the frequencies of one homozygote and the heterozygote genotypes at the major locus. The detection of a major locus with relatively modest effect confirmed that this type of analysis with data from selected lines was indeed powerful.
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Teorema de Bayes , Pollos/genética , Herencia Multifactorial , Animales , Peso Corporal/genética , Cruzamiento , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Modelos Genéticos , Método de Montecarlo , Oviposición/genética , Fenotipo , Carácter Cuantitativo HeredableRESUMEN
The Rhesus (Rh) gene superfamily in humans and mice contains four independent genes, RH, RHAG, RHBG, and RHCG/GK. Heretofore, only the RHBG cDNA has been cloned in pig. We have isolated the porcine RH cDNA; its complete open reading frame of 1269 nucleotides encoded 423 amino acids. Porcine RH protein shared 67.6% amino acid identity with bovine RH, 61.0% with human RhCE and 60.8% with human RhD. The RT-PCR revealed RH transcripts in the spleen and bone marrow, but not in the heart, kidney, or lung. In RH intron 4, a deletion of 17 nucleotides distinguished the shorter allele (allele 1) from the longer. As determined in 115 unrelated pigs from five breeds - Landrace (L, n = 23), Large White (LW, n = 28), Duroc (D, n = 24), Hampshire (H, n = 20) and Piétrain (n = 20) - allele 1 frequencies were 1.0 (L, H), 0.77 (LW), 0.70 (P) and 0.25 (D). Somatic cell hybrid mapping localized the porcine RH and RHBG genes to pig chromosomes 6q22-q23 and 4q21-q22, respectively. Genetic mapping suggested RH-(FUT1, S, GPI, EAH, A1BG)-PGD as the most probable locus order. Sequence homology, mapping data, and haematopoietic tissue expression suggest that this cDNA may indeed encode the porcine RH homologue.
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Mapeo Cromosómico , ADN Complementario/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Sistema del Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/genética , Sus scrofa/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN , Frecuencia de los Genes , Ligamiento Genético , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to refine the localization of the receptor locus for fimbriae F4ac. Small intestinal enterocyte preparations from 187 pigs were phenotyped by an in vitro adhesion test using two strains of Escherichia coli representing the variants F4ab and F4ac. The three-generation pedigree comprised eight founders, 18 F1 and 174 F2 animals, for a total of 200 pigs available for the linkage analysis. Results of the adhesion tests on 171 F2 pigs slaughtered at 8 weeks of age show that 23.5% of the pigs were adhesive for F4ab and non-adhesive for F4ac (phenotype F4abR+/F4acR-; R means receptor). Pigs of this phenotype were characterized by a weak adhesion receptor for F4ab. No pigs were found expressing only F4acR and lacking F4abR. Receptors for F4ab and F4ac (F4abR+/F4acR+) were expressed by 54.5% of the pigs. Animals of this phenotype strongly bound both F4ab and F4ac E. coli. In the segregation study, the serum transferrin (TF) gene and 10 microsatellites on chromosome 13 were linked with F4acR (recombination fractions (theta) between 0.00 and 0.11 and lod score values (Z) between 11.4 and 40.4). The 11-point analysis indicates the F4acR locus was located in the interval S0068-Sw1030 close to S0075 and Sw225, with recombination fractions (theta) of 0.05 between F4acR and S0068, 0.04 with Sw1030, and 0.00 with S0075 and Sw225. The lack of pigs displaying the F4abR-/F4acR+ phenotype and the presence of two phenotypes for F4abR (a strong receptor present in phenotype F4abR+/F4acR+ and a weak receptor in phenotype F4abR+/F4acR-) led us to conclude that the receptor for F4ac binds F4ab bacteria as well, and that it is controlled by one gene localized between S0068 and Sw1030 on chromosome 13.
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Adhesión Bacteriana/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Fimbrias Bacterianas/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Porcinos/genética , Animales , Mapeo Cromosómico/veterinaria , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Femenino , Fimbrias Bacterianas/microbiología , Ligamiento Genético , Técnicas In Vitro , Enfermedades Intestinales/genética , Enfermedades Intestinales/microbiología , Enfermedades Intestinales/veterinaria , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Masculino , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Fenotipo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/metabolismo , Transferrina/genética , Transferrina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Coat color played an important role during domestication and formation of breeds. Livestock breeders often had special preferences for particular color phenotypes because they believed them to be associated with performance or fitness traits. Socio-cultural reasons might have had an influence on color selection as well. Recently genetic tests on DNA level got available to genotype in any individual horse for basic horse coat colors (chestnut, bay, black). In particular, hidden carriers of the recessive chestnut and black allele are recognizable with these tests. A sample of 162 Franches-Montagnes horses from Switzerland was genotyped for the alleles for chestnut and black. The analysis of allele frequencies revealed a high prevalence of the chestnut allele and a low frequency of the black allele in this population. Rare colors are in demand on the market. The statistical analysis of 1369 offspring from five stallions indicate, that darker shades of basic color phenotypes (dark chestnut, dark bay) follow a recessive mode of inheritance in the Franches-Montagnes horse breed.
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Cruzamiento , Color del Cabello/genética , Caballos/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genes Recesivos , Genotipo , Masculino , Linaje , Fenotipo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , SuizaRESUMEN
A population of Baudet du Poitou donkeys was genetically characterized using microsatellites. The results were used to verify the pedigrees and to estimate the genetic variability. It could be confirmed that a equine parentage test kit works well for donkeys and that by using 13 microsatellites more than 99% of wrong pedigree informations would be detected. The genetic variability was comparable to a representative group of Baudet du Poitou donkeys in France.
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Equidae/genética , Variación Genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Linaje , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinariaRESUMEN
Effects of casein haplotypes and beta-lactoglobulin (LG) genotypes on milk protein fractions and on daughter yield deviations for milk performance traits were estimated from a daughter design. Offspring of seven Swiss Brown sires with the haplotypes B-A-B-A and B-A-B-B for alpha s1-, alpha s2-, beta-, and kappa-caseins were selected. The milk of daughter groups with paternal haplotype B-A-B-A was associated with lower casein content and higher whey protein content compared with B-A-B-B. Because of these contrary effects, the true protein content was not affected by the paternal haplotypes. The effects of maternal haplotypes were significant on true protein and casein content but not on whey protein content. The beta-LG genotypes had highly significant effects on casein and whey protein content. The effect of beta-LG BB was positive on casein and negative on whey protein content compared with beta-LG AA; the effect of beta-LG AB was intermediate. No significant effects of paternal haplotypes were found for daughter yield deviation on kilograms of milk, fat, and protein or percentages of fat and protein. The effects of the beta-LG genotypes were, independent of the parental haplotypes, close to significant on daughter yield deviation for percentage of protein. The beta-LG BB tended to be associated with a higher protein content compared with beta-LG AA. The effects for beta-LG genotypes showed additive gene effects. The analysis of paternal haplotypes within sires revealed a contrary effect of haplotypes for two of the seven sires for casein content. The paternal haplotypes within sire showed, although not significant, that haplotypes of the two sires had a contrary effect on daughter yield deviation for percentage of protein as well.
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Caseínas/genética , Bovinos/genética , Lactancia/genética , Lactoglobulinas/genética , Leche/química , Animales , Cruzamiento , Caseínas/análisis , Bovinos/fisiología , Femenino , Genotipo , Haplotipos/genética , Lactancia/metabolismo , Lactoglobulinas/análisis , Masculino , Proteínas de la Leche/química , Proteínas de la Leche/genética , SuizaRESUMEN
Molecular markers allow a characterization of animal populations on DNA level. They help to estimate the genetic variability, they are useful in paternity control, to diagnose hereditary diseases, in epidemiology and last but not least support traditional tools to take breeding decisions. Seventy-six new-world camelids in Switzerland were genetically typed for six microsatellite markers and their parentage controlled. Calculation of allele frequencies, heterozygosity, polymorphism information content, deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and exclusion probability of markers showed a high genetic variability within the chosen populations. This will allow selection for certain traits. The estimated genetic distance between different camelid species and breeds was in accordance with their expected phylogenetic origins.
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Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo/genética , Variación Genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Animales , Cruzamiento , Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo/clasificación , ADN/análisis , Femenino , Masculino , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinariaRESUMEN
Twelve models were fitted to early growth data of two Swiss sheep breeds to investigate their suitability for evaluation of breeding values. Models were identical for fixed parity, litter size, sex and lambing season effects, random flock-year, and direct genetic effects but differed for combinations of random litter, permanent environmental, ram-flock, and maternal genetic effects. Records of average daily gain to 30 d of 25,564 lambs of the Black-Brown Mountain Sheep (SBS) and of 26,391 lambs of the White Alpine Sheep (WAS) born 1989 to 1995 and their pedigrees were available. A single-trait animal model was fitted by the restricted maximum likelihood method. The information criterion of a particular model (i.e., the maximum of the likelihood function adjusted for the number of independently estimated parameters) was used to evaluate the models for their fitting power. The litter effect accounted for between 26 and 31% of the phenotypic variance, with little variation within breed. Models containing the ram-flock effect provided a better fit of the data than otherwise identical models. This effect contributed 6 and 4% to the phenotypic variance in the two breeds and strongly influenced estimates of other components. The proportion of phenotypic variance due to the flock-year effect was 23 and 25% without and 19 and 23% including the ram-flock effect in the model in the two breeds. Including permanent environmental effect of the ewe in addition to litter effect led to a better fit of the data. Depending on the model, it then contributed between 3 and 6% to the phenotypic variance. Fitting the ram-flock effect reduced heritability considerably and increased the breed difference of the estimates of this parameter. Estimates ranging from .16 to .10 and from .08 to .14 were obtained for the SBS and WAS breeds, respectively. For models without the ram-flock effect, negative estimates of the direct-maternal correlation of between -.38 and -.45 were observed. Including the ram-flock effect reduced this correlation substantially to between -.08 and -.17. Including the direct-maternal covariance in addition to the ram-flock effect did not improve the fit any further in either breed. Ranking of the models investigated differed between breeds, but the same model provided the best fit. It contained the random litter, permanent environmental, ram-flock, direct, and maternal genetic effects, but not the covariance between the last two.
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Ovinos/fisiología , Aumento de Peso/genética , Envejecimiento , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Peso al Nacer , Femenino , Impresión Genómica , Tamaño de la Camada/genética , Masculino , Modelos Genéticos , Modelos Estadísticos , Linaje , Ovinos/genética , Especificidad de la Especie , SuizaRESUMEN
The study comprised 236 pigs selected for resistance or susceptibility to oedema disease. The susceptibility to colonization of the small intestine by an Escherichia coli strain causing oedema disease was determined: (1) by monitoring faecal excretion of weaned pigs orally inoculated with E. coli strain O139:K12(B):H1:F18ab serotype; and (2) by an in vitro adhesion assay using an F18ab positive E. coli strain and small intestinal enterocyte preparations. Susceptibility to adhesion by these bacteria was shown to be controlled by a dominant (B) allele of the ECF18R locus and resistance by the alternative recessive allele (b). Pigs were typed for 14 blood group systems, 11 biochemical polymorphisms and the polymorphism at nucleotide 1843 of the RYR1 locus. Linkage was demonstrated between the locus for F18 E. coli receptors and the loci S, RYR1, GPI, EAH, A1BG and PGD (Z > 20). The most likely gene orders are: S-ECF18R-RYR1-GPI-PGD or GPI-RYR1-ECF18R-S-PGD. The recombination frequencies between ECF18R-S and ECF18R-RYR1 were estimated to be theta = 0.5% and 3.1%, respectively.
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Adhesinas Bacterianas/genética , Mapeo Cromosómico , Diarrea/veterinaria , Edema/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/fisiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Porcinos/genética , Alelos , Animales , Adhesión Bacteriana , Diarrea/genética , Diarrea/microbiología , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Edema/genética , Edema/microbiología , Femenino , Genes Dominantes , Genes Recesivos , Ligamiento Genético , Masculino , Recombinación Genética , Caracteres SexualesRESUMEN
Average daily gain between birth and 30 d of age of 42,644 lambs of Swiss Black-Brown Mountain Sheep were used in this analysis. The influence of amount of pedigree information on computing time and on REML estimates of population parameters was investigated on a subset of 7,848 lambs. If all available pedigree information was used, 89.4% of the lambs had at least four complete generations of known ancestors. For the reduced pedigree information, only parents and grandparents of a lamb were included. In the data set with complete pedigree information, 2,616 additional animals (without records) caused 19.4% more equations, 4.6 times the number of non-zero elements in the system of equations, and 21.2 times the computing time to reach convergence. The difference in amount of pedigree information had only a marginal influence on the estimates of direct heritability (h2), maternal heritability (m2), permanent environmental effects, and on the genetic correlation between direct and maternal effect (rAM). The complete data set of 42,644 recorded lambs was randomly split into four subsets to save computing time. In a fifth subset of 27,787 lambs (Set C) all combinations of recorded grandparents and grand-offspring were accumulated because they contain information on the covariance between direct and maternal effects (cov[AM]). Including cov(AM) in the model assumptions increased estimates of h2 and m2 in all subsets. Estimates from Set C were smallest but showed the same trend. The estimate of rAM was always strongly negative, < or = -.64.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Tamaño de la Camada/genética , Modelos Genéticos , Linaje , Ovinos/genética , Animales , Cruzamiento , Femenino , Variación Genética , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Masculino , Embarazo , Aumento de Peso/genéticaRESUMEN
Data on egg weight from experimental crosses with two inbred lines of chickens suggested evidence for segregation of a single dominant major gene. Because the data could not be transformed to satisfy normality and homoscedasticity conditions, the non-parametric test of Elston and the graphical approach used by Stolk et al. were applied. Due to a bad fit of the backcross B2 (P2×F1) and the F2 groups, both methods reject the hypothesis of a dominant major gene as the the only cause of the differences in egg weight between the six genetic groups involved.
RESUMEN
Genetic and phenotypic (co)variances between body weight of cocks (nm = 1,138), BWM, and production traits of hens (nf = 8,844), i.e., egg number (EN), egg weight (EW), feed intake (FI), and body weight (BWF) were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method for an animal model. Six multivariate analyses were carried out to get all desired components. Resulting heritabilities were .292, .754, .682, .732, and .790 for EN, EW, FI, BWF, and BWM, respectively. Estimated genetic correlations between BWM and EN, EW, FI, and BWF, were -.161, .338, .645, and .841, respectively. The corresponding estimates between BWF and EN, EW, and FI, were -.036, .294, and .787, respectively. The additional expected selection response in traits of hens from including BWM into the selection criterion of cocks is given for a particular structure with full- and half-sister information and different correlations between BWM and traits of hens.
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Peso Corporal/genética , Pollos/genética , Oviposición/genética , Selección Genética , Animales , Cruzamiento , Ingestión de Alimentos , Huevos/normas , Femenino , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Caracteres SexualesRESUMEN
Cognitive functions and psychopathology were assessed in 36 treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients before initiation of clozapine, and at 6 weeks and 6 months, thereafter. Before treatment, cognitive impairment was found in each measure of memory, attention, and executive function as compared with 26 normal controls. After both 6 weeks and 6 months of treatment, significant improvement occurred in the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, a measure of retrieval from reference memory. Improvement was also noted at 6 months in the Category Instance Generation Test, another measure of retrieval from reference memory, and in some, but not all, tests of executive function, attention, and recall memory. Clozapine treatment also resulted in significant improvement in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Total and Positive symptom scores at both 6-week and 6-month assessment points. There was some evidence for a relationship between improvement in psychopathology and cognitive function. The improvement in cognitive function during clozapine treatment could have consequences for capacity to work and social function.
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Clozapina/uso terapéutico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/tratamiento farmacológico , Esquizofrenia/tratamiento farmacológico , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Adulto , Trastornos del Conocimiento/psicología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Esquema de Medicación , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Escalas de WechslerRESUMEN
In an unselected control line of a selection experiment in chicken the following traits were evaluated: number of eggs, average egg weight, egg mass, age at first egg, body weight at 20 weeks, body weight at 40 weeks, feed consumption and feed efficiency (feed consumption/egg mass). Data and blood samples of 143 females of the same age were available for analysis. The animals were ranked for each trait according to the phenotypic performance adjusted for hatch and laying house effect rather than the breeding value. DNA mixes of the top 5 and the bottom 5 hens were compared to each other by DNA fingerprinting. The most striking differences could be observed with the probe pV47 in the mixes for body weight at 20 weeks and the feed efficiency. In the following the study focused on feed efficiency. Five groups of 10 hens each, around quantiles 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, were analyzed with respect to the occurrence of 7 particular DNA fingerprint bands. The association of the groups' mean feed efficiency with the groups' band frequencies was assessed by linear regression. For 2 bands significant regression coefficients (P < 0.005) were found.
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Pollos/genética , Dermatoglifia del ADN , Alelos , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Peso Corporal/genética , ADN/genética , Ingestión de Alimentos/genética , Femenino , Oviposición/genéticaRESUMEN
Infantile amnesia, the absence of memories from infancy and early childhood, has been attributed to an immaturity of the limbic system in infancy. Contrary to this view, we now report that limbic-dependent recognition memory is present as early as one month of age in monkeys. Memory measured by the paired-comparison preferential looking task, normally present in infant monkeys within the first month of life, is absent after damage to the amygdaloid complex and hippocampal formation, suggesting that limbic structures make a critical contribution to visual recognition memory even at this early age. The findings reopen the question of the locus of the neural immaturity that underlies infantile amnesia.
Asunto(s)
Cognición/fisiología , Sistema Límbico/fisiología , Memoria/fisiología , Amígdala del Cerebelo/anatomía & histología , Amígdala del Cerebelo/fisiología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos/fisiología , Hipocampo/anatomía & histología , Hipocampo/fisiología , Sistema Límbico/anatomía & histología , Sistema Límbico/crecimiento & desarrollo , Macaca mulatta , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Lóbulo Temporal/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lóbulo Temporal/fisiología , Visión Ocular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Two generations of selection on restricted BLUP breeding values were applied in an experiment with laying hens. Selection had been on phenotype of income minus feed cost (IFC) between 21 and 40 wk of age in the previous five generations. The restriction of no genetic change in egg weight was included in the EBV for power-transformed IFC (i.e., IFCt, with t-values of 3.7 and 3.6 in the two generations, respectively). The experiment consisted of two selection lines plus a randomly bred control of 20 male and 80 female breeders each. Observations on 8,844 survivors to 40 wk were available. Relative to the base population average, the restriction reduced genetic gain in IFC from 4.1 and 3.9% to 2.0 and 2.2% per generation in the two selection lines, respectively. Average EBV for egg weight remained nearly constant after a strong increase in the previous five generations. Rates of genetic gain for egg number, body weight, and feed conversion (feed/egg mass) were not affected significantly. In the seventh generation, a genetic gain in feed conversion of 10.3% relative to the phenotypic mean of the base population was obtained.