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Photosynthetic organisms often encounter phosphorus (P) limitation in natural habitats. When faced with P limitation, seed plants degrade nucleic acids and extra-plastid phospholipids to remobilize P, thereby enhancing their internal-P utilization efficiency. Although prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms decrease the content of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) under P-limited conditions, it remains unclear whether PG is degraded for P remobilization. Moreover, information is limited on internal-P remobilization in photosynthetic microbes. This study investigates internal-P remobilization under P-starvation (-P) conditions in a cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, focusing on PG and nucleic acids. Our results reveal that the PG content increases by more than double in the -P culture, indicating preferential PG synthesis among cellular P compounds. Simultaneously, the faster increases of glycolipids counteract this PG increase, which decreases the PG proportion in total lipids. Two genes, glpD and plsX, contribute to the synthesis of diacylglycerol moieties in glycerolipids, with glpD also responsible for the polar head group synthesis in PG. The mRNA levels of both glpD and plsX are upregulated during -P, which would cause the preferential metabolic flow of their P-containing substrates toward glycerolipid synthesis, particularly PG synthesis. Meanwhile, we find that RNA accounts for 62% of cellular P, and that rRNA species, which makes up the majority of RNA, are degraded under -P conditions to less than 30% of their initial levels. These findings emphasize the importance of PG in -P-acclimating cell growth and the role of rRNA as a significant internal-P source for P remobilization, including preferential PG synthesis.
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BACKGROUND: Dietary intake assessment and subsequent dietary education or intervention in young children is important in decreasing prevalence of various noncontagious diseases in adulthood. Validation of diet assessment questionnaires for preschool children has just started in Japan. In this study, we rearranged the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ), a convenient diet assessment questionnaire that is widely used in a range of situations for adults, for use in children aged 3-6 years (BDHQ3y) and then validated the BDHQ3y in Japanese children. METHODS: The guardians of 61 children aged 3-4 years completed the BDHQ3y twice at an interval of 1 month, along with a 3-nonconsecutive-day diet record (DR) between the two administrations of the BDHQ3y. Dietary intakes for energy and 42 selected nutrients were estimated using both the DR and the BDHQ3y. Mean intakes estimated by the two methods were compared, and correlation coefficients were calculated. Reproducibility of the BDHQ3y estimates was investigated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS: No significant differences in mean intakes estimated by the DR and the BDHQ3y were observed for one- to two-thirds of energy and examined nutrients. The median of Pearson correlation coefficients between intakes energy-adjusted by the residual method was 0.31 (interquartile range, 0.24 to 0.38). The median ICC was 0.72 (interquartile range, 0.63 to 0.76) for the crude nutrient intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Although the BDHQ3y might be a good candidate for dietary intake assessment in Japanese preschool children, its validity is currently moderate to low. Shortcomings should be overcome by obtaining and utilizing more information about children's dietary habits.
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Encuestas sobre Dietas , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Masculino , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , AutoinformeRESUMEN
No study has documented Japanese children's food portion sizes. Since this information is essential to establish valid measurement tools and effective education methods for dietary intake, we measured them using one-day, semi-weighed diet records (DRs) for 489 Japanese children aged 3-6 y. Each food's frequency of appearance on the DRs was counted. If a child consumed a certain food more than once per day, an average weight for that food was calculated and used in the portion size calculation as that child's representative value. In total, 67 food items were consumed by twenty or more children. We calculated the mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum portion size values for these food items. In addition to these 67 items, Chinese noodles and water were included in the analysis. The most frequently consumed food was well-milled rice (mean portion size for rice=79 g), which was consumed by 350 children, followed by soy sauce (4 g), eggs (26 g), and carrots (9 g). Among the five most frequently consumed foods, portion sizes of rice and pork but not milk, eggs, or carrots significantly increased with age, height, and weight. In multivariate linear regression analysis, however, the significant relationships between rice portion size and age were not observed. Regarding pork, only the relationship with height was significant. A sex difference was detected in the rice and milk portion sizes. Most of portion sizes observed here were apparently smaller than those reported among United Kingdom children. This study provides important basic information for the implementation of quantitative nutritional research and educational efforts for Japanese preschool children.
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Promoción de la Salud , Tamaño de la Porción , Pueblo Asiatico , Estatura , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Niño , Preescolar , Registros de Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Análisis MultivarianteRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between degree of underreporting energy intake and psychosocial (including interpersonal and personal) factors among hemodialysis patients in Japan. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study. Predictors of difference were identified using multiple linear regression analysis. SETTING: Study was conducted at a public hospital and a dialysis clinic in a single district in northeast Honshu, Japan. SUBJECTS: Participants were hemodialysis outpatients. Patients aged more than 20 years and undergoing treatment for end-stage renal disease for at least 6 months were included. Exclusion criteria were diagnosis of depression, a mental disease, or dementia. MAIN OUTCOME: The outcome measure was the difference in reported energy intake defined by the differences between a brief administered dietary history questionnaire and diet record stratified by standardized weight. RESULTS: Seventy patients undergoing hemodialysis participated (44 men [62.9%] and 26 women [37.1%]). Of these, 54.3% underreported energy intake (by >10%). Sex (male) and employment status (employed) were statistically associated with energy intake underreporting. A lower score of dialysis staff encouragement was associated with greater energy intake underreporting (ß coefficient = 3.89 kcal/standardized weight, 95% confidence interval: 0.89 to 6.90; P = .012). CONCLUSION: Degree of underreporting energy intake is significantly associated with interpersonal psychosocial factors among hemodialysis patients in Japan. The interpersonal relationship with encouragement by the dialysis staff is important in improving the accuracy of reporting energy intake among dialysis patients.
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Dieta/psicología , Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Ingestión de Energía/fisiología , Diálisis Renal/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Registros de Dieta , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Fallo Renal Crónico/psicología , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We measured concentrations of sodium and creatinine in previously validated overnight urine and 24-h urine of 79 healthy infants of 3 to 5 y of age in two cities in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Thereafter, we estimated daily salt intake from daily urinary sodium excretion and daily urinary volume. Corrections for potential sweat loss of sodium chloride were conducted based on urinary volume and urinary creatinine concentration. We also measured urinary volume and urinary sodium concentration in infants who failed to provide complete urine samples. The estimated salt intake did not differ between boys and girls, but varied between the two cities. The estimated salt intake per unit of body weight differed neither between genders nor between cities. The grand means for estimated salt intake and that per unit of body weight were 5.5 g/d (SD 1.8) and 0.32 g/kg/d (SD 0.10), which supported previous results both in Japan and abroad. It was also possible to roughly estimate salt intake from sodium concentration in overnight urine or incomplete 24-h urine, and published urine volume.
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Pueblo Asiatico , Creatinina/orina , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético/orina , Análisis de Varianza , Presión Sanguínea , Peso Corporal , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Modelos Lineales , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Fluid control in patients on dialysis is an important predictor of outcome but is a difficult restriction to achieve. The authors examined the association between dialysis staff encouragement and fluid control adherence in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used the dialysis staff encouragement subscale (DSE). The outcome measure was intradialytic weight loss (IWL) of dry weight (DW), with nonadherence defined as IWL/DW greater than 5.7%. Predictors of nonadherence were identified using logistic regression. Odds ratio (OR) was for the occurrence of nonadherence as it correlated with a one standard deviation (SD) decrease in scale score. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients on hemodialysis participated, 45 men (62.5%) and 27 women. The crude OR in DSE score was 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02 to 3.0) and adjusted odds ratio was 2.51 (95% CI: 0.99 to 6.34). CONCLUSION: Dialysis staff encouragement is important in improving fluid control adherence.
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Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Cooperación del Paciente , Diálisis Renal , Equilibrio Hidroelectrolítico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios Transversales , Educación Continua en Enfermería , Femenino , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , Fallo Renal Crónico/dietoterapia , Fallo Renal Crónico/psicología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Diálisis Renal/psicología , Estrés PsicológicoRESUMEN
Nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 1 (NR5A1 previously known as SF-1/AD4BP) is a transcription factor involved in the development of adrenal/gonadal tissues and steroidogenic lineage cell differentiation in adult somatic stem cells. To understand the cellular signaling network that regulates NR5A1 gene expression, loss of function screening with an siRNA kinome library, and gain of function screening with an addressable full-length cDNA library representing one quarter of the human genome was carried out. The NR5A1 gene expression was activated in mesenchymal stem cells by siRNA directed against protein kinase C (PKC)-delta, erb-B3, RhoGAP (ARHGAP26), and hexokinase 2, none of which were previously known to be involved in the NR5A1 gene expression. Among these, we identified crosstalk between erb-B3 and PKC-delta signaling cascades. In addition, the gain of function studies indicated that sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box 15 (SOX15), TEA domain family member 4, KIAA1257 (a gene of unknown function), ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 6, Josephin domain containing 1, centromere protein, TATA box-binding protein-associated factor 5-like RNA polymerase, and inducible T-cell co-stimulator activate NR5A1 gene expression. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of NR5A1 gene expression.
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Factor Esteroidogénico 1/genética , Factor Esteroidogénico 1/metabolismo , Proteínas ADAM/genética , Proteínas ADAM/metabolismo , Adenoviridae/genética , Animales , Bovinos , Línea Celular , Células Cultivadas , Proteínas Cromosómicas no Histona/genética , Proteínas Cromosómicas no Histona/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/farmacología , ADN Complementario/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Proteínas Activadoras de GTPasa/genética , Proteínas Activadoras de GTPasa/metabolismo , Biblioteca de Genes , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Hexoquinasa/genética , Hexoquinasa/metabolismo , Humanos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Proteína Quinasa C-delta/genética , Proteína Quinasa C-delta/metabolismo , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , Receptor ErbB-3/genética , Receptor ErbB-3/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción SOX/genética , Factores de Transcripción SOX/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción de Dominio TEA , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
Induction of pluripotent stem cells from human fibroblasts has been achieved by the ectopic expression of two different sets of four genes. However, the mechanism of the pluripotent stem cell induction has not been elucidated. Here we identified a marked heterogeneity in colonies generated by the four-gene (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4) transduction method in human neonatal skin-derived cells. The four-gene transduction gave a higher probability of induction for archetypal pluripotent stem cell marker genes (Nanog, TDGF, and Dnmt3b) than for marker genes that are less specific for pluripotent stem cells (CYP26A1 and TERT) in primary induction culture. This tendency may reflect the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of human skin-derived cells into pluripotent stem cells. Among the colonies induced by the four-gene transduction, small cells with a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio could be established by repeated cloning. Subsequently established cell lines were similar to human embryonic stem cells as well as human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from adult tissue in morphology, gene expression, long-term self-renewal ability, and teratoma formation. Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism array analysis of the human iPS cell line indicates that the induction process did not induce DNA mutation.
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Fibroblastos/citología , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Transducción Genética/métodos , Biomarcadores , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Factor 4 Similar a Kruppel , Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/genética , Factor 3 de Transcripción de Unión a Octámeros/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/genética , Factores de Transcripción SOXB1/genéticaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Distraction osteogenesis is now accepted as a standard treatment in oral and maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. In the process of bone regeneration with the application of strain, the periosteum might be very involved in osteogenesis. This study examined the effect of mechanical strain on periosteal cells and the implications for distraction osteogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Periosteal cells were obtained from mandibular periosteum that was excised while extracting impacted wisdom teeth. Mechanical strain was applied using a specially designed apparatus with flexible silicon bottom chambers. The levels of mRNA of the osteoblast differentiation factor Runx2 (Cbfa1/AML3/Peb alpha A) and osteogenic factors were analyzed at different times using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method to evaluate the effect of the strain. RESULTS: The periosteal cells expressed the osteogenic phenotype. The strain had a shaping effect on the cells. The application of tensile strain strongly activated the expression of osteogenic and angiogenic growth factors, and up-regulated the expression of Runx2, an osteoblast-specific transcription factor. CONCLUSION: Tensile strain may initiate the differentiation of periosteal cells into osteogenic cells, inducing the expression of Runx2 in the process of bone regeneration. Therefore, the periosteum is profoundly involved in bone formation and regeneration, especially in distraction osteogenesis.
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Tercer Molar/cirugía , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Osteogénesis por Distracción , Periostio/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Regeneración Ósea/fisiología , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Subunidad alfa 1 del Factor de Unión al Sitio Principal , Sustancias de Crecimiento/biosíntesis , Humanos , Mandíbula/cirugía , Periostio/citología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Resistencia a la Tracción/fisiología , Extracción Dental , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
Genes encoding the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter (Nha1p) from Candida tropicalis (C.t.), Hansenula anomala (H.a.) (also named Pichia anomala), and Aspergillus nidulans (A.n.) were cloned, and the nucleotide sequences were determined. The deduced primary sequences revealed highly conserved hydrophobic regions and rather diverse hydrophilic regions. Among the seven known Nha1p sequences, Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S.p.) Nha1p is exceptional in lacking the hydrophilic region. Within the diverse hydrophilic regions, we found six conserved regions (C1-C6). Expression of C.t. Nha1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.c.) cells lacking NHA1 and ENA1 (Na(+)-ATPase) complemented the salinity-sensitive phenotype, suggesting that C.t. Nha1p is functionally related to S.c. Nha1p. Expression of various truncated forms of the C-terminal half of S.c. and C.t. Nha1p showed essentially the same phenotype for both species: deletion of the C4-C6 region caused cell growth to be more resistant to high salinity than the wild type, suggesting an inhibitory function of these domains on the antiporter activity. However, complete loss of C1-C6 caused a severe growth defect under conditions of high salinity, suggesting a defect in antiporter activity. The DeltaC2-C6 form of C.t. Nha1p, containing only C1, restored the retarded cell growth at high salinity more than the control vector alone, but to a value lower than the wild type. These results suggest an essential role for C1 and an activating role of the C2-C3 region in the functional expression of Nha1. High expression of the DeltaC2-C6 form of S.c. Nha1p was toxic for yeast cells, although low expression was not, suggesting that the overexpression of C1 is toxic. The results in this study suggest that the diverse hydrophilic region of yeast and fungal Nha1p has six conserved domains with conserved functions in terms of expression of Nha1p activity.