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INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is relatively new term, it can be localized anywhere inside the gastrointestinal system. It has formerly been called leiomyoma, leiomyoblastoma, and/or leiomyosarcoma. CASE REPORT: Case report is about a female patient with indefinite difficulties described as "bother", mild anemia and anamnesis data of her mother who had been operated on for colon tumor. After blood examination, which had shown values within referential limits except for mild anemia, patient underwent radiological examination. Primarily, an abdominal cavity ultrasound had been performed, where a suspicious formation in the right hemiabdomen was found, but without distinctive anatomical localization in the abdominal cavity. Secondly, a checkup by Duplex Doppler ultrasound was made, as well as radiological examination with double contrast of colon and computed tomography, where tumor was visualized on ascendant colon with extraluminal localization. DISCUSSION: Radiological findings were confirmed by surgery. Histopathological findings were positive for gastrointestinal stromal colon tumor. CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors represent extremely rare tumors of gastrointestinal system, especially when localized at the colon but they should be included in a differential diagnosis for their malignant potential.
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Neoplasias del Colon/diagnóstico , Tumores del Estroma Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Conventional echotomography and duplex Doppler ultrasonography are noninvasive imaging techniques in measurement of hepatic blood flow. In the period from February 2002 to March 2004, 29,086 patients underwent ultrasound examination at the Institute of Radiology in Novi Sad, and 17,503 presented with symptoms of gastroenterology diseases and/or hepatobiliary tract diseases. 984 patients underwent duplex Doppler sonography. This prospective study included 50 patients with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of portal hypertension. All patients were examined using Siemens Versa Pro (3.5 MHz convex probe: B-mode, color and pulse Doppler). The following parameters were evaluated: Doppler sonoscore, congestion index and portal vein thrombosis. By analyzing gathered data, the diagnosis of portal hypertension was confirmed in 10% of patients at baseline, and in 6% of patients at last follow-up, six months later. Results of this investigation demonstrate the importance of duplex Doppler ultrasonography as an excellent noninvasive diagnostic method used for visualization of the direction and velocity of blood flow, as well as presence of portal vein thrombosis. This imaging modality is used as an initial diagnostic tool in the evaluation of the portohepatic circulation, especially in portal hypertension syndrome and in suspected portal vein thrombosis.
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Hipertensión Portal/diagnóstico por imagen , Ultrasonografía Doppler Dúplex , Velocidad del Flujo Sanguíneo , Humanos , Hipertensión Portal/fisiopatología , Vena Porta/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
Since the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen at the end of the 19th century, diagnostic imaging techniques have been continously improved by technological advances, bringing radiological diagnosis into the very center of modern medicine. Nowadays, it is hard to imagine therapy planning without previous radiological examination. Great advances in the field of computer technology have been accompanied by development of radiological techniques, and today they include not only morphological and anatomical, but also dynamic, functional and molecular imaging. This paper is an overview of new and improved radiological techniques and their implementation.
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Tecnología Radiológica , Humanos , Tecnología Radiológica/tendenciasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of duplex Doppler ultrasonography in diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a 2-year period, 860 patients were examined by duplex Doppler sonography. Among these, 619 (72%) were women and 241 (28%) men, with the age-range of 16-91; (mean 56,2) years. Siemens Versa Pro colour doppler was used, with 7MHz transducers. Findings were categorized into four categories: 1. deep venous thrombosis (DVT); 2. pathology predominantly related to superficial veins without DVT; 3. pathology of superficial and deep veins; 4. normal findings. RESULTS: 185 (21%) patients had DVT, 366 (42.5%) patients had predominant pathology of superficial veins: postthrombotic syndrome, superficial thrombophlebitis and varicose veins. 128 (14.9%) patients had pathology of superficial and deep veins. Normal findings were found in 181 (21.1%) patients. COCNCLUSIONS: Various vascular and nonvascular diseases may mimic deep venous thrombosis, and that is why US should be used whenever possible to avoid unnecessary anticoagulant therapy.
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Extremidad Inferior/irrigación sanguínea , Ultrasonografía Doppler Dúplex , Trombosis de la Vena/diagnóstico por imagen , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Dulpex and color duplex ultrasonography of lower limb arteries are valuable non-invasive diagnostic methods in the pathology of vascular diseases and a major step in diagnostics and in follow-up of hemodynamic and morphologic characteristics. COLOR DUPLEX SONOGRAPHY: The method consists of image analysis and analysis of Doppler information. Real-time-B mode is used to visualize the anatomy of blood vessels and other pathological lesions. Doppler information based on the Doppler effect determine the pulse wave i.e. the shape of flow velocity--hemodynamic characteristics. Spectral analysis is the most important element of Doppler examination of the lower limb peripheral arteries. Based on the spectral analysis, there are four stages of lower limb arterial disease: normal findings--1% - 19% diameter reduction; medium stenosis--artery diameter reduction of 20% - 49%; high level stenosis--artery diameter reduction of 50% - 100%; occlusion--no flow detected within the imaged arterial segment. In the first place, both iliac arteries are examined, which is followed with femoral, popliteal and crural arteries. The examination of iliac arteries is carried out with a 3.5 MHz transducer, and other peripheral arteries of the lower limbs are examined with a 7, 5 or 5 MHz transducer. CONCLUSION: Color Doppler is an extremely valuable diagnostic method in detecting pathology of the lower limb arteries. With high reliability level arterial insufficiency and pathological arterial segments are diagnosed by a duplex-Doppler.
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Pierna/irrigación sanguínea , Enfermedades Vasculares Periféricas/diagnóstico por imagen , Ultrasonografía Doppler en Color , Arterias/diagnóstico por imagen , Velocidad del Flujo Sanguíneo , Humanos , Ultrasonografía Doppler en Color/instrumentación , Ultrasonografía Doppler en Color/métodosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Plain x-rays and contrast urography are important for diagnosing urinary tract diseases. The first plain film of the urinary tract was made in 1896, and the first tests using contrasts started in 1904. Excretory urography has been used since 1930. PLAIN FILM OF THE URINARY TRACT: Plain films of the urinary tract are used in the kidney area, the area of the ureter and urinary bladder. They also show structures (lumbar and sacral spine and pelvis), muscles (m. iliopsoas) as well as calculi. EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY: X-ray visualization of the urinary tract with contrast substances is intravenous urography. It is used for diagnosing diseases of the upper urinary system with symptoms such as: pain, colic, hydronephrosis, as well as acute cortical infections, urinary bladder tumors, etc. RETROGRADE UROGRAPHY: Retrograde urography is a procedure recommended when either the pyelocalyx system or the ureter are not seen unilaterally or bilaterally. CYSTOGRAPHY AND URETHROCYSTOGRAPHY: Cystography is used to visualize the bladder. It is recommended in case of intravesical obstruction. Urethrocystography is a technique for investigation of the anterior and prostatic urethra as well as the neck of the urinary bladder.
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Medios de Contraste , Urografía , HumanosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In everyday gynecological clinical practice imaging modalities are becoming more and more important. Depending on the site of pathology itself, CT and MR have certain advantages and disadvantages, which are important to know in order to choose adequate diagnostic procedure. DIAGNOSIS OF GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASES: Benign conditions such as myomas, inflammatory processes and genital tract abnormalities are major indications for MR imaging. In oncology, it is necessary to perform staging of the disease by imaging modalities. Tumors of the vagina and vulva are diagnosed by clinical examination and imaging modalities are used for staging. In cervical carcinoma it is very important to define stages of the desease and invasion of the surrounding structures which is better seen on MR, but invasion of parametria can be visualized by CT as well. For endometrial cancer MR imaging is a modality of choice. For ovarian cancer both modalities are in use, CT is less expensive and gives enough information. New possibilities with MR imaging using an endovaginal coil in diagnosis of stress incontinence are also discussed.
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Neoplasias de los Genitales Femeninos/diagnóstico , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Femenino , Humanos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The word artifact stands for any visible result of imaging procedures which is caused by the procedure itself and not the entity being analyzed. Recognition of artifacts in everyday work is of great significance for final diagnosis, since their wrong interpretation not only compromises the value of ultrasound finding, but may also lead to a wrong therapeutic approach. ULTRASOUND ARTIFACTS: Artifacts appear as the result of physical properties of an ultrasound beam, technical aspects of ultrasound apparatus and immobility in creation of ultrasound image. Artifacts in the form of acoustic shadows, acoustic enhancements and reverberation most commonly appear and lead to changed appearance of certain structures. That is why great experience and knowledge of radiologists-ultrasonographists is necessary, since diagnostic accuracy of the method itself is under their immediate control. Incorrect interpretation of artifacts and failure to recognize them reduces the value of ultrasound imaging which has, during the past 25 years, confirmed its exceptional diagnostic value.
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Abdomen/diagnóstico por imagen , Artefactos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The pain in the loins is usually the consequence of renal colic caused by small ureteral calculi. ULTRASONOGRAPHY: Ultrasonography is an efficient tool in the detection of calculi in the pyelocalyx system, but it may not be sufficient for the area of renal pelvis and ureter, as wll as for the ureter and the ureterovesical junction. INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY: Radiolucent stones, dilatation of the ureter and of the pyelocalyx system were identified on the urogram, which are common signs of ureter calculosis. Defects in the contrast can be caused by blood clots and papillary or malignant tumors of the ureter, thus causing a differential diagnosis problem. UNENHANCED HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: Noncontrast spiral CT is useful for detection fo calculi as small as 3mm. It can identify their localization and size without enlargements. The primary and secondary CT signs also confirm the established diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The noncontrast spiral CT is a highly precise method for assessment of kidney pain. It is a realiable and rapid diagnostic modality for the detection of urinary stones which differentiates them from blood clots, tumors, air and other factors which create a differential diagnosis problem.
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Cálculos Ureterales/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Tomografía Computarizada Espiral , Ultrasonografía , UrografíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The number of male patients with clinical presentation of infertility, especially secondary infertility after infections, is increasing every day. Contemporary urological standards in defining male infertility include ultrasound examination. Ultrasound examination of the scrotum using color doppler is of great importance. DIAGNOSIS OF MALE INFERTILITY: Testicular atrophy, microlithiasis and varicocele are the most common causes of male infertility. Microlithiasis and classical testicular microlithiasis are not directly associated with infertility. Gray scale sonography is used in evaluation of the dilatation of the testicular veins, but color Doppler made a real contribution in revealing subclinical varicocele. Transrectal ultrasound is used in a number of pathological conditions of prostate, seminal vesicles and ducts. In cases of obstructive azoospermia it is important to find out the cause, such as focal prostatitis, cysts, ejaculatory ducts obstruction or absence of vas deferens. CONCLUSION: Ulltrasound is a noninvasive method easy to perform, which provides information without postexamination consequences such as strictures or obstructions, which are possible after invasive deferentography. Ultrasound guided biopsy, provides a new minimally invasive diagnostic tool in current urology.
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Enfermedades de los Genitales Masculinos/diagnóstico por imagen , Infertilidad Masculina/diagnóstico por imagen , Epidídimo/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Infertilidad Masculina/etiología , Masculino , Escroto/diagnóstico por imagen , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The spleen is situated in the upper left abdominal cavity and spleen parenchyma has a homogenous appearance. For that reason changes in parenchymal echogenicity should be understood as pathological, since many splenic focal lesions appear as different changes in echostructure of spleen parenchyma. FOCAL SPLENICE LESIONS: Focal lesions are not rare and are found in every day work. Great advantages of ultrasound diagnostics in relation to other complementary methods put this method into the leading position in diagnostics, not only in spleen disorders, but the whole abdomen. Advantages include: diagnostic accuracy, possibility of repetition, low price of the examination, and no irradiation. SPLENIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY: Splenic ultrasonography is efficient and provides findings which represent a significant contribution in reaching the final diagnosis and selecting the appropriate therapeutic approach. Due to various ultrasonographic images of numerous splenic focal lesions (metastasis, hemangioma, cysts, infarction, hematoma etc) great knowledge and experience is required in order to come to accurate diagnosis. This will bring application of other diagnostic procedures, such as CT and MR, mostly available in large radiological institutes, to a minimum.