RESUMEN
PURPOSE: To examine whether the meaning and interpretation of body image are similar for breast cancer survivors and women without breast cancer. METHOD: Women completed the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire--Appearance Scales as part of two studies. There were 469 women with breast cancer and 385 women without breast cancer. Invariance testing was conducted to examine whether the items assessing the body image dimensions were similar, whether the dimensions were interpreted similarly, whether the items were equally salient and meaningful, and whether there were mean differences on the body image dimensions across the two groups. RESULTS: The meaning and interpretation of body image dimensions related to appearance evaluation and appearance orientation were similar across the groups, yet some group differences were found for overweight preoccupation and body areas satisfaction (and not testable for self-classified weight). Breast cancer survivors reported a small yet significantly higher mean on appearance evaluation and lower mean on appearance orientation compared to the women without breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Meaningful comparisons in body image across cancer and non-cancer women can be made using two of the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire--Appearance Scales. The overweight preoccupation subscale could be used to assess body image but should not be used if group mean differences are desirable. Assessing satisfaction with body areas across these groups is not recommended and may introduce systematic bias.
Asunto(s)
Imagen Corporal , Neoplasias de la Mama/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Sobrevivientes/psicología , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sobrepeso , Psicometría/instrumentación , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study sought to (1) identify common stressors faced by breast cancer survivors involved in dragon boating, (2) examine the conceptual and statistical factor groupings of the stressors, (3) identify differences in stressor factors based on treatment characteristics, and (4) examine the associations between stressor factors and two indicators of self-esteem. METHODS: Survivors (n = 470) involved in dragon boating completed a survey assessing stressor frequency, stressor intensity, stressor valence, physical self-worth, and global self-esteem, along with demographic and cancer treatment information. RESULTS: An exploratory factor analyses (EFA) using maximum likelihood extraction with oblique rotation revealed a four-factor solution that included physical, emotional, social, and exercise-related stressors. Exercise-related stressors were reported more frequently and intensely but were appraised positively by most survivors. The physical, emotional, and social stressors were perceived predominantly as negative. Findings also revealed that physical and emotional stressors and exercise-related stressors were correlates of physical self-worth (R(2) = 0.26). Emotional, social, and exercise-related stressors were significant correlates of global self-esteem (R(2) = 0.11). Cancer treatments were also associated with the experience of stressors, with the strongest effects reported for chemotherapy treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results demonstrate that participants experienced many stressors but that exercise-related stressors were viewed as more adaptive and were positive correlates of self-esteem processes.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/psicología , Autoimagen , Deportes/psicología , Estrés Psicológico , Sobrevivientes/psicología , Adulto , Neoplasias de la Mama/rehabilitación , Colombia Británica , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Calidad de Vida , Autocuidado/métodos , Navíos , Deportes/fisiología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The present study tested the proposed five-factor structure and invariance of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) in a sample of physically active breast cancer survivors. METHODS: A sample of breast cancer survivors (N=470, Mage=57.3, SD=7.8 years) completed the PTGI and a demographic questionnaire. The factor structure, factorial invariance, and latent mean invariance were tested using maximum likelihood structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Preliminary analyses showed acceptable reliability for the PTGI subscales (alpha<0.83). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the five related factors corresponding to: relating to others, new possibilities, personal strength, spiritual change, and appreciation of life (chi(2) (179)=822.53, CFI=0.97, NNFI=0.96, SRMR=0.05, RMSEA=0.09). Multigroup CFA supported the invariance of the PTGI across age groups, treatment type, time since diagnosis, and time since last treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide support for (1) the multidimensional nature and factorial validity of the PTGI, and (2) the use of the PTGI in future research examining posttraumatic growth within samples of physically active breast cancer survivors.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Neoplasias de la Mama/psicología , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Sobrevivientes/psicología , Anciano , Neoplasias de la Mama/rehabilitación , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psicometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Quebec , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Resiliencia Psicológica , Autoimagen , Ajuste Social , Espiritualidad , Deportes/psicologíaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to explore individual- and school-level policy characteristics on student smoking behavior using an ecological perspective. Participants were 24,213 (51% female) Grade 10-11 students from 81 schools in five Canadian provinces. Data were collected using student self-report surveys, written policies collected from schools, interviews with school administrators, and school property observations to assess multiple dimensions of the school tobacco policy. The multi-level modeling results revealed that the school a student attended was associated with his/her smoking behavior. Individual-level variables that were associated with student smoking included lower school connectedness, a greater number of family and friends who smoked, higher perceptions of student smoking prevalence, lower perceptions of student smoking frequency, and stronger perceptions of the school tobacco context. School-level variables associated with student smoking included weaker policy intention indicating prohibition and assistance to overcome tobacco addiction, weaker policy implementation involving strategies for enforcement, and a higher number of students smoking on school property. These findings suggest that the school environment is important to tobacco control strategies, and that various policy dimensions have unique relationships to student smoking. School tobacco policies should be part of a comprehensive approach to adolescent tobacco use.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Política Organizacional , Fumar/epidemiología , Fumar/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Canadá/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Percepción , Instituciones Académicas , Medio SocialRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Point of Purchase (PoP) promotional and advertising activities are a sophisticated tobacco marketing strategy. This study describes tobacco PoP activities in school neighbourhoods and compares PoP activities in retail stores between schools with high and low smoking prevalence. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 81 randomly selected schools across five provinces. Students in grades 10-11 completed a questionnaire on smoking. Observations were made in all retail stores located within a one-kilometre radius around the school. ANOVA tests were used to detect differences on PoP variables between high (> 20.6%) and low (< or = 20.6%) smoking prevalence schools, defined as percentage of students reporting at least a few puffs on > 2 days in the last 30 days. RESULTS: Approximately half of retail stores in each school neighbourhood exhibited tobacco PoP activities. Average school smoking prevalence was 20.99%. There were significant main effects on PoP variables between schools with high and low smoking prevalence, Wilk's lambda = 0.81, F (6,74) = 2.89, p < 0.01, eta2 = 0.19. Stores near schools with high smoking prevalence had significantly lower prices per cigarette (F (1,79) = 15.34, p < 0.01, eta2 = 0.16), more in-store promotions (F (1,79) = 6.73, p < 0.01, eta2 = 0.08), and fewer government-sponsored health warnings (F (1,79) = 6.26, p < 0.01, eta2 = 0.07) compared to schools with low smoking prevalence. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of PoP activities in stores located in the school neighbourhood are related to school smoking prevalence. Schools with low smoking prevalence had more stores that posted government health warning signs and higher cigarette prices. Legislation regulating PoP activities and health warnings in school neighbourhoods should be considered.