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Alpacas, important genetic resources in the Andean region of Peru, are vulnerable to diarrhea caused by pathogenic parasites such as Eimeria lamae and Giardia sp., which can be fatal, especially in neonates, due to their physiological immaturity and limited adaptability. The study investigated the diversity and abundance of intestinal fungi and protists in alpacas infected with Eimeria lamae and Giardia sp. compared to healthy alpacas. A total of 19 alpacas, aged between one and two months, were included. They were divided into two groups, one with pathological conditions (nine) and the other healthy (ten). Parasitological analyses for the detection of parasites and subsequent molecular analysis were performed on the collected fecal samples. The results revealed a greater diversity and abundance of protists in infected alpacas in comparison with healthy alpacas, while the fungal composition did not show significant changes. Therefore, parasitic infections affect the protist component of the alpaca gut microbiota. Also, it was observed that Blastocystis was identified in all healthy alpacas, serving as a possible marker of the health of the intestinal microbiota; in addition, Prussia and Pichia are beneficial fungi that help control diseases. This groundbreaking study in neonatal alpacas is the first to explore potential changes in the intestinal microbiota during an infectious state, underscoring the importance of further research to comprehend its effects on alpaca health and immune responses.

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In clinical practice, pharmacists are continually required to improve their knowledge and expertise; however, the postgraduate education system for professional development cannot be confidently stated to be well established. The establishment of a systematic and multifaceted educational curriculum should be useful to improve home care and pharmacists' contribution; therefore, we developed a curriculum in collaboration with the university faculty of pharmaceutical sciences, department of pharmacy in hospital, and the Fukuoka Pharmaceutical Association. Class topics were extracted from the "Kanwa-Iryou-Yakugaku", edited by the Japanese Society for Pharmaceutical Palliative Care and Sciences. The items are necessary to perform palliative care as a pharmacist. A class schedule of 6 days (24 classes in total) was formulated. Questionnaires on comprehension degree before and after each class were provided to the participants. Comprehension was assessed on a scale of 1 to 10, where "I do not understand at all" was 1 and "I understand enough" was 10. The average recovery rates of questionnaires from each class were 92.6 % and 88.9 % before and after class, respectively. The average number of participants who completely answered the questionnaire before and after class was 45.6; therefore, these data were analyzed. Comprehension degree on each topic had significantly increased after attendance of all classes (p < 0.01). The comprehension degree of participants of the medical science of palliative care did greatly improve. Consequently, it is clear that the standard education model constructed was meaningful for the professional development of pharmacists in palliative care medicine.

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Background Thyroid dysfunction (TD) is one of the major public health concerns in Nepal. This study intends to identify factors in association with thyroid dysfunction and its hospital based prevalence. Objective To determine hospital-based prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and to identify and analyze factors in association with thyroid dysfunction. Method A retroprospective cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending Dhulikhel Hospital-Kathmandu University Hospital (DH,KUH) from January to December, 2015 with prospective part carried out from July to December 2015 in the patients visiting Dhulikhel hospital for health check-up and requested for Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs). Thyroid Function Tests of 1530 subjects were performed in the biochemistry laboratory and semi-structured questionnaire were introduced to 312 participants with convenient sampling method and their anthropometric measurements were taken. Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation and student-t test were used as a measure to analyze factors. Result Out of total 1530 subjects, 35.3% were having thyroid dysfunction with the prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism to be 2.5%, 2.4%, 5.6% and 24.8% respectively. The distribution of thyroid dysfunction was preponderant among females and among older age. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was highest among Terai/Madhesi (40.0%) and lowest among Newars (28.5%) with higher fraction of hypothyroidism in each ethnic group. There were significant correlation between Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) with waist-hip ratio (p<0.05) and weight (kg) with free thyroxine (fT4) (p<0.05). Direct pesticide exposure (p<0.05) was significantly associated with hypothyroidism. The serum fT4 was significantly different (p<0.05) among vegetarian and non-vegetarian whereas TSH and free triiodothyronine (fT3) were not significantly different. Smoking, alcoholism, dietary food habits, diabetes and hypertension were not significantly associated with thyroid dysfunction. Conclusion Thyroid dysfunction was highly prevalent among participants with higher proportion of subclinical hypothyroidism. Besides, direct pesticide exposure found to be factor in association with hypothyroidism, this study could not find significance relation with other established risk factors.

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AIMS: Patellofemoral problems are a common complication of total knee arthroplasty. A high compressive force across the patellofemoral joint may affect patient-reported outcome. However, the relationship between patient-reported outcome and the intraoperative patellofemoral contact force has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a high intraoperative patellofemoral compressive force affects patient-reported outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 42 patients (42 knees) with varus-type osteoarthritis who underwent a bi-cruciate stabilized total knee arthroplasty and in whom the planned alignment was confirmed on 3D CT. Of the 42 patients, 36 were women and six were men. Their mean age was 72.3 years (61 to 87) and their mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.4 kg/m 2 (18.2 to 34.3). After implantation of the femoral and tibial components, the compressive force across the patellofemoral joint was measured at 10°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, and 140° of flexion using a load cell (Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) manufactured in the same shape as the patellar implant. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between intraoperative patellofemoral compressive force and patient-reported outcome two years after implantation. RESULTS: No patient had anterior knee pain after total knee arthroplasty. The compressive force across the patellofemoral joint at 140°of flexion was negatively correlated with patient satisfaction (R 2 = 0.458; ß = -0.706; p = 0. 041) and Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS-12; R 2 = .378; ß = -0.636; p = 0. 036). The compressive force across the patellofemoral joint at 60° of flexion was negatively correlated with the patella score (R 2 = 0.417; ß = -0.688; p = 0. 046). CONCLUSION: Patient satisfaction, FJS-12, and patella score were affected by the patellofemoral compressive force at 60° and 140° of flexion. Reduction of the patellofemoral compressive forces at 60° and 140° of flexion angle during total knee arthroplasty may improve patient-reported outcome, but has no effect on anterior knee pain.

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A common challenge for pump-probe studies of structural dynamics at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) is the determination of time zero (T0)-the time an optical pulse (e.g., an optical laser) arrives coincidently with the probe pulse (e.g., a XFEL pulse) at the sample position. In some cases, T0 might be extracted from the structural dynamics of the sample's observed response itself, but generally, an independent robust method is required or would be superior to the inferred determination of T0. In this paper, we present how the structural dynamics in ultrafast melting of bismuth can be exploited for a quickly performed, reliable and accurate determination of T0 with a precision below 20 fs and an overall experimental accuracy of 50 fs to 150 fs (estimated). Our approach is potentially useful and applicable for fixed-target XFEL experiments, such as serial femtosecond crystallography, utilizing an optical pump pulse in the ultraviolet to near infrared spectral range and a pixelated 2D photon detector for recording crystallographic diffraction patterns in transmission geometry. In comparison to many other suitable approaches, our method is fairly independent of the pumping wavelength (UV-IR) as well as of the X-ray energy and offers a favorable signal contrast. The technique is exploitable not only for the determination of temporal characteristics of the experiment at the interaction point but also for investigating important conditions affecting experimental control such as spatial overlap and beam spot sizes.

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The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is a rare benign neoplasm of mandible in adults. The presentation of this entity is varied and often confused with a variety of mucosal and jaw lesions and clinical, radiological, and pathological feature of CEOT often-mimic malignancy. The objective of this report is to highlight the clinical features and radiological findings which should arouse suspicion of a benign lesion and importance of providing adequate clinical information to the pathologist to attain accurate diagnosis.We discussed two cases with tumors located in the maxilla. Both presented as expansile lesions with one biopsy proven squamous cell carcinoma. Both were pursued with clinico-radiological suspicion of benign lesions and confirmed with pathological correlation of histology and immunohistochemistry as CEOT. Therefore a High index of suspicion and clinico-radiological information are the key feature for diagnosis of this rare tumor.

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Hypoxia enhances the reprogramming efficiency of human dermal fibroblasts to become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Because we showed previously that hypoxia facilitates the isolation and maintenance of human dental pulp cells (DPCs), we examined here whether it promotes the reprogramming of DPCs to become iPSCs. Unlike dermal fibroblasts, early and transient hypoxia (3% O2) induced the transition of DPCs to iPSCs by 3.3- to 5.1-fold compared with normoxia (21% O2). The resulting iPSCs closely resembled embryonic stem cells as well as iPSCs generated in normoxia, as judged by morphology and expression of stem cell markers. However, sustained hypoxia strongly inhibited the appearance of iPSC colonies and altered their morphology, and anti-oxidants failed to suppress this effect. Transient hypoxia increased the expression levels of NANOG and CDH1 and modulated the expression of numerous genes, including those encoding chemokines and their receptors. Therefore, we conclude that hypoxia, when optimized for cell type, is a simple and useful tool to enhance the reprogramming of somatic cells to become iPSCs.

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Auger (L3M4,5M4,5) and X-ray photoionization spectra (2p, 3d) of mass-selected CuN-clusters supported by a thin natural silica layer are presented in the size range N = 8-55 atoms per cluster. The Auger spectra of all clusters are shifted to a lower kinetic energy with respect to the spectrum of the bulk. Furthermore the Auger energy decreases systematically with decreasing cluster size. The binding energies of the 2p and 3d valence states are higher than the corresponding bulk values. Using the energy of the Auger main line, the corresponding core hole peak and the centroid of the self-convoluted 3d valence band the on-site Coulomb interaction energy Udd of the two-hole final state as a function of cluster size has been determined.

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Human risks from chronic exposures to both low- and high-LET radiation are of intensive research interest in recent years. In the present study, human epithelial cells were exposed in vitro to gamma-rays at a dose rate of 17 mGy/h or secondary neutrons of 25 mGy/h. The secondary neutrons have a broad energy spectrum that simulates the Earth's atmosphere at high altitude, as well as the environment inside spacecrafts like the Russian MIR station and the International Space Station (ISS). Chromosome aberrations in the exposed cells were analyzed using the multicolor banding in situ hybridization (mBAND) technique with chromosome 3 painted in 23 colored bands that allows identification of both inter- and intrachromosome exchanges including inversions. Comparison of present dose responses between gamma-rays and neutron irradiations for the fraction of cells with damaged chromosome 3 yielded a relative biological effectiveness (RBE) value of 26+/-4 for the secondary neutrons. Our results also revealed that secondary neutrons of low dose rate induced a higher fraction of intrachromosome exchanges than gamma-rays, but the fractions of inversions observed between these two radiation types were indistinguishable. Similar to the previous findings after acute radiation exposures, most of the inversions observed in the present study were accompanied by other aberrations. The fractions of complex type aberrations and of unrejoined chromosomal breakages were also found to be higher in the neutron-exposed cells than after gamma-rays. We further analyzed the location of the breaks involved in chromosome aberrations along chromosome 3, and observed hot spots after gamma-ray, but not neutron, exposures.

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During space travel, astronauts will be exposed to protons and heavy charged particles. Since the proton flux is high compared to HZE particles, on average, it is assumed that a cell will be hit by a proton before it is hit by an HZE ion. Although the effects of individual ion species on human cells have been investigated extensively, little is known about the effects of exposure to mixed beam irradiation. To address this, we exposed human epithelial cells to protons followed by HZE particles and analyzed chromosomal damage using the multicolor banding in situ hybridization (mBAND) procedure. With this technique, individually painted chromosomal bands on one chromosome allowed the identification of intra-chromosomal aberrations (inversions and deletions within a single painted chromosome) as well as inter-chromosomal aberrations (translocation to unpainted chromosomes). Our results indicated that chromosome aberration frequencies from exposures to protons followed by Fe ions did not simply decrease as the interval between the two exposures increased, but peak when the interval was 30 min.

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We report 3 cases of catamenial pneumothorax, with review of the literatures. Case 1: A 38-year-old female had recurrent right-sided pneumothorax in February 2001. Videothoracoscopic visualization showed multiple small fenestrations in central tendon of diaphragm. A partial diaphragmatic resection including the lesions was performed. She received hormone therapy postoperatively. Case 2: A 40-year-old female with past history of ovarian endometriosis had recurrent right-sided pneumothorax in 1993. During the operation, multiple diaphragmatic fenestrations and bullae of right middle and lower lobes were identified. The lesions were resected and postoperative hormone therapy was performed for 6 months. In 1997, right-sided pneumothorax recurred. She underwent surgical procedure due to prolonged air leakage from the right lung. During the operation, a diaphragmatic fenestration and bulla of apex of right upper lobe of the lung were visualized. Diaphragm was reefed and bulla was resected. After that, she had no recurrence of pneumothorax. Case 3: A 39-year-old female had recurrent right-sided pneumothorax in 2003. Under video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, multiple fenestrations of central tendinous diaphragm were identified. Diaphragmatic partial resection was performed. Postoperatively, she received hormone therapy for 6 months. After hormone therapy, she suffered from recurrent pneumothorax, and underwent an operation. During the operation, she had endometriosis of visceral pleura without diaphragmatic fenestration. Once again, she received postoperative hormone therapy. Catamenial pneumothorax is a rare disease, and the definite etiology has not been clarified. A combination of both surgical and hormone therapy is useful for treatment.

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The space environment consists of a varying field of radiation particles including high-energy ions, with spacecraft shielding material providing the major protection to astronauts from harmful exposure. Unlike low-LEpsilonTau gamma or X rays, the presence of shielding does not always reduce the radiation risks for energetic charged-particle exposure. The dose delivered by the charged particle increases sharply as the particle approaches the end of its range, a position known as the Bragg peak. However, the Bragg curve does not necessarily represent the biological damage along the particle path since biological effects are influenced by the track structures of both primary and secondary particles. Therefore, the "biological Bragg curve" is dependent on the energy and the type of the primary particle and may vary for different biological end points. Here we report measurements of the biological response across the Bragg curve in human fibroblasts exposed to energetic silicon and iron ions in vitro at two different energies, 300 MeV/nucleon and 1 GeV/nucleon. A quantitative biological response curve generated for micronuclei per binucleated cell across the Bragg curve did not reveal an increased yield of micronuclei at the location of the Bragg peak. However, the ratio of mono- to binucleated cells, which indicates inhibition of cell progression, increased at the Bragg peak location. These results confirm the hypothesis that severely damaged cells at the Bragg peak are more likely to go through reproductive death and not be evaluated for micronuclei.

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A theoretical method for calculating magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of molecules is presented. We examined the numerical accuracy and the stability of the finite perturbation (FP) method and the sum-over-state (SOS) perturbation method. The relativistic effects are shown to be important for the MCD spectra of molecules containing heavy elements. Calculations using the FP and the SOS methods were carried out for ethylene, para- and ortho-benzoquinone, showing that the FP method is superior to the SOS method, as expected. The relativistic effect was examined using the second-order Douglas-Kroll Hamiltonians for the halogen molecules F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2. The Faraday terms of I2 and Br2 were strongly affected by the relativistic effects, while the effect was negligible for Cl2 and F2.

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Ileosigmoid knot (ISK) is an unusual clinical entity of small bowel obstruction in which the ileum wraps around the base of the sigmoid colon and forms a pseudo-knot. We present the case of a 75-year-old male in whom ISK was the definitive computed tomographic finding. ISK should be considered in differential diagnosis of patients who present with ileus.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and type of X ray examinations performed on neonates classified according to their birth weight in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In this study, the radiology records of 2408 neonates who were admitted to the NICU of Oita Prefectural Hospital between January 1994 and September 1999 were investigated. This study revealed that the neonates with earlier gestational ages and lower birth weights required longer NICU stays and more frequent X ray examinations made using a mobile X ray unit. The average number of X ray examinations performed on neonates of less than 750 g birth weight was 26 films per neonate. In regard to computed tomography and fluoroscopy, no significant relationship was found between the birth weight and number of X rays. This study revealed that the entrance-surface dose per neonate was dependent upon the birth weight, while the maximum dose was not dependent upon the birth weight. The average neonatal dose in the NICU was predominantly from computed tomography and fluoroscopy. The individual dose varied widely among neonates.

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As the survival rate of newborns has increased, the number of X ray computed tomography (CT) examinations performed on neonates has been increasing. The exposure doses from CT examinations are known to be higher than those from conventional radiography. Although radiation sensitivity of neonates is higher than that of adults, there are few reports on dose estimates of neonates in CT examinations. Four cylindrical phantoms and one neonatal phantom have been developed to estimate doses to neonates during CT examinations. Using these phantoms and glass dosemeters, absorbed doses were measured. Estimated exposure doses to neonates were higher than those to adults, and our results suggest a need to optimise carefully CT examinations in newborns.

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Changes in UV defense mechanisms were studied during the growth periods of spinach seedlings grown under the white light, which did not contain UV-B light. DNA photolyase activity in the photorepair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in spinach seedlings was high in the early growth phase (cell division phase) and declined thereafter, whereas UV-absorbing substances accumulated throughout the growth period acted as a major UV-defense mechanism in the cell expansion phase.

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A pilot trial was conducted to assess the tolerability and efficacy of a regimen with weekly docetaxel (TXT) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. The chemotherapy regimen consisted of a 30-minute weekly intravenous infusion of docetaxel (22-33 mg/m2/wk). Each 8-week cycle included 6 weekly treatments, followed by two weeks of rest. Thirteen patients were treated. All patients were evaluable for response: 0 CR (0%), 7 PR (53.8%), 3 NC (23.1%), 3 PD (23.1%). These results are almost the same as those with the administration of TXT (60 mg/m2) q3 wks. Toxicities observed were mild (< or = grade 2) and reversible, and included fatigue, nausea, neutropenia, and alopecia. This preliminary experience suggests a high level of clinical activity and excellent tolerability of the chemotherapy regimen at the given dose and schedule in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

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BACKGROUND: Substantial evidence indicates that alcoholism is biologically mediated by a genetic predisposition. As the decreased P300 (P3b) event-related brain potential component does not recover with prolonged abstinence, it is unlikely to be related to drinking history but is more likely to be genetically influenced. This is supported by findings that P3b amplitudes are reduced in subjects at high-risk compared to low-risk for alcoholism. Although there are few studies of P3a in HR subjects, lower P3a amplitudes have been reported with a novel nontarget stimulus paradigm, as well as with a difficult three-stimulus visual paradigm. Using a similar three-tone auditory paradigm in which the discriminability between the target and standard tone is difficult, the P3a component can also be reliably elicited with a rare nontarget perceptually distinct stimulus. This technique was employed in young adult subjects at low-risk and high-risk for alcoholism. METHODS: A total of 17 low-risk and 24 high-risk male subjects were employed as subjects in an auditory paradigm that yielded a large amplitude P3a with a centro-frontal maximum to the nontarget and a robust low amplitude prolonged P3b with a parietal maximum amplitude to the target stimulus. Current source density maps were derived to assess topographic differences between low-risk and high-risk subjects. RESULTS: The high-risk group manifested significantly lower P3a amplitudes than the low-risk group at the frontal electrodes to rare nontarget stimuli. High-risk subjects also demonstrated a more disorganized current source density map for P3a compared to low-risk subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of P3a in the high-risk group may be due to cortical dysfunction including the frontal and prefrontal cortex. The lower P3a amplitude coupled with more disorganized current source density maps suggest inefficient brain functioning in high-risk subjects.

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