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OBJECTIVES: This study compares the clinical characteristics of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) within three clinic-based populations from Cuba, Uruguay and Ireland and determines the impact of known ALS-associated genetic variants on phenotypic manifestations within the Cuban population. METHODS: Demographic and clinical information was collected on 115 Cuban, 220 Uruguayan and 1038 Irish patients with ALS attending national specialist clinics through 1996-2017. All Cuban patients and 676 Irish patients underwent next-generation DNA sequencing and were screened for the pathogenic C9orf72 repeat expansion. RESULTS: The mean age of onset was younger in the Cuban (53.0 years, 95% CI 50.4 to 55.6) and Uruguayan (58.2 years, 95% CI 56.5 to 60.0) populations compared with the Irish population (61.6 years, 95% CI 60.9 to 62.4). No differences in survival between populations were observed. 1.7 % (95% CI 0.6 to 4.1) of Cubans with ALS carried the C9orf72 repeat expansion compared with 9.9% (95% CI 7.8 to 12.0) of Irish patients with ALS (p=0.004). Other known variants identified in the Cuban population included ANG (one patient), CHCHD10 (one patient) and DCTN1 (three patients). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study is the first to describe the clinical characteristics of ALS in Cuban and Uruguayan populations and report differences between the Cuban and Irish genetic signature in terms of known ALS-associated genetic variants. These novel clinical and genetic data add to our understanding of ALS across different and understudied populations.
Asunto(s)
Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/genética , Edad de Inicio , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/mortalidad , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/patología , Cuba , Femenino , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Irlanda , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis de Supervivencia , Uruguay , Secuenciación Completa del GenomaRESUMEN
Objetivos: Evaluar la evidencia publicada sobre la efectividad de la Timectomía en pacientes con miastenia gravis no timomatosa. Metodología: Revisión sistemática de la literatura de trabajos publicados entre 01/2003 y 01/2015. Palabras clave: “Miastenia Gravis” “Timectomía” y “Timoma”. Buscadores utilizados: Lilacs y Pubmed. Tipos de estudios incluidos: Ensayos clínicos (EC) randomizados, EC no randomizados, Cohortes (prospectivas y retrospectivas) que compararan diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas entre sí o con tratamiento médico en sujetos mayores de 18 años con diagnostico de Miastenia Gravis Autoinmune no timomatosa. Se excluyeron reportes de casos. El tipo de intervención evaluada fue la timectomía en todas sus modalidades. Outcome evaluado: mejoría del estatus clínico miasténico posterior a la timectomía. Resultados: La búsqueda por palabras clave seleccionó 391 artículos, de los cuales se excluyeron 325 de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se seleccionaron para análisis 66 articulos: 5 estudios prospectivos (un ensayo clínico no controlado y 4 cohortes prospectivas) y 61 retrospectivos (4 serie de casos, 27 estudios de cohorte única, 24 estudios de cohortes, 6 cohorte con grupo control). 63/66 estudios cuantifican severidad de MG por escala clínica de la Fundación Americana de Miastenia Gravis (MGFA). En 50% de los estudios la timectomía se realiza a mas de 24 meses del diagnóstico de MG. Solo 15/66 estudios realizan una pauta prefijada de tratamiento medico preoperatorio. Se detecto tejido tímico ectópico en 18/66 estudios. El estatus clínico post timectomía a largo plazo fue evaluado usando los criterios de MGFA Post Intervention Status (1) en 56% (37/66) de los estudios, MGFA Clinical Classification (1) 6% (4/66), criterios de Keynes (69) en 3% de los estudios (2/66), clasificación de De Fillipi (69) 6% (4/66) de los estudios y criterios establecidos por lo propios autores 21,2% (14/66). Conclusión: La indicación y la oportunidad de la timectomía en la Miastenia Gravis no timomatosa es aún motivo de polémica y no hay suficiente evidencia al día de hoy para laudar el tema, independientemente de la práctica asistencial habitual de algunos centros de referencia. Sin embargo, la tendencia que surge de los múltiples estudios disponibles muestra: un beneficio (mejoría/remisión) de la timectomía versus no timectomía, buenos resultados con las nuevas técnicas mínimamente invasivas, favorable de la timectomía temprana en pacientes con anticuerpos antirreceptores de acetilcolina positivos (AChRA +) y el rol crecientemente importante de la resección de tejido tímico ectópico.
Background: Thymectomy is a frequently used treatment for myasthenia gravis (MG) and is virtually always indicated in MG patients who have a thymoma. However, the evidence for thymectomy in non-thymomatous MG remains less certain. Objectives: Evaluate the published evidence on the effectiveness of thymectomy in patients with non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis. Methods: Systematic review of the literature published between 01/2003-01/2015. Keywords: “Myasthenia Gravis” “Thymectomy” and “Thymoma”. Search Tools used: Lilacs and Pubmed. Search method: 2 authors read all retrieved abstracts and reviewed the full texts of potentially relevant articles. Selection criteria: randomized clinical trials, non-randomized clincal trials, Cohort (prospective and retrospective) of different surgical modalitis of thymectomy against no treatment or any medical treatment, and thymectomy plus medical treatment against medical treatment alone, in people with non-thymomatous MG older than 18 years old. Case reports were excluded. Outcome assessed: improvement of myasthenic clinical status after thymectomy. Results: The primary search keywords provided 391 articles, of which 325 were excluded according to de proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria. We selected 66 articles: 5 prospective articles (1 non-randomized non-controlled clinical trial, 4 prospective cohort) and 61 retrospective (4 case series study, 27 single cohort study, 24 cohort study, 6 cohort study with a control group). 63/66 studies measure severity of MG using MGFA (Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America) clinical classification. In 50% of the studies thymectomy was performed after at least 24 months since diagnose of MG. Only 15/66 studies had a predetermined pattern of pre-thymectomy medical treatement. Ectopic thymic tissue was detected in 18/66 studies. The long term clinical status post thymectomy was assessed using the MGFA Post Intervention Status (1) in 56% (37/66) of the studies, MGFA Clinical Classification (1) 6% (4/66), Keynes criteria (69) in 3% of studies (2/66), classification of De Filippi (69) 6% (4/66), and according to self proposed criteria in 21.2% (14/66) of studies. Conclusion: The indication and timing of thymectomy in non thymomatous myasthenia gravis is still under debate and there is insufficient evidence to date to provide evidence based clinical practice parameters, regardless of clinical practice on experienced centers. However, the trend that emerges from available studies shows: benefit on clinical outcome (improvement/remission) regarding thymectomy in non thymomatous myasthenia gravis, promising good results with the new minimally invasive techniques and draws attention to the favorable impact of early thymectomy in AChRA + patientes as well as the increasingly important role of ectopic thymic tissues.
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La enfermedad de Pompe (EP), también conocida como déficit de maltasa ácida y glucogenosis tipo II, es una enfermedad por depósito de glucógeno consecuencia del déficit de la enzima alfa glicosidasa ácida lisosomal (GAA), no obstante, alteraciones en los mecanismos de autofagia también determinan la patogenia de la enfermedad. Sus manifestaciones son principalmente a nivel del músculo esquelético y cardíaco aunque también hay compromiso extramuscular. La misma es de evolución progresiva y con un patrón de herencia autosómico recesivo. Existen dos formas clínicas principales que son la EP infantil, con o sin miocardiopatía y la forma de inicio tardío. El diagnóstico se realiza demostrando la actividad descendida de la GAA con la técnica de la gota de sangre seca, complementando con un segundo análisis de la actividad enzimática o análisis genético. El tratamiento disponible actualmente es la terapia de remplazo enzimático con GAA recombinante humana (rhGAA). Se describe el primer caso de Enfermedad de Pompe en el adulto en Uruguay confirmado genéticamente.
Pompe disease in Uruguay. The first case in an adult genetically confirmed. Pompe disease, also known as type II glycogenosis, is a progressive autosomal recesive glycogen storage disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal acid-a-glucosidase (GAA), primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and by defects in autophagy, with an age of onset ranging from infancy through adulthood. In adult onset the tipical presentation is with a limb girdle dystrophy pattern (that engaged especially the hip girdle) or dyspnea secondary to diaphragm weakness. A simple blood-based assay to measure the level of α-glucosidase activity, like dried blood spot test, is the optimal initial test and is needed a second test to confirm the disease (alpha glucosidasa activity in cultured fibroblast or muscle tissue or by genetic testing). An early diagnosis of Pompe disease will improve patient outcomes as care standards including enzyme replacement therapy can be applied and complications can be anticipated. The introduction of enzyme replacement therapy for GAA deficiency using recombinant human GAA (rhGAA) changed the course of the disease with an improvement especially in infantile forms but also in late onset Pompe disease. We describe our first case of adult onset Pompe disease in Uruguay.