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Low temperature (LT) in spring usually occurs at the booting of winter wheat, resulting in reduction of wheat yield. In this study, we used the LT-sensitive wheat cultivar 'Wanmai 52' and the LT-insensitive wheat cultivar 'Yannong 19' as experimental materials to conduct LT treatment (-2 ℃ and 0 ℃) at booting stage. After the LT treatment, we sprayed 6-benzylaminoadenine (6-BA) solutions with concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 mg·L-1 respectively, with equal mass distilled water as control to investigate the effects of spraying 6-BA on the physiological characteristics, yield and quality of wheat flag leaves after LT stress at booting stage. The results showed that compared with the control, young ear of wheat treated with exogenous spraying 6-BA was fuller, the floret morphology was improved, and the number of vascular bundles under the spike was increased. 6-BA application promoted the accumulation of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline in flag leaves. The activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were increased, and the content of malondialdehyde was decreased. Exogenous 6-BA application decreased the number of degenerated spikes of wheat, increased the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight, as well as the contents of grain protein, wet gluten, and sedimentation value. In summary, exogenous 6-BA application could effectively alleviate the effects of LT stress on flag leaf and yield of wheat. Under the conditions of this experiment, the mitigation effect of spraying 6-BA solution on Yannong 19 was higher than that of Wanmai 52, and the mitigation effect of spraying 20 mg·L-1 6-BA solution on low temperature stress was the best.

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Although Platinum (Pt)-based alloys have garnered significant interest within the realm of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), there still exists a notable dearth in the exploration of the catalytic behavior of the liquid fuels on well-defined active sites and unavoidable Pt poisoning because of the adsorbed CO species (COads). Here, we propose an electronegativity-induced electronic redistribution strategy to optimize the adsorption of crucial intermediates for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) by introducing the Co element to form the PtCo alloys. The optimal PtCo hollow nanospheres (HNSs) exhibit excellent high-quality activity of 3.27 A mgPt-1, which is 11.6 times and 13.1 times higher than that of Pt/C and pure Pt, respectively. The in-situ Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy validates that electron redistribution could weak CO adsorption, and subsequently decrease the CO poisoning adjacent the Pt active sites. Theoretical simulations result show that the introduction of Co optimize surface electronic structure and reduce the d-band center of Pt, thus optimized the adsorption behavior of COads. This study not only employs a straightforward method for the preparation of Pt-based alloys but also delineates a pathway toward designing advanced active sites for MOR via electronegativity-induced electronic redistribution.

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The positive electrodes of non-aqueous aluminum ion batteries (AIBs) frequently encounter significant issues, for instance, low capacity in graphite (mechanism: anion de/intercalation and large electrode deformation induced) and poor stability in inorganic positive electrodes (mechanism: multi-electron redox reaction and dissolution of active materials induced). Here, metallo-porphyrin compounds (employed Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ as the ion centers) are introduced to effectively enhance both the cycling stability and reversible capacity due to the formation of stable conjugated metal-organic coordination and presence of axially coordinated active sites, respectively. With the regulation of electronic energy levels, the d-orbitals in the redox reactions and electron transfer pathways can be rearranged. The 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine nickle(II) (NiTPP) presents the highest specific capacity (177.1 mAh g-1), with an increment of 32.1% and 77.1% in comparison with the capacities of H2TPP and graphite, respectively, which offers a new route for developing high-capacity positive electrodes for stable AIBs.

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Native mucus is heterogeneous, displays high inter-individual variation and is prone to changes during harvesting and storage. To overcome the lack of reproducibility and availability of native mucus, commercially available purified mucins, porcine gastric mucin (PGM) and mucin from bovine submaxillary gland (BSM), have been widely used. However, the question is to which extent the choice of mucin matters in studies of their interaction with polymers as their composition, structure and hence physicochemical properties differ. Accordingly, the interactions between PGM or BSM with two widely used polymers in drug delivery, polyethylene oxide and chitosan, was studied with orthogonal methods: turbidity, dynamic light scattering, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Polymer binding and adsorption to the two commercially available and purified mucins, PGM and BSM, is different depending on the mucin type. PEO, known to interact weakly with mucin, only displayed limited interaction with both mucins as confirmed by all employed methods. In contrast, chitosan was able to bind to both PGM and BSM. Interestingly, the results suggest that chitosan interacts with BSM to a greater extent than with PGM indicating that the choice of mucin, PGM or BSM, can affect the outcome of studies of mucin interactions with polymers.

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A one-pot, dehydrogenation-based Ir/Co/Cu triple catalysis has been developed for formal asymmetric borylation of homobenzylic C(sp3)-H bonds, furnishing enantioenriched organoboronates with a ß-stereocenter directly from simple arylalkanes. Mechanistic studies indicate that the Ir catalyst is responsible for dehydrogenation of arylalkanes to 1-arylalkenes, followed by Cu-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective protoboration of (E)-arylalkenes; the introduction of Co-catalyzed stereoisomerization of the (Z)-alkenes to (E)-isomers was found to have a beneficial effect on the productivity and enantioselectivity.

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Sluggish interfacial water dissociation and the O2 evolution reaction (OER) kinetics are the main obstacles that limit the photocatalytic overall water-splitting performance. A molten salt modulation of potassium-nitrogen-carbon is herein demonstrated as the formation of highly crystalline potassium-doped poly(triazine imide) (KPTI). The in situ X-ray diffraction patterns and theoretical calculation show that the KCl melt can significantly reduce the free energy for the polycondensation of triazine building blocks owing to the formation of a kinetically stable KPTI. Benefiting from the presence of potassium-carbon-nitrogen moiety, the catalyst not only weakens the excitonic confinement to improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers but also enhances the stability of carbon sites by suppressing the undesired C═O formation. Moreover, KPTI accelerates water dissociation by forming interfacial K·H2O clusters with an ordered structure, which supplies sufficient protons for the H2 evolution reaction and lowers the energy barrier to enhance the kinetics of OER. Therefore, a stable photocatalytic overall water-splitting performance can be achieved over KPTI with a stoichiometric generation of products (H2 and O2). Life cycle assessment shows that a carbon-neutral scenario can be achieved on KPTI production in the near term with an increase in green power in the electricity grid.

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This study presents a self-bonding conductive electrode triggered by water-induced structure reconfiguration. Water wetting causes the swelling and mobility of cotton-derived cellulose nanofibers in the conductive electrode, and the formation of hydrogen bonds, which enables the conductive electrode to heal damage, bond separated pieces, and directly bond on diverse substrates.

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Dihydrogen complexes, which retain the H-H bond, have been extensively studied in molecular science and found to be prevalent in homogeneous and enzymatic catalysis. However, their counterparts in heterogeneous catalysis, specifically nondissociative chemisorbed dihydrogen binding on the catalyst surface, are rarely reported experimentally. This scarcity is due to the complexity of typical material surfaces and the lack of effective characterization techniques to prove and distinguish various dihydrogen binding modes. Herein, using high-pressure operando solid-state NMR technology, we report the first unambiguous experimental observation of activated dihydrogen binding on a reduced ceria catalyst through interactions with surface oxygen vacancies. By employing versatile NMR structural and dynamical analysis methods, we establish a proportional relationship between the degree of ceria surface reduction and dihydrogen binding, as evidenced by NMR observations of H-D through-bond coupling (JHD), T1 relaxation, and proton isotropic chemical shifts. In situ NMR analysis further reveals the participation of bound dihydrogen species in a room-temperature ethylene hydrogenation reaction. The remarkable similarities between surface-activated dihydrogen in heterogeneous catalysis and dihydrogen model molecular complexes can provide valuable insights into the hydrogenation mechanism for many other solid catalysts, potentially enhancing hydrogen utilization.

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Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune-mediated primary inflammatory myelinopathy of the central nervous system that primarily affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. The aquaporin 4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) is a specific autoantibody marker for NMOSD. Most patients with NMOSD are seropositive for AQP4-Ab, thus aiding physicians in identifying ways to treat NMOSD. AQP4-Ab has been tested in many clinical and laboratory studies, demonstrating effectiveness in diagnosing NMOSD. Recently, novel assays have been developed for the rapid and accurate detection of AQP4-Ab, providing further guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of NMOSD. This article summarizes the importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis for treating NMOSD based on a review of the latest relevant literature. We discussed current challenges and methods for improvement to offer new ideas for exploring rapid and accurate AQP4-Ab detection methods, aiming for early diagnosis of NMOSD.

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Introduction: With depression's growing global prevalence and substantial impact, effective prevention and management strategies are imperative. Our study aims to perform a thorough bibliometric analysis of existing research on the impact of exercise on depression. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of Web of Science Core Collection publications from 2000 to 2020 was performed, highlighting trends, themes, and influential authors. The study focused on subject categories, source journals, countries/regions, institutions, and prolific authors. Co-citation and keyword analyses revealed key themes, hotspots and the thematic evolution. Results: The multidisciplinary nature of this research is evident across psychiatry, psychology, neuroscience, and sports science. Specific populations such as women, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses were targeted. Mind-body exercises like yoga and tai chi gained prominence. Co-citation clusters showcased the evolution from early investigations on exercise's impact to recent dose-response and protocol studies. Conclusions: This bibliometric analysis provides insights into the dynamic field of exercise interventions for depression. It underscores the importance of individual differences, calls for guidelines considering comorbidities, and points towards future directions such as exploring mind-body exercise mechanisms and well-designed clinical trials. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape and informs future endeavors aimed at refining depression treatment through exercise interventions.

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An unprecedented O-fused ring 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methyl-2,2,3-triphenylbenzofuran-6(2H)-one (3) was first time synthesized. Further, a series of novel dialkyl/fluoroalkyl derivatives of compound 3, 5,7-dialkoxy/fluoroalkoxy-4-methyl-2,2,3-triphenylbenzofuran-6(2H)-one, were obtained with noninvasive fluorescence switching characteristics and aggregation-induced emission properties. Compared with fluoroalkyl derivatives, the alkyl analogs exhibited a significant bathochromic shift in solid-state fluorescence emission. Notably, these noninvasive fluorescent molecular switches could be facilely tuned through light and heat stimulation, which successfully achieved high contrast and reversible fluorescent emission between orange and yellow endowing them with potential applications in data encryption materials. In addition, the single crystal data of compounds 3 and 7-CF3 displayed weak intermolecular interactions in different directions, resulting in twisted conformation and antiparallel slip stacking. Interestingly, the polymer dimethyl silicone film doped with 7-C3F7 also showed an evident light-responsive behavior, meeting the criterion for fluorescent materials in the optical field.

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In this study, the morphology and ultrastructure of the compound eye of Asi. xanthospilota were examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micro-computed tomography (µCT), and 3D reconstruction. Spectral sensitivity was investigated by electroretinogram (ERG) tests and phototropism experiments. The compound eye of Asi. xanthospilota is of the apposition type, consisting of 611.00 ± 17.53 ommatidia in males and 634.8 0 ± 24.73 ommatidia in females. Each ommatidium is composed of a subplano-convex cornea, an acone consisting of four cone cells, eight retinular cells along with the rhabdom, two primary pigment cells, and about 23 secondary pigment cells. The open type of rhabdom in Asi. xanthospilota consists of six peripheral rhabdomeres contributed by the six peripheral retinular cells (R1~R6) and two distally attached rhabdomeric segments generated solely by R7, while R8 do not contribute to the rhabdom. The orientation of microvilli indicates that Asi. xanthospilota is unlikely to be a polarization-sensitive species. ERG testing showed that both males and females reacted to stimuli from red, yellow, green, blue, and ultraviolet light. Both males and females exhibited strong responses to blue and green light but weak responses to red light. The phototropism experiments showed that both males and females exhibited positive phototaxis to all five lights, with blue light significantly stronger than the others.

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Moving computation units closer to sensors is becoming a promising approach to addressing bottlenecks in computing speed, power consumption, and data storage. Pre-sensor computing with optical neural networks (ONNs) allows extensive processing. However, the lack of nonlinear activation and dependence on laser input limits the computational capacity, practicality, and scalability. A compact and passive multilayer ONN (MONN) is proposed, which has two convolution layers and an inserted nonlinear layer, performing pre-sensor computations with designed passive masks and a quantum dot film for incoherent light. MONN has an optical length as short as 5 millimeters, two orders of magnitude smaller than state-of-the-art lens-based ONNs. MONN outperforms linear single-layer ONN across various vision tasks, off-loading up to 95% of computationally expensive operations into optics from electronics. Motivated by MONN, a paradigm is emerging for mobile vision, fulfilling the demands for practicality, miniaturization, and low power consumption.

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Stacking of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures and chemical element doping have emerged as crucial methods for enhancing the performance of semiconductors. This study proposes a novel strategy for modifying heterostructures by codoping MoS2 with two elements, Re and W, resulting in the construction of a RexWyMo1-x-yS2/WSe2 heterostructure for the preparation of photodetectors. This approach incorporates multiple strategies to enhance the performance, including hybrid stacking of materials, type-II band alignment, and regulation of element doping. As a result, the RexWyMo1-x-yS2/WSe2 devices demonstrate exceptional performance, including high photoresponsivity (1550.22 A/W), high detectivity (8.17 × 1013 Jones), and fast response speed (rise/fall time, 190 ms/1.42 s). Moreover, the ability to tune the band gap through element doping enables spectral response in the ultraviolet (UV), visible light, and near-infrared (NIR) regions. This heterostructure fabrication scheme highlights the high sensitivity and potential applications of vdW heterostructure (vdWH) in optoelectronic devices.

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26% of the world's population lacks access to clean drinking water; clean water and sanitation are major global challenges highlighted by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicating water security in public water systems is at stake today. Water monitoring using precise instruments by skilled operators is one of the most promising solutions. Despite decades of research, the professionalism-convenience trade-off when monitoring ubiquitous metal ions remains the major challenge for public water safety. Thus, to overcome these disadvantages, an easy-to-use and highly sensitive visual method is desirable. Herein, an innovative strategy for one-to-nine metal detection is proposed, in which a novel thiourea spectroscopic probe with high 9-metal affinity is synthesized, acting as "one", and is detected based on the 9 metal-thiourea complexes within portable spectrometers in the public water field; this is accomplished by nonspecialized personnel as is also required. During the processing of multimetal analysis, issues arise due to signal overlap and reproducibility problems, leading to constrained sensitivity. In this innovative endeavor, machine learning (ML) algorithms were employed to extract key features from the composite spectral signature, addressing multipeak overlap, and completing the detection within 30-300 s, thus achieving a detection limit of 0.01 mg/L and meeting established conventional water quality standards. This method provides a convenient approach for public drinking water safety testing.

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Callosobruchus maculatus is one of the most competitive stored grain pests, which causes a great loss to agricultural economy. However, due to an inadequacy of high-quality reference genome, the molecular mechanisms for olfactory and hypoxic adaptations to stored environments are unknown and require to be revealed urgently, which will contribute to the detection and prevention of the invasive pests C. maculatus. Here, we presented a high-quality chromosome-level genome of C. maculatus based on Illumina, Nanopore and Hi-C sequencing data. The total size was 1.2 Gb, and 65.17% (797.47 Mb) of it was identified to be repeat sequences. Among assembled chromosomes, chromosome 10 was considered the X chromosome according to the evidence of reads coverage and homologous genes among species. The current version of high-quality genome provides preferable data resources for the adaptive evolution research of C. maculatus.

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Since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 have been dominating the outbreaks across Europe, causing massive deaths among poultry and wild birds. However, the factors shaping these broad-scale outbreak patterns, especially those related to waterbird community composition, remain unclear. In particular, we do not know whether these risk factors differ from those of other H5 clades. Addressing this knowledge gap is important for predicting and preventing future HPAI outbreaks. Using extensive waterbird survey datasets from about 6883 sites, we here explored the effect of waterbird community composition on HPAI H5Nx (clade 2.3.4.4) spatial patterns in the 2016/2017 and 2020/2021 epidemics in Europe, and compared it with the 2005/2006 HPAI H5N1 (clade 2.2) epidemic. We showed that HPAI H5 occurrences in wild birds in the three epidemics were strongly associated with very similar waterbird community attributes, which suggested that, in nature, similar interspecific transmission processes operate between the HPAI H5 subtypes or clades. Importantly, community phylogenetic diversity consistently showed a negative association with H5 occurrence in all three epidemics, suggesting a dilution effect of phylogenetic diversity. In contrast, waterbird community variables showed much weaker associations with HPAI H5Nx occurrence in poultry. Our results demonstrate that models based on previous epidemics can predict future HPAI H5 patterns in wild birds, implying that it is important to include waterbird community factors in future HPAI studies to predict outbreaks and improve surveillance activities.

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Nonaqueous organic aluminum batteries are considered as promising high-safety energy storage devices due to stable ionic liquid electrolytes and Al metals. However, the stability and capacity of organic positive electrodes are limited by their inherent high solubility and low active organic molecules. To address such issues, here porphyrin compounds with rigid molecular structures present stable and reversible capability in electrochemically storing AlCl2 +. Comparison between the porphyrin molecules with electron-donating groups (TPP-EDG) and with electron-withdrawing groups (TPP-EWG) suggests that EDG is responsible for increasing both highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, resulting in decreased redox potentials. On the other hand, EWG is associated with decreasing both HOMO and LUMO energy levels, leading to promoted redox potentials. EDG and EWG play critical roles in regulating electron density of porphyrin π bond and electrochemical energy storage kinetics behavior. The competitive mechanism between electrochemical redox reaction and de/adsorption processes suggests that TPP-OCH3 delivers the highest specific capacity ~171.8 mAh g-1, approaching a record in the organic Al batteries.

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Transformation of lignin to syngas can turn waste into treasure yet remains a tremendous challenge because of its naturally evolved stubborn structure. In this work, light-driven reforming of natural lignin in water for green syngas production is explored using Pt-decorated InGaN nanowires. The spectroscopic characterizations, isotope, and model compound experiments, as well as density function theory calculation, disclose that among a variety of groups including aromatic ring, -OH, -OCH3, -C3H7 with complex chemical bonds of O-H, C-H, C-C, C-O, etc., InGaN nanowires are cooperative with Pt for preferably breaking the C-O bond of the rich O-CH3 group in lignin to liberating ⋅CH3 by photogenerated holes with a minimum dissociation energy of 2.33 eV. Syngas are subsequently yielded from the continuous evolution of ⋅CH3 and ⋅OH from photocatalytic reforming of lignin in water. Together with the superior optoelectronic attributes of Pt-decorated InGaN nanowires, the evolution rate of syngas approaches 43.4 mol ⋅ g-1 ⋅ h-1 with tunable H2/CO ratios and a remarkable turnover number (TON) of 150, 543 mol syngas per mol Pt. Notably, the architecture demonstrates a high light efficiency of 12.1 % for syngas generation under focused light without any extra thermal input. Outdoor test ascertains the viability of producing syngas with the only inputs of natural lignin, water, and sunlight, thus presenting a low-carbon route for synthesizing transportation fuels and value-added chemicals.