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INTRODUCTION: This study analyzed oncologic patient management from initial tumor diagnosis to tumor follow-up in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) in Germany. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A dynamic online questionnaire with a total of 44 questions was used to generate general and specific data regarding oncologic patient management with head and neck malignancies, supportive care, and (pre-) rehabilitation from initial tumor diagnosis to tumor follow-up and head and neck cancer center (HNCC) structures in OMFS in Germany. The questionnaire was sent to 81 OMFS departments affiliated with the German-Austrian-Swiss Working Group for Tumors of the Jaw and Facial Region (DÖSAK) and the German Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (DGMKG). Data analysis was conducted descriptively. RESULTS: Forty-eight OMFS departments participated (response rate 59.26%), of which 36/48 (75%) were certified HNCC. 28/34 (82.4%) reported subjective improvements in oncologic care, most often interdisciplinary collaboration (21/33, 63.64%) and clinic structure changes (21/34, 61.76%). Nearly all OMFS departments present patients in multidisciplinary tumor boards (45/46, 97.83%) and aim for osseous reconstruction post-tumor resection (43/44, 97.73%). Significant discrepancies regarding the frequency of masticatory-functional dental rehabilitation following osseous reconstruction were observed. Before oncologic therapy, patients are offered various supportive services, mostly psychotherapy and psycho-oncological support (24/26, 92.31%). Post-therapy, speech therapy (43/43, 100%), physiotherapy (40/43, 93.02%), lymphatic drainage, and follow-up rehabilitation (39/43, 90.7%, respectively) are most often offered. 17/43 (39.53%) have oncological nursing staff. 36/40 (90%) manage patients and side effects during adjuvant therapy, while 5/41 (12.2%) provide proprietary palliative care. 36/41 (87.8%) offer counseling to patients and families. CONCLUSION: Oncologic patient care in OMFS is highly standardized and potentially attributable to many certified HNCCs in Germany. Certain treatment aspects are handled differently, possibly due to institution-specific reasons. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The high homogeneity in treatment protocols reflects the widespread high and comparable treatment quality of head and neck malignancies in OMFS in Germany.

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OBJECTIVES: Inadequate resection margins of less than 5 mm impair local tumor control. This weak point in oncological safety is exacerbated in bone-infiltrating tumors because rapid bone analysis procedures do not exist. This study aims to assess the bony resection margin status of bone-invasive oral cancer using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: LIBS experiments were performed on natively lasered, tumor-infiltrated mandibular cross-sections from 10 patients. In total, 5,336 spectra were recorded at defined distances from the tumor border. Resection margins < 1 mm were defined as very close, from 1-5 mm as close, and > 5 mm as clear. The spectra were histologically validated. Based on the LIBS spectra, the discriminatory power of potassium (K) and soluble calcium (Ca) between bone-infiltrating tumor tissue and very close, close, and clear resection margins was determined. RESULTS: LIBS-derived electrolyte emission values of K and soluble Ca as well as histological parameters for bone neogenesis/fibrosis and lymphocyte/macrophage infiltrates differ significantly between bone-infiltrating tumor tissue spectra and healthy bone spectra from very close, close, and clear resection margins (p < 0.0001). Using LIBS, the transition from very close resection margins to bone-infiltrating tumor tissue can be determined with a sensitivity of 95.0%, and the transition from clear to close resection margins can be determined with a sensitivity of 85.3%. CONCLUSIONS: LIBS can reliably determine the boundary of bone-infiltrating tumors and might provide an orientation for determining a clear resection margin. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: LIBS could facilitate intraoperative decision-making and avoid inadequate resection margins in bone-invasive oral cancer.

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BACKGROUND: Tumorous diseases of the jaw demand effective treatments, often involving continuity resection of the jaw. Reconstruction via microvascular bone flaps, like deep circumflex iliac artery flaps (DCIA), is standard. Computer aided planning (CAD) enhances accuracy in reconstruction using patient-specific CT images to create three-dimensional (3D) models. Data on the accuracy of CAD-planned DCIA flaps is scarce. Moreover, the data on accuracy should be combined with data on the exact positioning of the implants for well-fitting dental prosthetics. This study focuses on CAD-planned DCIA flaps accuracy and proper positioning for prosthetic rehabilitation. METHODS: Patients post-mandible resection with CAD-planned DCIA flap reconstruction were evaluated. Postoperative radiograph-derived 3D models were aligned with 3D models from the CAD plans for osteotomy position, angle, and flap volume comparison. To evaluate the DCIA flap's suitability for prosthetic dental rehabilitation, a plane was created in the support zone and crestal in the middle of the DCIA flap. The lower jaw was rotated to close the mouth and the distance between the two planes was measured. RESULTS: 20 patients (12 males, 8 females) were included. Mean defect size was 73.28 ± 4.87 mm; 11 L defects, 9 LC defects. Planned vs. actual DCIA transplant volume difference was 3.814 ± 3.856 cm³ (p = 0.2223). The deviation from the planned angle was significantly larger at the dorsal osteotomy than at the ventral (p = 0.035). Linear differences between the planned DCIA transplant and the actual DCIA transplant were 1.294 ± 1.197 mm for the ventral osteotomy and 2.680 ± 3.449 mm for the dorsal (p = 0.1078). The difference between the dental axis and the middle of the DCIA transplant ranged from 0.2 mm to 14.8 mm. The mean lateral difference was 2.695 ± 3.667 mm in the region of the first premolar. CONCLUSION: The CAD-planned DCIA flap is a solution for reconstructing the mandible. CAD planning results in an accurate reconstruction enabling dental implant placement and dental prosthetics.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the peri-implant perfusion, such as oxygen saturation, the relative amount of hemoglobin, and blood flow, in implants placed in pristine bone and avascular and microvascular grafts using a non-invasive measurement method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 58 patients with 241 implants were included. Among them, 106 implants were based in native bone (group I), 75 implants were inserted into avascular bone grafts (group II), and 60 implants were placed in microvascular bone grafts (group III). Gingival perfusion was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry (LDF-TS). Implants with signs of gingival inflammation were excluded to analyze healthy implant perfusion in different bony envelopes. RESULTS: The mean values for oxygen saturation, relative hemoglobin levels, and blood flow did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.404, p = 0.081, and p = 0.291, respectively). There was no significant difference in perfusion between implants that were surrounded by mucosa and implants based within cutaneous transplants (p = 0.456; p = 0.628, and p = 0.091, respectively). CONCLUSION: No differences in perfusion were found between implants inserted into native bone and implants involving bone or soft tissue augmentation. However, implants based in avascular and microvascular transplants showed higher rates of peri-implant inflammation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Peri-implant perfusion seems to be comparable for all implants after they heal, irrespective of their bony surroundings. Although perfusion does not differ significantly, other factors may make implants in avascular and microvascular transplants vulnerable to peri-implant inflammation.

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BACKGROUND: In microvascular head and neck reconstruction, ischemia of the free flap tissue is inevitable during microsurgical anastomosis and may affect microvascular free flap perfusion, which is a prerequisite for flap viability and a parameter commonly used for flap monitoring. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the number of ischemia intervals and ischemia duration on flap perfusion. METHODS: Intraoperative and postoperative flap blood flow, hemoglobin concentration, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation at 2 and 8 mm tissue depths, as measured with the O2C tissue oxygen analysis system, were retrospectively analyzed for 330 patients who underwent microvascular head and neck reconstruction between 2011 and 2020. Perfusion values were compared between patients without (control patients) and with a second ischemia interval (early or late) and examined with regard to ischemia duration. RESULTS: Intraoperative and postoperative flap blood flow at 8 mm tissue depth were lower in patients with early second ischemia intervals than in control patients [102.0 arbitrary units (AU) vs 122.0 AU, P = .030; 107.0 AU vs 128.0 AU, P = .023]. Both differences persisted in multivariable analysis. Intraoperative and postoperative flap blood flow at 8 mm tissue depth correlated weakly negatively with ischemia duration in control patients (r = -.145, P = .020; r = -.124, P = .048). Both associations did not persist in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The observed decrease in microvascular flap blood flow after early second ischemia intervals may reflect ischemia-related vascular flap tissue damage and should be considered as a confounding variable in flap perfusion monitoring.

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BACKGROUND: Good communication between patients and practitioners is essential, especially during dental procedures, as these treatments are often associated with increased nervousness and anxiety. The aim of this study was to investigate, implement and evaluate a concept for communication skills training by using targeted training in combination with simulation patients in dental education. METHODS: Students (n = 34) were assigned to four small groups receiving targeted training consisting of two parts. A lecture about the theoretical basics of communication skills and two practical sessions with simulation patients. During this training, one of the students performed the conversation with the patient. Immediately after self-assessment was obtained, the simulation patient, the remaining students and the lecturer provided feedback. Additionally, anonymous surveys were administered to the students at the beginning of the semester, immediately after the training and at the end of the course. RESULTS: The students rated the learning of communication skills as important for later professional life at all times. After targeted training followed by subsequent use in simulated patients, there was a significant improvement in communication skills (p < 0.001). The number of open-ended questions asked to patients after attending the course significantly increased (p = 0.0245). The communication training was considered useful, especially in small groups. CONCLUSION: The implementation of targeted training with subsequent use in simulated patients significantly contributed to the students' improvement in communication skills. The concept offers a good opportunity to better prepare students for interaction with patients, both in their studies and in their upcoming professional lives.

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OBJECTIVES: Tooth extraction is one of the most frequently performed medical procedures. The indication is based on the combination of clinical and radiological examination and individual patient parameters and should be made with great care. However, determining whether a tooth should be extracted is not always a straightforward decision. Moreover, visual and cognitive pitfalls in the analysis of radiographs may lead to incorrect decisions. Artificial intelligence (AI) could be used as a decision support tool to provide a score of tooth extractability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using 26,956 single teeth images from 1,184 panoramic radiographs (PANs), we trained a ResNet50 network to classify teeth as either extraction-worthy or preservable. For this purpose, teeth were cropped with different margins from PANs and annotated. The usefulness of the AI-based classification as well that of dentists was evaluated on a test dataset. In addition, the explainability of the best AI model was visualized via a class activation mapping using CAMERAS. RESULTS: The ROC-AUC for the best AI model to discriminate teeth worthy of preservation was 0.901 with 2% margin on dental images. In contrast, the average ROC-AUC for dentists was only 0.797. With a 19.1% tooth extractions prevalence, the AI model's PR-AUC was 0.749, while the dentist evaluation only reached 0.589. CONCLUSION: AI models outperform dentists/specialists in predicting tooth extraction based solely on X-ray images, while the AI performance improves with increasing contextual information. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: AI could help monitor at-risk teeth and reduce errors in indications for extractions.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether thermal implant removal of osseointegrated implants is possible using a diode laser with an specific temperature-time interval. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, tooth extraction of the first three premolars was performed in the maxilla and mandible on both sides of 10 pig. After 3 months, implants were inserted into the upper and lower jaws of 10 pigs. After 3 more months, osseointegrated implants were heated with a laser device to a temperature of 50 °C for 1 min. After 14 days, the implant stability quotient (ISQ), torque-out values, and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) ratio were assessed using resonance frequency analysis. RESULTS: ISQ values showed no significant differences within each group or between the control and test groups. Furthermore, torque-out and BIC value measurements presented no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: At 50°C, changes in the BIC values were noticeably smaller; however, these differences were not significant. Future studies should evaluate the same procedures at either a higher temperature or longer intervals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: With only 50 °C for 1 min, a dental implant will not de-integrate predictably.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the survival rates and marginal bone loss of narrow-diameter titanium-zirconium implants supporting complete maxillary and mandibular overdentures up to 3 years after loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten completely edentulous patients who were dissatisfied with their complete dentures were enrolled. Two narrow-diameter implants were placed in the canine region of the maxilla and mandible. After second-stage surgery, implant-supported overdentures (palatal-free) attached by parallel alignable stud-attachments were placed. Patients were followed periodically for up to 36 months. Standardized radiographs were taken at baseline, 12 and 36 months to analyze mean marginal bone level changes around the implants. RESULTS: The Kaplan-Meier survival rates were 100% for mandibular and 68.0% (SE ± 10.9%) for maxillary implants at 36 months (p = .008). Six maxillary implants failed after loading; no mandibular implants were lost. Five implants failed due to loss of osseointegration. One implant fractured. The mean marginal bone level changes around the analyzed implants (n = 28, 9 patients) were -0.71 ± 0.82 mm in the mandible and -2.08 ± 1.52 mm in the maxilla at the 36-month follow-up. The difference in marginal bone level changes between the maxilla and mandible was significant (p = .019) at the 12- and 36-month follow-ups. CONCLUSION: Two narrow-diameter titanium-zirconium implants with stud-attachments showed a highly satisfactory outcome in the mandible. The maxillary implants showed a high failure rate and significantly more bone loss over time than the mandibular implants. The minimal concept of two implants and an overdenture should be limited to the edentulous mandible.

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PURPOSE: The orbital floor is frequently involved in head trauma. Current evidence on the use of reconstruction materials for orbital floor repair is inconclusive. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the impact of polydioxanone (PDS) foil thickness on reconstruction of the orbital geometry after isolated orbital floor fractures. METHODS: Standardized isolated orbital floor fractures were symmetrically created in 11 cadaver heads that provided 22 orbits. PDS foils with thicknesses of 0.25-0.5 mm were inserted. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the native, fractured, and reconstructed orbits were obtained, and orbital volume, orbital height, and foil bending were measured. RESULTS: Orbital volume and height significantly (p < 0.01) increased after the creation of isolated orbital floor fractures and significantly (p = 0.001) decreased with overcorrection of the orbital geometry after orbital floor reconstruction with PDS 0.25 mm or PDS 0.5 mm. The orbital geometry reconstruction rate did not differ significantly with respect to foil thickness. However, compared to PDS 0.5 mm, the use of PDS 0.25 mm resulted in quantitatively higher reconstructive accuracy and a restored orbital volume that did not significantly differ from the initial volume. CONCLUSION: Orbital floors subjected to isolated fractures were successfully reconstructed using PDS regardless of foil thickness, with overcorrection of the orbital geometry. Due to its lower flexural stiffness, PDS 0.25 mm appeared to provide more accurate orbital geometry reconstruction than PDS 0.5 mm, although no significant difference in reconstructive accuracy between PDS 0.25 mm and PDS 0.5 mm was observed in this cadaveric study.

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BACKGROUND: Orbital floor fractures result in critical changes in the shape and inferior rectus muscle (IRM) position. Radiological imaging of IRM changes can be used for surgical decision making or prediction of ocular symptoms. Studies with a systematic consideration of the orbital floor defect ratio in this context are missing in the literature. Accordingly, this study on human cadavers aimed to systematically investigate the impact of the orbital floor defect ratio on changes in the IRM and the prediction of posttraumatic enophthalmos. METHODS: Seventy-two orbital floor defects were placed in cadaver specimens using piezosurgical removal. The orbital defect area (ODA), orbital floor area (OFA), position and IRM shape, and enophthalmos were measured using computed tomography (CT) scans. RESULTS: The ODA/OFA ratio correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with the shape (Spearman's rho: 0.558) and position (Spearman's rho: 0.511) of the IRM, and with enophthalmos (Spearman's rho: 0.673). Increases in the ODA/OFA ratio significantly rounded the shape of the IRM (ß: 0.667; p < 0.001) and made a lower position of the IRM more likely (OR: 1.093; p = 0.003). In addition, increases in the ODA/OFA ratio were significantly associated with the development of relevant enophthalmos (OR: 1.159; p = 0.008), adjusted for the defect localization and shape of the IRM. According to receiver operating characteristics analysis (AUC: 0.876; p < 0.001), a threshold of ODA/OFA ratio ≥ 32.691 for prediction of the risk of development of enophthalmos yielded a sensitivity of 0.809 and a specificity of 0.842. CONCLUSION: The ODA/OFA ratio is a relevant parameter in the radiological evaluation of orbital floor fractures, as it increases the risk of relevant enophthalmos, regardless of fracture localization and shape of the IRM. Therefore, changes in the shape and position of the IRM should be considered in surgical treatment planning. A better understanding of the correlates of isolated orbital floor fractures may help to develop diagnostic scores and standardize therapeutic algorithms in the future.

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BACKGROUND: Surgical correction of unicoronal craniosynostosis (UCS) is highly complex due to its asymmetric appearance. Although fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) is a versatile technique for craniosynostosis correction, harmonization of the orbital bandeau in UCS is difficult to predict. This study evaluates the biomechanics of the orbital bandeau using different patterns and varying characteristics of inner cortical bone layer osteotomies in a finite element (FE) analysis. METHOD: An FE model was created using the computed tomography (CT) scan of a 6.5-month-old male infant with a right-sided UCS. The unaffected side of the orbital bandeau was virtually mirrored, and anatomical correction of the orbital bandeau was simulated. Different combinations of osteotomy patterns, numbers, depths, and widths were examined (n = 48) and compared to an uncut model. RESULTS: Reaction forces and maximum stress values differed significantly (p < 0.01) among osteotomy patterns and between each osteotomy characteristic. Regardless of the osteotomy pattern, higher numbers of osteotomies significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with reductions in reaction force and maximum stress. An X-shaped configuration with three osteotomies deep and wide to the bone was biomechanically the most favorable model. CONCLUSION: Inner cortical bone layer osteotomy might be an effective modification to the conventional FOA approach in terms of predictable shaping of the orbital bandeau.

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Background: Flap perfusion is a prerequisite for microvascular free flap survival and a parameter routinely used for flap monitoring. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the anastomosis recipient vessel on flap perfusion. Methods: Flap perfusion was retrospectively analyzed in 338 patients who underwent head and neck reconstruction with microvascular free flaps between 2011 and 2020. The Oxygen-to-see tissue oxygen analysis system measurements for intraoperative and postoperative flap blood flow, hemoglobin concentration, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation at 8 and 2 mm tissue depths were compared between arterial anastomosis recipient vessels (external carotid artery [ECA], facial artery [FAA], lingual artery [LIA], and superior thyroid artery [STA]) and venous anastomosis recipient vessels (internal jugular vein [IJV], combination of IJV and IJV branches, IJV branches, and external jugular vein). Results: The postoperative hemoglobin concentration at 2 mm tissue depth differed significantly between arterial anastomosis recipient vessels (ECA, 41.0 arbitrary units [AU]; FAA, 59.0 AU; LIA, 51.5 AU; STA, 59.0 AU; p = 0.029). This difference did not persist in the multivariable testing (p = 0.342). No other differences in flap blood flow, hemoglobin concentration, or hemoglobin oxygen saturation were observed between the arterial and venous anastomosis recipient vessels (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusions: The arterial and venous recipient vessels used for anastomosis did not influence microvascular free flap perfusion. This underlines the capability of the studied recipient vessels to adequately perfuse free flaps, may explain the observed indifferent flap survival rates between commonly used anastomosis recipient vessels, and implies that the recipient vessel is not a confounding variable for flap monitoring with the Oxygen-to-see tissue oxygen analysis system. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the findings.

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BACKGROUND: The fundamental prerequisite for prognostically favorable postoperative results of peripheral nerve repair is stable neurorrhaphy without interruption and gap formation. METHODS: This study evaluates 60 neurorrhaphies on femoral chicken nerves in terms of the procedure and the biomechanical properties. Sutured neurorrhaphies (n = 15) served as control and three sutureless adhesive-based nerve repair techniques: Fibrin glue (n = 15), Histoacryl glue (n = 15), and the novel polyurethane adhesive VIVO (n = 15). Tensile and elongation tests of neurorrhaphies were performed on a tensile testing machine at a displacement rate of 20 mm/min until failure. The maximum tensile force and elongation were recorded. RESULTS: All adhesive-based neurorrhaphies were significant faster in preparation compared to sutured anastomoses (p < 0.001). Neurorrhaphies by sutured (102.8 [cN]; p < 0.001), Histoacryl (91.5 [cN]; p < 0.001) and VIVO (45.47 [cN]; p < 0.05) withstood significant higher longitudinal tensile forces compared to fibrin glue (10.55 [cN]). VIVO, with △L/L0 of 6.96 [%], showed significantly higher elongation (p < 0.001) compared to neurorrhaphy using fibrin glue. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of an in vitro study the adhesive-based neurorrhaphy technique with VIVO and Histoacryl have the biomechanical potential to offer alternatives to sutured neuroanastomosis because of their stability, and faster handling. Further in vivo studies are required to evaluate functional outcomes and confirm safety.

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Objectives: This prospective follow-up study aimed to evaluate the stability values of tapered titanium implants inserted into maxilla following ridge augmentation with free iliac bone graft and crestal bone changes up to three years of follow-up. Material and Methods: A total of seven patients with 34 tapered titanium implants in the maxilla with fixed protheses were enrolled in this prospective follow-up study. Patients with previously augmented maxillae using free iliac bone grafts were included. Implant stability was measured (Osstell™) for up to three months of healing. Peri-implant bone resorption was measured using radiographic images taken immediately after implant surgery and after three years. Using a clinical and radiological examination survival and success rates were evaluated. Results: After implant insertion, the stability was 60.93, whereas the stability increased significantly (P = 0.0192) to 64.97 at implant exposure (after 3 months). The mean bone loss around the implants was 1.13 mm after three years. Clinical parameters revealed a mean sulcus depth of 2.76 (1.18) mm and a bleeding on probing score of 0.29 (0.58). The survival rate was 100%, and the success rate was 67.65% at the end of the study. Conclusions: Tapered implants can be used in free iliac bone grafts for fixed dentures. Implant stability values were high after insertion. In terms of a success rate of 67.65%, the patient's jaw reconstruction indicated a reduced implant success when comparing the data with healthy patients without any augmentation procedures.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cell segmentation in bright-field histological slides is a crucial topic in medical image analysis. Having access to accurate segmentation allows researchers to examine the relationship between cellular morphology and clinical observations. Unfortunately, most segmentation methods known today are limited to nuclei and cannot segment the cytoplasm. METHODS: We present a new network architecture Cyto R-CNN that is able to accurately segment whole cells (with both the nucleus and the cytoplasm) in bright-field images. We also present a new dataset CytoNuke, consisting of multiple thousand manual annotations of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Utilizing this dataset, we compared the performance of Cyto R-CNN to other popular cell segmentation algorithms, including QuPath's built-in algorithm, StarDist, Cellpose and a multi-scale Attention Deeplabv3+. To evaluate segmentation performance, we calculated AP50, AP75 and measured 17 morphological and staining-related features for all detected cells. We compared these measurements to the gold standard of manual segmentation using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. RESULTS: Cyto R-CNN achieved an AP50 of 58.65% and an AP75 of 11.56% in whole-cell segmentation, outperforming all other methods (QuPath 19.46/0.91%; StarDist 45.33/2.32%; Cellpose 31.85/5.61%, Deeplabv3+ 3.97/1.01%). Cell features derived from Cyto R-CNN showed the best agreement to the gold standard (D¯=0.15) outperforming QuPath (D¯=0.22), StarDist (D¯=0.25), Cellpose (D¯=0.23) and Deeplabv3+ (D¯=0.33). CONCLUSION: Our newly proposed Cyto R-CNN architecture outperforms current algorithms in whole-cell segmentation while providing more reliable cell measurements than any other model. This could improve digital pathology workflows, potentially leading to improved diagnosis. Moreover, our published dataset can be used to develop further models in the future.

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BACKGROUND: Liposarcomas are among the most common mesenchymal malignancies. However, the therapeutic options are still very limited and so far, targeted therapies had not yet been established. Immunotherapy, which has been a breakthrough in other oncological entities, seems to have no efficacy in liposarcoma. Complicating matters further, classification remains difficult due to the diversity of morphologies and nonspecific or absent markers in immunohistochemistry, leaving molecular pathology using FISH or sequencing as best options. Many liposarcomas harbor MDM2 gene amplifications. In close relation to the gene locus of MDM2, HER3 (ERBB3) gene is present and co-amplification could occur. Since the group of HER/EGFR receptor tyrosine kinases and its inhibitors/antibodies play a role in a broad spectrum of oncological diseases and treatments, and some HER3 inhibitors/antibodies are already under clinical investigation, we hypothesized that in case of HER3 co-amplifications a tumor might bear a further potential therapeutic target. METHODS: We performed FISH analysis (MDM2, DDIT3, HER3) in 56 archived cases and subsequently performed reclassification to confirm the diagnosis of liposarcoma. RESULTS: Next to 16 out of 56 cases needed to be re-classified, in 20 out of 54 cases, a cluster-amplification of HER3 could be detected, significantly correlating with MDM2 amplification. Our study shows that the entity of liposarcomas show specific molecular characteristics leading to reclassify archived cases by modern, established methodologies. Additionally, in 57.1% of these cases, HER3 was cluster-amplified profusely, presenting a putative therapeutic target for targeted therapy. CONCLUSION: Our study serves as the initial basis for further investigation of the HER3 gene as a putative therapeutic target in liposarcoma.

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In addition to post-extraction bleeding, pronounced alveolar bone resorption is a very common complication after tooth extraction in patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy. The novel, biodegenerative, polyurethane adhesive VIVO has shown a positive effect on soft tissue regeneration and hemostasis. However, the regenerative potential of VIVO in terms of bone regeneration has not yet been explored. The present rodent study compared the post-extraction bone healing of a collagen sponge (COSP) and VIVO in the context of ongoing anticoagulation therapy. According to a split-mouth design, a total of 178 extraction sockets were generated under rivaroxaban treatment, of which 89 extraction sockets were treated with VIVO and 89 with COSP. Post-extraction bone analysis was conducted via in vivo micro-computed tomography (µCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) after 5, 10, and 90 days. During the observation time of 90 days, µCT analysis revealed that VIVO and COSP led to significant increases in both bone volume and bone density (p ≤ 0.001). SEM images of the extraction sockets treated with either VIVO or COSP showed bone regeneration in the form of lamellar bone mass. Ratios of Ca/C and Ca/P observed via EDX indicated newly formed bone matrixes in both treatments after 90 days. There were no statistical differences between treatment with VIVO or COSP. The hemostatic agents VIVO and COSP were both able to prevent pronounced bone loss, and both demonstrated a strong positive influence on the bone regeneration of the alveolar ridge post-extraction.

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PURPOSE: The deep circumflex iliac crest flap (DCIA) is used for the reconstruction of the jaw. For fitting of the transplant by computer-aided planning (CAD), a computerized tomography (CT) of the jaw and the pelvis is necessary. Ready-made cutting guides save a pelvic CT and healthcare resources while maintaining the advantages of the CAD planning. METHODS: A total of 2000 CTs of the pelvis were divided into groups of 500 by sex and age (≤ 45 and > 45 years). Three-dimensional (3D) pelvis models were aligned and averaged. Cutting guides were designed on the averaged pelvis for each group and an overall averaged pelvis. The cutting guides and 50 randomly selected iliac crests (10 from each group and 10 from the whole collective) were 3D printed. The appropriate cutting guide was mounted to the iliac crest and a cone beam CT was performed. The thickness of the space between the iliac crest and the cutting guide was evaluated. RESULTS: Overall the mean thickness of the space was 2.137 mm and the mean volume of the space was 4513 mm3. The measured values were significantly different between the different groups. The overall averaged group had not the greatest volume, maximum thickness and mean thickness of the space. CONCLUSION: Ready-made cutting guides for the DCIA flap fit to the iliac crest and make quick and accurate flap raising possible while radiation dose and resources can be saved. The cutting guides fit sufficient to the iliac crest and should keep the advantages of a standard CAD planning.

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Background: The high volume of the fasciomyocutaneous anterolateral thigh flaps (ALT) is suitable for the reconstruction of pronounced soft tissue defects. At the same time, harvesting ALT results in a drastic change in thigh shape. Here, we present an optical three-dimensional imaging method for thigh comparison, which can be an objective and reproducible method for evaluating donor sites after ALT harvesting. Methods: In total, 128 thighs were scanned with an optical three-dimensional scanner, Vectra XT ®. Sixty-eight non-operated right and left thighs were compared and served as a control. Sixty thighs were scanned in the ALT group. The average surface area deviations, thigh volume, thigh circumference, and flap ratio to thigh circumference were calculated. The results were correlated with Δthigh circumference and Δvolume of the unoperated thighs of the control group. Results: No significant difference between the thigh volumes of the right and left thighs was found in the control group. Removal of an ALT flap showed a significant (p < 0.007) volume reduction compared to unoperated thighs (2.7 ± 0.8 L and 3.3 ± 0.9 L, respectively). Flap area correlated strongly with the Δthigh circumference (r = 0.66, p < 0.001) and Δvolume (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Strong correlations were observed between flap ratio and thigh circumference with Δhigh circumference (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) and Δvolume (r = 0.46, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Optical three-dimensional imaging provides an objective and reproducible tool for detecting changes in thigh morphology volume differences after ALT harvesting.