RESUMEN

Understanding the effects of electromagnetic fields is crucial in the fermentation of cocoa beans, since through precise control of fermentation conditions the sensory and nutritional properties of cocoa beans could be improved. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oscillating magnetic fields (OMF) on the kinetic growth of the core microbial communities of the Collections Castro Naranjal (CCN 51) cocoa bean. The data was obtained by three different models: Gompertz, Baranyi, and Logistic. The cocoa beans were subjected to different OMF strengths ranging from 0 mT to 80 mT for 1 h using the Helmholtz coil electromagnetic device. The viable microbial populations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acetic acid bacteria (AAB), and yeast (Y) were quantified using the colony-forming unit (CFU) counting method. The logistic model appropriately described the growth of LAB and Y under magnetic field exposure. Whereas the Baranyi model was suitable for describing AAB growth. The microbial populations in cocoa beans exposed to magnetic fields showed lower (maximum specific growth rate (µmax), values than untreated controls, with AAB exhibiting the highest average growth rate value at 5 mT and Y having the lowest average maximum growth rate value at 80 mT. The lower maximum specific growth rates and longer lag phases when exposed to magnetic fields compared to controls demonstrate the influence of magnetic fields on microbial growth kinetics.

RESUMEN

Cocoa liquor is the primary precursor of the worldwide highly appreciated commodity chocolate. Its quality depends on several factors, such as the type of cocoa, the fermentation process, and the control of the contaminants in the fermented beans. This study aims to evaluate whether the induced magnetic field treatment during the fermentation process or the pathogen reduction with gamma irradiation after the fermentation affect the characteristics of the cocoa liquor obtained from Ecuadorian cocoa beans. For this purpose, liquor samples from controls (standard process), from beans treated with an induced magnetic field up to 80 mT, and from beans irradiated with nominal doses up to 3 kGy were characterized through Raman spectroscopic analysis and sensorial evaluation. The most relevant bands of the cocoa liquor were assigned according to reports from the literature, spectroscopic data, and chemometrics. The spectra corresponding to different treatments and doses were visually very similar, but they could be discriminated using OPLS-DA models, where the most intense Raman signals were attributed to the lipid components. The sensorial evaluation rated the presence of floral, fruity, almondy, acid, and bitter flavors, along with astringency and intense aroma, and these attributes exhibited variable behavior depending on the dose of the irradiation or magnetic treatment. Therefore, both treatments may exert an influence on cocoa beans and, therefore, on the cocoa liquor quality.

RESUMEN

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15065.].

RESUMEN

A Helmholtz-type electromagnetic emission device, which uses an oscillating magnetic field (OMF), with potential applications in biotechnological research, was built and validated. The coils were connected to an alternating current (AC) generator to generate a 0.5 to 110 mT field at their center. OMF measurements were performed with a Hall effect sensor with a digital signal connection (Arduino nano) and data output to a PC using LabVIEW v2017SP1 software. The fermentation process of the cocoa bean variety CCN 51, exposed to four levels of OMF density for 60 min (0, 5, 40, and 80 mT/60 min), was analyzed. Different variables of the grain fermentation process were evaluated over six days. The ANOVA test probed the device's linearity, accuracy, precision, repeatability, reliability, and robustness. Moreover, CCN 51 cocoa beans' EMF-exposure effect was evaluated under different OMF densities for 60 min. The results show the validity of the equipment under working conditions and the impact of EMF (electromagnetic fields) on the yield, deformation, and pH of cocoa beans. Thus, we concluded that the operation of the prototype is valid for use in biotechnological studies.

RESUMEN

Acid and bitter notes of the cocoa clone Cacao Castro Naranjal 51 (CCN 51) negatively affect the final quality of the chocolate. Thence, the fermentative process of cocoa beans using native species and electromagnetic fields (EMF) was carried out to evaluate the effect on the yield and quality of CCN 51 cocoa beans. The variables magnetic field density (D), exposure time (T), and inoculum concentration (IC) were optimized through response surface methodology to obtain two statistically validated second-order models, explaining 88.39% and 92.51% of the variability in the yield and quality of the beans, respectively. In the coordinate: 5 mT(D), 22.5 min (T), and 1.6% (CI), yield and bean quality improved to 110% and 120% above the control (without magnetic field). The metagenomic analysis showed that the changes in the microbial communities favored the aroma profile at low and intermediate field densities (5-42 mT) with high yields and floral, fruity, and nutty notes. Conversely, field densities (80 mT) were evaluated with low yields and undesirable notes of acidity and bitterness. The findings revealed that EMF effectively improves the yield and quality of CCN 51 cocoa beans with future applications in the development and quality of chocolate products.

RESUMEN

El mejoramiento en las condiciones de vida provocado por el desarrollo tecnológico incrementó la población mundial, el gasto de energía, la producción de alimentos y los de bienes de consumo. A su vez, se aceleró la contaminación ambiental, la deforestación, el surgimiento de las grandes ciudades y otros fenómenos que se han convertido en un problema para la humanidad. Nos proponemos mostrar la problemática actual existente entre el desarrollo tecnológico su repercusión sobre el medio ambiente, la salud humana así como las posibles vías para el encuentro de soluciones. La contaminación ataca la salud humana, por el agua o el aire; por la merma de los rendimientos de cultivos; también en la salud del ganado y en la pesca. Se han liberado cantidades de CO² y de otros gases de efecto invernadero que han provocado un exceso de mortalidad cifrado en 70 000 defunciones en Europa, y se agravan las enfermedades cardiovasculares y respiratorias con 1,2 millones de defunciones cada año en zonas urbanas. Los niveles de polen y otros alérgenos son mayores lo que puede provocar afecciones alérgicas como el asma, que afecta a unos 300 millones de personas. Los desastres naturales se han triplicado con creces desde los años sesenta; cada año esos desastres causan más de 60 000 muertes. La creciente variabilidad de las precipitaciones afectará el suministro de agua dulce y lo que hará peligrar la higiene, aumentar el riesgo de enfermedades diarreicas, que matan a 2,2 millones de personas cada año. Se ha multiplicado por dos la frecuencia de sequías extremas y por seis su duración media, lo que ha incrementado la hambruna. Es probable que se prolonguen las estaciones de importantes enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, como la esquistosomiasis, la malaria y el dengue. La Cumbre celebrada en Copenhague evidenció el caos de los gobiernos mundiales, dado que no se alcanzó consenso y se postergó para el 2010 la firma de un tratado vinculante. En el 2010 ...(AU)

The improvement of living conditions caused by technological development increased world population, energy expenditure, food production and consumer goods. Turn accelerated environmental pollution, deforestation, the rise of big cities and other phenomena that have become a problem for humanity. We intend to show the current problems between the technological development of its impact on the environment, human health and the possible ways of finding solutions. Pollution attacks the human health, water or air, due to reduced crop yields, also on the health of livestock and fisheries. It has released sufficient quantities of CO² and other greenhouse gases that have caused an excess mortality estimated at 70 000 deaths in Europe, aggravate cardiovascular and respiratory disease with 1.2 million deaths each year in urban areas. The levels of pollen and other allergens are higher which may cause allergic conditions like asthma, which affects about 300 million people. Natural disasters have more than tripled since the sixties, every year these disasters cause more than 60 000 deaths. The increasing variability of rainfall will affect the supply of fresh water and which will endanger the health, increase the risk of diarrheal diseases that kill 2.2 million people each year. It has doubled the frequency of extreme droughts and their average length of six, increasing famine. Is likely to prolong the seasons of major vector-borne diseases such as schistosomiasis, malaria and dengue. The summit in Copenhagen showed the chaos of the world's governments since no consensus was reached in 2010 was postponed signing a binding treaty. In 2010 at the Cancun conference established the ½Green Fund¼ to help poorer countries cope with climate change and policy commitments but no binding agreement was reached. It is necessary to understand the urgency of the measures and the importance of the participation of all in the care of natural resources(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

El mejoramiento en las condiciones de vida provocado por el desarrollo tecnológico incrementó la población mundial, el gasto de energía, la producción de alimentos y los de bienes de consumo. A su vez, se aceleró la contaminación ambiental, la deforestación, el surgimiento de las grandes ciudades y otros fenómenos que se han convertido en un problema para la humanidad. Nos proponemos mostrar la problemática actual existente entre el desarrollo tecnológico su repercusión sobre el medio ambiente, la salud humana así como las posibles vías para el encuentro de soluciones. La contaminación ataca la salud humana, por el agua o el aire; por la merma de los rendimientos de cultivos; también en la salud del ganado y en la pesca. Se han liberado cantidades de CO² y de otros gases de efecto invernadero que han provocado un exceso de mortalidad cifrado en 70 000 defunciones en Europa, y se agravan las enfermedades cardiovasculares y respiratorias con 1,2 millones de defunciones cada año en zonas urbanas. Los niveles de polen y otros alérgenos son mayores lo que puede provocar afecciones alérgicas como el asma, que afecta a unos 300 millones de personas. Los desastres naturales se han triplicado con creces desde los años sesenta; cada año esos desastres causan más de 60 000 muertes. La creciente variabilidad de las precipitaciones afectará el suministro de agua dulce y lo que hará peligrar la higiene, aumentar el riesgo de enfermedades diarreicas, que matan a 2,2 millones de personas cada año. Se ha multiplicado por dos la frecuencia de sequías extremas y por seis su duración media, lo que ha incrementado la hambruna. Es probable que se prolonguen las estaciones de importantes enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, como la esquistosomiasis, la malaria y el dengue. La Cumbre celebrada en Copenhague evidenció el caos de los gobiernos mundiales, dado que no se alcanzó consenso y se postergó para el 2010 la firma de un tratado vinculante. En el 2010 en la conferencia de Cancún se estableció el "Fondo Verde" para ayudar a los países más pobres a enfrentar el cambio climático y algunos compromisos políticos, pero no se llegó al tratado vinculante. Es necesario entender la urgencia de las medidas y la importancia de la participación de todos en el cuidado de los recursos naturales.

The improvement of living conditions caused by technological development increased world population, energy expenditure, food production and consumer goods. Turn accelerated environmental pollution, deforestation, the rise of big cities and other phenomena that have become a problem for humanity. We intend to show the current problems between the technological development of its impact on the environment, human health and the possible ways of finding solutions. Pollution attacks the human health, water or air, due to reduced crop yields, also on the health of livestock and fisheries. It has released sufficient quantities of CO² and other greenhouse gases that have caused an excess mortality estimated at 70 000 deaths in Europe, aggravate cardiovascular and respiratory disease with 1.2 million deaths each year in urban areas. The levels of pollen and other allergens are higher which may cause allergic conditions like asthma, which affects about 300 million people. Natural disasters have more than tripled since the sixties, every year these disasters cause more than 60 000 deaths. The increasing variability of rainfall will affect the supply of fresh water and which will endanger the health, increase the risk of diarrheal diseases that kill 2.2 million people each year. It has doubled the frequency of extreme droughts and their average length of six, increasing famine. Is likely to prolong the seasons of major vector-borne diseases such as schistosomiasis, malaria and dengue. The summit in Copenhagen showed the chaos of the world's governments since no consensus was reached in 2010 was postponed signing a binding treaty. In 2010 at the Cancun conference established the «Green Fund¼ to help poorer countries cope with climate change and policy commitments but no binding agreement was reached. It is necessary to understand the urgency of the measures and the importance of the participation of all in the care of natural resources.