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OBJETIVO: Calcular la proporción de la demanda de antibióticos sin prescripción (DAS) vía oral en farmacia comunitaria (FC) y analizar las causas de dicha solicitud. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, multicéntrico realizado a nivel nacional durante una semana en cada estación (2016-17). Se analizaron las DAS J01 (clasificación Anatómica Terapéutica Química [ATC]) vía oral para automedicación, considerándose como variables las causas de demanda y resultado de consulta. RESULTADOS: Participaron 365 farmacéuticos de 247 farmacias, que recibieron 1.172 DAS. Los motivos más frecuentes aducidos fueron: el paciente lo ha utilizado antes para los mismos síntomas (63,1%), escasez de tiempo para acudir a consulta (12,1%) y el paciente cree que el médico le va a prescribir el antibiótico (4,9%). Fueron solicitados más principios activos que marcas comerciales (41,4 vs. 34,9%), existiendo pacientes que no especificaron un antibiótico concreto (21,5%). Destacó la solicitud de amoxicilina (28,2%), amoxicilina/clavulánico (14,9%) y fosfomicina (21,8%), para tratar supuestas infecciones respiratorias superiores (35,1%), urinarias (28,1%) y odontógenas (20,2%). Se realizaron 2.406 intervenciones por parte del farmacéutico que consistieron en: 40,8% remitir al médico, 31,3% ofrecer información sobre el uso correcto de antibióticos, 15,7% recomendar medidas higiénico-dietéticas, 6,9% dispensar otro medicamento y 5,3% dispensar un producto sanitario. CONCLUSIONES: La DAS se situó en el 5,2%, se solicitaron más principios activos que marcas y los antibióticos más demandados fueron betalactámicos seguidos de macrólidos, principalmente para tratar infecciones respiratorias, ITU y odontógenas autodiagnosticadas. El farmacéutico intervino en prácticamente todos los pacientes, principalmente remitiendo al médico para el correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the proportion of oral antibiotics requests without prescription in Community Pharmacy (CP) and to analyse it causes. METHOD: Cross-sectional multicentre study carried out in Spanish community pharmacies during 4 weeks, one in each season of the year. Oral J01 antibiotics (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification, ATC) requested for self-medication were analysed. RESULTS: 247 pharmacies and 365 pharmacists participated in the study, 1172 antibiotic requests were recorded. More frequent requests for antibiotic self-medication were: previous treatment for the same symptoms (63.1%), insufficient time for a general practitioner (GP) consultation (12.1%) and patient belief that GP is going to prescribe the antibiotic (4.9%). Higher number of generic medication were requested compared to brand medication (41.1 versus 34.9%). Active ingredients commonly requested were amoxicillin (28.2%), amoxicillin-clavulanic (14.9%) and phosphomycin (21.8%) to treat upper respiratory related infections (35.1%), urinary infections (28.1%) and teeth infections (20.2%). 2406 pharmacists' interventions were carried out: referring to the GP (40.8%), information for correct use of medication (31.3%), non-pharmacological treatment (15.7%), and recommendation of a different medication (6.9%) or a different product (5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays higher number of active ingredients than brands are requested when selecting a treatment for an infection, mainly Beta-lactams and macrolides. Majority of self-medication tried to treat upper respiratory infections, urinary and teeth infections. Most frequent pharmacists' intervention was referring to the GP to obtain a correct diagnosis and treatment

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OBJECTIVES: To quantify the proportion of oral antibiotics requests without prescription in Community Pharmacy (CP) and to analyse it causes. METHOD: Cross-sectional multicentre study carried out in Spanish community pharmacies during 4 weeks, one in each season of the year. Oral J01 antibiotics (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification, ATC) requested for self-medication were analysed. RESULTS: 247 pharmacies and 365 pharmacists participated in the study, 1172 antibiotic requests were recorded. More frequent requests for antibiotic self-medication were: previous treatment for the same symptoms (63.1%), insufficient time for a general practitioner (GP) consultation (12.1%) and patient belief that GP is going to prescribe the antibiotic (4.9%). Higher number of generic medication were requested compared to brand medication (41.1 versus 34.9%). Active ingredients commonly requested were amoxicillin (28.2%), amoxicillin-clavulanic (14.9%) and phosphomycin (21.8%) to treat upper respiratory related infections (35.1%), urinary infections (28.1%) and teeth infections (20.2%). 2406 pharmacists' interventions were carried out: referring to the GP (40.8%), information for correct use of medication (31.3%), non-pharmacological treatment (15.7%), and recommendation of a different medication (6.9%) or a different product (5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays higher number of active ingredients than brands are requested when selecting a treatment for an infection, mainly ß-lactams and macrolides. Majority of self-medication tried to treat upper respiratory infections, urinary and teeth infections. Most frequent pharmacists' intervention was referring to the GP to obtain a correct diagnosis and treatment.

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OBJETIVO: Calcular el número de prescripciones de antibióticos por vía oral mediante receta privada (RP) y prescripción irregular (PI) en farmacia comunitaria (FC). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, multicéntrico realizado en todo el territorio nacional durante una semana en cada estación del año (2016-2017). Se analizaron prescripciones de antibióticos de uso sistémico J01 (clasificación Anatómica Terapéutica Química [ATC]) por vía oral con RP o PI considerándose como variables las características de la prescripción y el resultado de la consulta. RESULTADOS: Participaron en el estudio 365 farmacéuticos de 247 farmacias, que recibieron 3.569 demandas de antibióticos mediante RP (71% cumplían la normativa) y 833 con PI. Las RP fueron prescritas por odontólogos (43,7%), médicos de atención primaria (MAP) (26,20%) y pediatras (10,3%), para tratar infecciones odontógenas (39,8%), respiratorias de vías superiores (25,6%), vías inferiores (10,3%) y urinarias (7,7%). Los antibióticos más prescritos fueron amoxicilina (27,9%) y amoxicilina-clavulánico (25,2%). Las PI consistieron en partes de urgencia (32,8%), prescripciones orales/telefónicas (20,4%) y peticiones por cantidad insuficiente (10%). Los prescriptores fueron MAP (25,2%), odontólogos (24,7%) y pediatras (12%) para tratar infecciones respiratorias superiores (32,5%), odontógenas (25,8%), urinarias (14,2%) y respiratorias inferiores (10,8%). Los antibióticos más prescritos fueron amoxicilina-clavulánico (27,4%) y amoxicilina (21,6%). Pese a que todos los pacientes con PI fueron derivados al médico, únicamente el 45,4% aceptaron la derivación. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio ha permitido la obtención de datos de RP y PI, suponiendo un avance en el conocimiento del uso de antibióticos en nuestro país para una posterior planificación de los servicios de salud

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the proportion of oral antibiotics through private prescription (PP) and irregular prescription (IP) in the Community Pharmacy (CP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional multicentre study carried out in Spanish community pharmacies over a 4week period, one in each season of the year. An analysis was made of private and irregular prescriptions of oral J01 antibacterials for systemic use (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical [ATC] classification). The study variables used were prescription and consultation characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 3569 PP (71% followed legislation) and 833 IP were recorded by 365 pharmacists working in 247 CP. PP were prescribed by dentists (43.7%), general practitioners (GP) (26.20%), and paediatricians (10.3%), to treat teeth infections (39.8%), upper respiratory infections (25.6%), lower respiratory infections (10.3%), and urinary infections (7.7%). The most prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin (27.9%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic (25.2%). IP came from Emergency Departments (32.8%), oral/phone prescriptions (20.4%), and patient demand due to insufficient quantity of antibiotic to complete treatment (10%). Prescriptions came from GP (25.2%), dentists (24.7%), and paediatricians (12%) to treat upper respiratory infections (32.5%), teeth infections (25.8%), urinary infections (14.2%), and lower respiratory infections (10.8%). The most prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin-clavulanic (27.4%) and amoxicillin (21.6%). Since every patient with IP was referred to the GP, 45.4% of them accepted the recommendations of the pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: This study obtained PP and IP characteristics, unknown and needed data in Spain for future health policy plans

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OBJECTIVE: To quantify the proportion of oral antibiotics through private prescription (PP) and irregular prescription (IP) in the Community Pharmacy (CP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional multicentre study carried out in Spanish community pharmacies over a 4week period, one in each season of the year. An analysis was made of private and irregular prescriptions of oral J01 antibacterials for systemic use (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical [ATC] classification). The study variables used were prescription and consultation characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 3569 PP (71% followed legislation) and 833 IP were recorded by 365 pharmacists working in 247 CP. PP were prescribed by dentists (43.7%), general practitioners (GP) (26.20%), and paediatricians (10.3%), to treat teeth infections (39.8%), upper respiratory infections (25.6%), lower respiratory infections (10.3%), and urinary infections (7.7%). The most prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin (27.9%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic (25.2%). IP came from Emergency Departments (32.8%), oral/phone prescriptions (20.4%), and patient demand due to insufficient quantity of antibiotic to complete treatment (10%). Prescriptions came from GP (25.2%), dentists (24.7%), and paediatricians (12%) to treat upper respiratory infections (32.5%), teeth infections (25.8%), urinary infections (14.2%), and lower respiratory infections (10.8%). The most prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin-clavulanic (27.4%) and amoxicillin (21.6%). Since every patient with IP was referred to the GP, 45.4% of them accepted the recommendations of the pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: This study obtained PP and IP characteristics, unknown and needed data in Spain for future health policy plans.

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Farmacia es la Licenciatura que ofrece una mejor formación curricular para aquellos profesionalesque quieren desarrollarse en el campo de la Biomedicina. No existe ninguna otra Licenciatura queaúne conocimientos tan amplios en Ciencias de la Salud, Química, Microbiología, Parasitología,Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, y que aborde la enseñanza de los aspectos relacionados con elmedicamento y las alteraciones fisio/patológicas a un nivel molecular como es la Licenciatura deFarmacia. Para valorar el conocimiento de los alumnos de esta Licenciatura en las diversassalidas profesionales en el área de Biomedicina, hemos realizado un estudio de las necesidades de losmismos basado en encuestas de opinión. Este trabajo ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de crear unPlan de Orientación Tutorial (PAT) enfocado a orientarlos sobre salidas profesionales en el área deBiomedicina, de tal manera que se cubran las principales carencias puestas de manifiesto:Motivación: si comprenden la utilidad de la Licenciatura en su futuro profesional se animaránmás a trabajar.Orientación: Fundamentalmente en la elección de asignaturas e itinerarios profesionales relacionadoscon la Biomedicina.Información: Mediante charlas y conferencias en las que profesionales del área de la Biomedicina deentes públicos y privados los orienten sobre las carreras de investigador en ambos ámbitos.Nuestra experiencia como profesores e investigadores nos indica que aquellos alumnos que durantesus estudios de Licenciatura se vinculan a un Departamento como alumnos internos o al menosmuestran algún interés por la investigación, no sólo se orientan profesionalmente mejor sino queaumentan su rendimiento académico significativamente. Este hecho justifica por sí solo la puesta enmarcha del PAT(AU)

The Degree of Pharmacy offers the best instruction for those professionals that want to specialise inthe field of Biomedicine. It doesn't exist any other Degree offering to the students so wide knowledgein Health Sciences, Chemistry, Microbiology, Parasitology, Molecular Biology and Biotechnologythat deals with all the aspects related with drugs and physio/phatological alterations at a molecular level.We have carried out a study of the students’ requirements based on opinion surveys at the GranadaUniversity. This work has shown the necessity to create a PAT focused on the orientation of thestudents in their professional development in the area of Biomedicine, in such a way that the followingneeds are covered:Motivation: The understanding of the usefulness of the Degree in their professional future willencourage them to work more intensively.Orientation: Mainly in the election of subjects and professional itineraries related with theBiomedicine.Information: Professionals of Biomedicine from both public institutions and private companies willshow them the different aspects of the research in both type institutions by means of chats andconferences.Our experience as professors and researchers shows that those students that are linked to a Departmentduring their Degree or that show some interest for the research, significantly increase both theiracademic and professional performance. This fact justifies the initiation of the PAT(AU)

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