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Las micobacterias constituyen un grupo de bacilos aeróbicos no capsulados y no móviles, algunos de los cuales son patógenos causantes de graves enfermedades en los mamíferos incluyendo tuberculosis y lepra. Chile, a pesar de pertenecer al grupo de países de baja prevalencia de tuberculosis en América, presentó un enlentecimiento en la curva de descenso de incidencia. Así mismo, se ha visto un aumento de micobacterias atípicas tanto en muestras pulmonares como extrapulmonares respecto a décadas anteriores. Por otra parte, las infecciones por micobacterias adquieren importancia en otorrinolaringología dado que la tuberculosis de cabeza y cuello representa alrededor del 10% a 35% de los casos de tuberculosis, siendo su localización más frecuente los ganglios linfáticos. La siguiente revisión abarcará los cuadros de infecciones por micobacterias en otorrinolaringología, sus manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Mycobacteriums are a group of aerobic non-capsuled and non-mobile bacillus some of which can cause diseases in mammals such as tuberculosis and leprosy. Chile, despite belonging to the group of countries with low prevalence of tuberculosis in America, presented a slowing in the decline in incidence curve. At the same time there has been an increase in atypical mycobacterium in pulmonary and extrapulmonary samples, comparedto past decades. On the other hand infections by mycobacterium become important because the head and neck tuberculosis accounts for about 10%-35% of cases of tuberculosis, the most common site being the lymph nodes. The following review will cover mycobacterial infections in otolaryngology clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.

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External otitis (EO) is a skin infection of the external auditory canal (EAC). It's a frequent complaint to the otolaryngologist affecting 10% of the population at least once in their life time. EO is associated with an increased humidity of the EAC, local trauma and allergic skin conditions. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and signs such as earache and positive tragus sign. Infections EO are mostly bacterial infections caused by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, and in a lower percentage fungal infection by A. niger and C. albicans. Treatment of acute infectious EO is essentially local and should be active against most common agents. The aim of this review is to update the current reality of this common clinical entity in our environment. (AU)

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Introducción: La rinoplastía es una de las cirugías estéticas más desafiantes. Dentro de las alternativas quirúrgicas destaca el uso de diversos injertos e implantes los cuales debiesen ser conocidos por todos los cirujanos que realizan esta cirugía. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del Departamento de Otorrinolaringología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile en el uso de injertos en rinoplastías. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo donde se revisaron protocolos operatorios de todos los pacientes operados en dicho comité entre marzo 2008 y agosto 2009. Resultados: Se realizaron 98 rinoseptoplastías por rinoseptodesviación en el período, siendo el 84 por ciento por abordaje abierto. El injerto más utilizado fue el vástago de columela en el 84 por ciento por ciento de todas las rinoplastías, seguido por el escudo anterior a la punta nasal (28 por ciento) y el espaciador entre laterales superiores y tabique (18 por ciento). Injertos alares, de dorso, de tabique y otros de refinamiento de punta fueron utilizados en menos del 5 por ciento de los casos. En todos los casos se utilizó injertos autólogos (tabique nasal). La gran mayoría de los injertos fue utilizada por abordaje abierto. Al momento de la revisión no hubo complicaciones que se puedan atribuir específicamente al uso de injertos. Discusión: Nuestra experiencia sigue la tendencia de "resecar menos" y rellenar. El uso de injertos resulta valioso dentro del repertorio quirúrgico en rinoplastía.

Introduction: Rhinoplasty is one of the most challenging cosmetic surgeries. Among surgical alternatives the vast variety of graft and implants are of great value, and every surgeon should have a thorough knowledge of the most commonly used. Aim: To describe the experience in the use of grafts in rhinoplasty by the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile "Nose Committee", ENT Department. Material and method: Retrospective study. All committee patient's surgical protocols between March 2008 and August 2009 were reviewed. Results: 98 rhinoseptoplasties due to rhinoseptedeviation were conducted during the analized period. 84 percent were conducted through an open approach. Columella strut was the most commonly used graft (84 percent), followed by the shield graft (28 percent) and the spreader (18 percent). Alar, nasion and septal correcting were used in less than 5 percent. Autologous grafts (nasal septum) were used in all grafts. The vast majority of the grafts were implemented through an open approach. At the time of this review no graft related complications were reported. Discussion: Our "Nose Committee's experience follows the trend of "cut less"and fill. Grafts represent a valuable asset in a rhinoplasty surgeon repertoire.

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Introducción: El uso irresponsable de reproductores de música personal ha sido determinado como una conducta de riesgo en salud, en relación al trauma acústico crónico que inducirían. La proporción de usuarios en niveles de riesgo, así como los factores que se relacionan con una escucha riesgosa no han sido evaluados en nuestro país. Objetivo: Describir características de uso de reproductores de música personal en una muestra chilena de población, estimando niveles de riesgo de trauma acústico e identificando factores de riesgo asociado. Material y método: Se aplicó un cuestionario a pacientes de consulta otorrinolaringológica, estudiantes universitarios y a contactos de redes sociales mediante versión on-line, indagando sobre conductas de uso de reproductores musicales. En base a datos de estudios anteriores se estimó el nivel de presión sonora y la dosis de ruido a la que cada usuario estaría expuesto según sus preferencias de uso. Resultados: De 508 encuestados el 12 por ciento superó la máxima exposición a ruido permitida por la legislación chilena. Los factores que más se correlacionaron con alcanzar niveles de riesgo fueron la intensidad del volumen escogida por el usuario (r =0,76), seguido por el tiempo de uso semanal (r =0,51) y, más débilmente, por el tipo de audífono utilizado (r =0,31). Destaca que ninguno de los encuestados que usan audífonos supraauriculares está en riesgo de desarrollar trauma acústico crónico. Discusión: Se estima que el trauma acústico recreacional sobrepasaría en los próximos años al trauma acústico ocupacional como problema de salud pública. Una proporción importante de usuarios estaría en niveles de riesgo. Los factores encontrados como determinantes de riesgo indican que las estrategias de intervención deben enfocarse hacia la escucha responsable por parte del usuario (escuchar al menor volumen confortable posible) más que en la implementación o selección de determinadas tecnologías.

Introduction: The irresponsible use of personal music players has been identified as an emerging health risk behavior related to the noise induced hearing loss they would produce. Listening habits and risk factors involved have not been assessed in our country. Aim: To assess personal music player usage habits in a Chilean sample, estimating noise-induced hearing loss and to identify risk factors. Material and method: A questionnaire was applied to patients attending ENT consult, university students and social networks contacts through on-line version. Listening habits were explored. Based on data from previous studies, we estimated the sound pressure level and the noise-dose to which each user would be exposed according to their specific listening preferences. Results: Of 508 respondents, 12 percent exceeded the maximum noise exposure allowable by Chilean law. The factors that stronger correlated with risk levels were the intensity chosen by the user by (r =0.76), followed by cumulative weekly listening time (r =0.51) and in a weaker relation, by type of headset used (r =0.31) nevertheless none of supra-auricular hearing devices reached risk levels. Discussion: It's estimated that in the next decade, music and recreational exposure will become the leading noise induced hearing loss source. One of each eight users exceeds maximum recommended levels. Risk factors analysis indicated that intervention strategies must focus on responsible listening by the user, lowering chosen-intensity, rather than selecting a specific type of player or earphone.

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Streptococcal pharyngitis is common in children and adolescents. It is strongly suggested by the presence of fever, tonsillar exudate, tender enlarged anterior cervical lymph nodes and absence of cough (Centor criteria). Available diagnostic tests include throat culture and rapid antigen detection testing. Throat culture is considered the diagnostic standard, although the sensitivity and specificity of rapid antigen detection testing have improved significantly. The modified Centor score can be used to help physicians decide which patients need no testing, throat culture/rapid antigen detection testing, or empiric antibiotic therapy. Treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis is important for preventing acute rheumatic fever and suppurative complications, hastening illness resolution, and preventing transmission. Penicillin (10 days of oral therapy or one injection of intramuscular benzathine penicillin) is the treatment of choice because of cost, narrow spectrum of activity, and effectiveness. Amoxicillin is equally effective and more palatable. Erythromycin and first-generation cephalosporins are options in patients with penicillin allergy.

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Rhinoseptoplasty is a surgical procedure performed by otolaryngologists, that solves aesthetic and functional problems of the nose as a sole surgery. It can be performed as an open or closed approach either with or without the use of implants and or grafts. We hereby show a retrospective analysis of surgical protocols of patients on whom rhinoseptoplasty was done in our Unit during 2010. Epidemiological data, surgical techniques, surgical time, management of the tip and dorsum, grafts used and complications were analized. 111 rhinoseptoplasties were performed. 14 were excluded due to lack of information in the files. From 97 patients included in the study, 54 percent were female, mean age 29, and 46 percent were male, mean age 28 years. The 82 percent consulted for nasal obstruction. 95 percent were primary rhinoplasties. 54 percent were approached by open technique and 46 percent by closed technique. 73 percent needed nasal tip management, and in 94 percent nasal dorsum surgery was performed. Grafts were used in 84 percent of cases, being the columellar strut preferred by the surgeon. There were no complications recorded. We conclude that this surgery was performed in a homogeneous way, mostly in patients with nasal obstructive symptom. There was a predominance of primary surgery with an extensive use of grafts.

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The head and neck neoplasm’s are a frequent cause of consultation in ENT (ear, nose and throat) pathologies. For practical purposes, the head and neck cancers can be classified according to their anatomical location, in sinonasal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, oral, otologic and salivary glands. The objective of this work is to give a description of tumoral cervico facial pathology that was seen in the Otolaryngology service of HCUCH (Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile) in 2010, in order to understand and present the local situation and establish the most common entities. We included 120 patients with diagnosis of tumoral pathology, which yielded the following results: 20.8 percent of salivary glands, 19.2 percent of sinonasal, 17.5 percent of the larynx, 16.7 percent of Mouth tumors, 9.2 percent of the pharynx, 8.3 percent of neck, 2.5 percent of ear, and 5.8 percent of others which couldn´t be classified. In our results dominate most common etiologies of head and neck pathology, predominates such as larynx and mouth cancer, and benign tumors of the parotid gland. Some rare entities in the general population appear in higher proportions in this study, because this clinic tends to concentrate these pathologies. On the other hand, there are other low-frequency neoplasms, which didn´t appear in our cases, probably because it was taken in a limited time of 1 year.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide infectious disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Koch bacilli), that has re-emerged since the decade of the 80's in relation to the pandemic of HIV infection. Chile has one of the lowest TB prevalence rates in Latin America. In children, TB exhibits some differences from adult disease in terms of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and probability of progression from the infected state to disease, making it more difficult to diagnose and increasing the likelihood of developing the disease once the infection is acquired. There is a National Program for the Prevention and Control of TB that allows us to develop prevention and chemoprophylaxis strategies. This article summarizes these strategies to guide the study and management of children in contact with TB patients.

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La tuberculosis (TBC) es una enfermedad de distribución mundial, producida por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacilo de Koch), que ha re-emergido desde la década de los 80 en relación a la pandemia de VIH. Chile es uno de los países latinoamericanos con menores tasas de prevalencia de TBC. En los niños, la TBC presenta algunas características distintas al adulto en cuanto a patogenia, clínica y probabilidad de progresión desde una infección latente a enfermedad, siendo más difícil realizar el diagnóstico y mayor la probabilidad de desarrollar enfermedad una vez infectados. Existe un Programa Nacional de Prevención y Control de la TBC que nos permite plantear estrategias de prevención y quimioprofilaxis. Este artículo esquematiza estas estrategias para orientar el estudio y manejo de niños que entran en contacto con pacientes con TBC.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide infectious disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Koch bacilli), that has re-emerged since the decade of the 80’s in relation to the pandemic of HIV infection. Chile has one of the lowest TB prevalence rates in Latin America. In children, TB exhibits some differences from adult disease in terms of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and probability of progression from the infected state to disease, making it more difficult to diagnose and increasing the likelihood of developing the disease once the infection is acquired. There is a National Program for the Prevention and Control of TB that allows us to develop prevention and chemoprophylaxis strategies. This article summarizes these strategies to guide the study and management of children in contact with TB patients.

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