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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the clinical effects of using the Chinese Shang Ring in circumcision children with either phimosis or redundant prepuce, and to investigate its superiority over the similar devices available.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 824 children with phimosis or redundant prepuce underwent circumcision with the Shang Ring. The clinical data were assessed concerning the duration of the procedure, incidence of post-operative complications, time of recovery and appearance of the penis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The procedure duration was (2.6 +/-1.2) min, and the complications included infection in 4 (0.6%), edema in 21 (3.2%), delayed removal of the ring in 10 (1.5%), redundant and asymmetric mucosa attributable to performance in 6 (0.9%) of the cases. The wounds healed and the rings were removed at 13.4 +/- 5.8 days after circumcision, with well-smoothed incision and good cosmetic results.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Child circumcision with the Chinese Shang Ring is easy and simple in performance, with less operative time, fewer complications and better cosmetic results.</p>

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Objective To observe the effect ofberberine chloride on microglia activation and expression of peroxisome prolifcrator-activated receptor gamma(PPAR γ)in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease(AD).Methods Eighteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into normal control,β-amyloid 4o(Aβ40)and Aβ40+berberine chloride groups(n=6).Rat models of AD were established by injection of Aβ40(5 μg)into the bilateral hippocampus,and in Aβ40+berberine chloride group,berberine chloride(50 mg/kg)was given intragastrically once daily for 14 days.Immunohistochemistry,real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to detect the expressions of CD11b and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPAR γ)in the rats.Results The numbers of CD11b positive cells were 74.0±13.4,121.5±19.9 in the Aβ40 and Aβ40+berberine chloride groups,respectively,and the relative copy numbers of CD11b mRNA 4.08±2.43,5.52±1.83,which were significantly increased compared those with normal control group.The numbers of PPARγ positive cells were 42.5+5.6,31.7±8.7,the relative copy numbers of PPARγ mRNA 16.3±13.5,10.8±7.5,and the relative expression of PPARγ protein 0.18±0.08,0.09±0.05,which were significantly decreased compared those with normal control group(93.2±11.3,40.6±17.1,0.31±0.11).Berberine further increased CD11b expression and decreased PPARγ expression in the hippocampus.Conclusion Berberine can increase microglia activation in AD rats by inhibiting the expression of PPARγ.

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Objective To describe the survival state and to investigate the risk factors of death on patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods Age, past history, number of encephalic region suffering SAH, laboratory examination indexes, therapeutic measures, complications and prognosis of 174 patients with SAH were followed-up and investigated. The survival states and risk factors of death of the patients with SAH were identified by both Kaplan-Meicr survival analysis and Cox proportional risk model. Results There were 10 patients (5.75%) losing follow-up investigation and 164 patients with SAH completed the follow-up investigation. 66 patients died and the longest follow-up invcstigation time was 5.64 years. The survival rates of 28 days, 1 year and 3-5 years were 70.60%,63.40% and 57.20% respectively. The treatment of nimotop, aneurysm occlusion treatment and aneurysm embolotherapy could decrease the death of SAH. At the same time, advanced age, the long time smoking, hyponatremia, the rising of leucocyte in acute stage, repeated hemorrhage and cerebral angio spasm were the independent risk factors to the death of patients. Conclusion Prognosis of patients with advanced age, the rising of leucocyte in acute stage, gastrointestinal blooding, hyponatremia, repeated hemorrhage and cerebral angio spasm were unfavorable. When giving patients with aneurysm, the aneurysm occlusion and embolotherapy and nimotop treatment, the death risk could be reduced.

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Objective To explore the effect of dendritic cells (DC) modified with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) gene on the expressions of CD28/CTLA-4:B7 costimulatory molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in the Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Methods Thirty inbreeding line, healthy, female Lewis rats were divided randomly into 6 groups: normal group, EAMG group, DC treatment group, pcDNA3-TGF-β1-DCtreatment group, pcDNA3-DC control group and normal saline group. The rats were immunized with the AChR protein extracted from electric organ of Narcine timilei and CFA in the groups except normal group. 2×106 pcDNA3-TGF-β1-DCs/rat were injected subcutaneously into the backs of the rats which had been immunized 5 d earlier with AChR+CFA. The rats in DC treatment group, pcDNA3-DC control group and normal saline group were injected in parallel with untreated DC, pcDNA3-DC and normal saline, respectively. Seven weeks after the first immunization, the expressions of CD28 mRNA and CTLA-4 mRNA were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the levels of B7-1 and B7-2 on the surface of PBMC were examined using flow cytometry. Results (1)The low expression of CD28 mRNA and rare expression of CTLA-4 mRNA were found in the normal rats, and both expressions increased markedly in EAMG rats (P＜0.001). Compared to those in EAMG group, the expression of CD28 mRNA decreased and CTLA-4 mRNA was upregulated after the treatment with pcDNA3-TGF-β1-DC (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the expressions of CD28 mRNA and CTLA-4 mRNA among the EAMG group, DC treatment group, pcDNA3-DC control group and normal saline group (P＞0.05). (2) The expressions of CD28, CTLA-4, B7-1 and B7-2 on the surface of PBMC were rare in normal rats, which increased significantly in EAMG rats (P＜0.001). The levels of CD28, B7-1 and B7-2 in pcDNA3-TGF-β1-DC group were lower than those in EAMG group (P＜0.01), but the level of CTLA-4 was higher than that in EAMG group (P＜0.05). They showed no statistically difference among the EAMG group, DC treatment group, pcDNA3-DC control group and normal saline group (P＞0.05). Conclusions The expressions of CD28/CTLA-4:B7 costimulatory molecules are abnormal in the rats with EAMG. The regulation of CD28/CTLA-4:B7 costimulatory pathways may play a critical role in the mechanism of the treatment with DC transfected with pcDNA3-TGF-β1 in the incipient EAMG rats.

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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>To date murine models of permanent focal cerebral ischemia have not been well characterized. The purposes of this paper were to compare three different permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models with or without craniectomy, and to identify an ideal mouse model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Experiments were performed on 45 healthy adult male Kunming mice, weighing 28 to 42 g. The animals were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 15 in every group) based on surgical procedure: MCAo via the external carotid artery (ECA), MCAo via the common carotid artery (CCA), and direct ligation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Each day post-ischemia, the animals were scored using an eight-grade neurological function scale, and mortality was also recorded. Seven days post-ischemia, the brains were removed for lesion size determination using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Correlation analysis of lesion volume and neurological score was carried out.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Mortality in the group receiving direct MCA ligation was lowest among the three groups, and there was a significant difference between the direct MCA ligation group and the two intraluminal occlusion groups (P < 0.05). In all groups, neurological scores gradually increased with prolongation of ischemic duration, peaking after two days, then gradually decreasing. In the direct MCA ligation group, however, neurological scores were relatively stable. There was a significant correlation between infarct volume and neurological score 7 days after MCAo in every group (all r > 0.7, P < 0.05), suggesting good reproducibility of lesion volume in the three groups, but the infarct volume was more constant in the direct MCA ligation group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The direct ligation model of MCAo provides an optimal means of studying permanent focal cerebral ischemia, and is preferable to the models using intraluminal sutures.</p>

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