RESUMEN
(1) Background: Physical literacy (PL) is a multidimensional concept, since it fosters lifetime engagement in physical activities and reduces obesity; however, empirical evidence is lacking to support this association. This study first aimed to establish PL levels stratified by normal weight children and children with overweight and obesity. Furthermore, this study determined a correlation between PL domains and BMI by weight status among South Punjab school children. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 1360 (Boys: 675 and Girls: 685) children aged 8 to 12, and was conducted using CAPL-2. T-tests and chi-square were used to determine the difference between categorical variables, with MANOVA used to compare weight statuses. Spearman correlation was employed to determine the correlation between variables; p < 0.05 was considered significant. (3) Results: Normal weight children had significantly higher PL and domain scores, except for the knowledge domain. Most children with normal weights were at the achieving and excelling levels, while children with overweight and obesity were at the beginning and progressing levels. The correlation among PL domains in normal and overweight and obese children ranged from weak to strong (r = 0.001 to 0.737), and the knowledge domain was inversely correlated with the motivation domain (r = -0.023). PL and domain scores were inversely correlated to BMI, except for the knowledge domain. (4) Conclusions: Children with normal weight tend to have higher PL and domain scores, while those with overweight or obesity tend to have lower scores. There was a positive relationship between normal weight and higher PL and domain scores, and an inverse relationship was observed between BMI and higher PL scores.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Since previous studies have shown that ovariectomy impairs memory and cognition, we investigated whether 8-week treadmill exercise would affect ovariectomy-induced memory deficits and explore the possible mechanisms of physical exercise influencing spatial learning and memory of the ovariectomized rats by detecting the rat's brain free radical metabolism and counting neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in marginal division of the striatum (MrD). METHODS: Forty female rats were assigned to one of the following groups: SHAM, SHAM+E, OVX and OVX+E group. The rats of SHAM and OVX group kept normal activities and the SHAM+E and OVX+E group rats undertook an 8-week training with progressively increasing load. Then the cognitive function was evaluated using 8-arm radial maze test. Also, oxidative stress markers in the MrD were also evaluated and the nNOS expression in MrD was detected and analyzed. RESULTS: Results show that ovariectomized rats were impaired in learning and memory and brain SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase) activities were dropped and MDA (malondialdehyde) level increased via ovariectomy, nNOS expression in MrD was reduced in comparison with the SHAM group rats. While treadmill exercise significantly alleviated learning and memory decline and prevented oxidative brain damage induced by ovariectomy, nNOS expression in MrD significantly enhanced. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support ovariectomy can impair spatial learning and memory of the rats, the regular treadmill exercise appears to exert a protective effect against ovariectomy, induced spatial memory impairment through inhibition of oxidative stress and up-regulation MrD nNOS expression.