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AIM: Distraction techniques in paediatric dentistry can be effective in decreasing the child's attention span from an unpleasant or stressful procedure. Distraction is achieved through imagination, audio, and/or visual stimuli. It has been shown that the accompaniment and participation of animals or pets, specifically dogs (Dog-Assisted Therapy or DAT), during medical, oral, and therapeutic activities can improve the physical and mental health of patients, especially children. However, there is limited information available regarding the impact of incorporating a certified therapy dog into the paediatric dental environment as a distraction strategy to alleviate anxiety levels during dental procedures. METHODS: This scoping review aimed to identify and review published articles concerning the use of DAT in paediatric dentistry. The article discusses indications, benefits, and potential risks to human health and safety in clinical settings. Eligible sources encompass clinical trials, observational studies, and narrative reviews written in either English or Spanish and published over the last two decades, sourced from four electronic databases. Ultimately, seven pertinent studies were included in the review. CONCLUSION: DAT presents itself as a promising alternative in managing anxiety and stress among children during dental visits. The integration of a therapy dog and its handler into the paediatric oral care team should be thoughtfully considered by clinicians as a means to enhance the comfort and compliance of apprehensive patients.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Debido a la ausencia de instrumentos específicos para estudiar la esfera psicosocial de los pacientes que reciben litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEOC), el objetivo es desarrollar un cuestionario de satisfacción respecto al tratamiento recibido con LEOC a partir de un cuestionario de salud ya diseñado y validado previamente. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El diseño del cuestionario de satisfacción se realizó en 5 fases a partir de una escala de salud en pacientes tratados con LEOC (ESPTL) ya validada previamente, utilizando una muestra total de 135 pacientes tratados en nuestro centro a los que se entrevistó por vía telefónica. En la fase 1 se realizó análisis descriptivo de la serie y de las puntuaciones de los 8 ítems de ESPTL. En la fase 2 se compararon las puntuaciones de ESPTL según sexo con U-Mann Whitney, estudiando la correlación con la edad mediante Rho de Spearman en la fase 3. En la fase 3 se compararon las puntuaciones de los factores de ESPTL según el sexo y se analizó la correlación con la edad al igual que en las fases 2 y 3 con la puntuación global. En la fase 5 se obtuvo la subescala de satisfacción-SATISLIT- y se realizó análisis descriptivo, comparación según sexo, correlación con la edad y modelo de regresión lineal con respecto a ESPTL. RESULTADOS: Ciento treinta y cinco pacientes, 85 (63%) hombres, 50 (37%) mujeres. Mediana (mínimo-máximo) de edad 56 (27-79) y puntuación ESPTL 31 (8-39). Diferencias en puntuación global ESPTL entre hombres y mujeres (p < 0,001), así como en los ítems 1 (p = 0,029), 3 (p = 0,002), 6 (p = 0,006), 7 (p = 0,005) y 8 (p = 0,025). Correlación no significativa de ESPTL con la edad. Significativa en ítems 2, 4, 5 y 8 pero correlación muy débil (< 0,2). Cuatrofactores con 2 ítems cada uno, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas según sexo en F2 (p = 0,001), F3 (p = 0,007) y F4 (p = 0,001). Correlación significativa con la edad únicamente en F1 y F3 pero muy débil (< 0,2). Mediana (mínimo-máximo) SATISLIT 18 (4-20). Diferencias estadísticamente significativas según sexo (p = 0,001). Correlación no significativa con la edad (p = 0,836). Regresión lineal de SATISLIT con respecto a ESPTL significativa (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El trabajo realizado a partir de un cuestionario validado de salud ha proporcionado un nuevo instrumento de evaluación de la satisfacción tras tratamiento con LEOC llamado SATISLIT. Serán necesarios futuros estudios de validación externa y validación temporal para contrastar su verdadera utilidad clínica

INTRODUCTION: Due to the absence of specific instruments to study the psychosocial sphere of patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), the objective of this study is to develop a satisfaction questionnaire regarding the SWL treatment from a health questionnaire which was already designed and had been previously validated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The design of the satisfaction questionnaire was carried out in 5 phases, based on a previously validated health scale in patients treated with SWL (ESPTL), including a total cohort of 135 patients treated at our center who received a phone interview. Phase 1: descriptive analysis of the series and scores of the 8 items of ESPTL. Phase 2: U-Mann Whitney comparison of ESPTL based on the patients' sex. Phase 3: study of ESPTL correlation with age using Spearman's Rho. Phase 4: grouping by factors of ESPTL, comparison by sex and correlation with age, as performed in phases 2 and 3 with the global score. Phase 5: obtaining the satisfaction subscale -SATISLIT-, descriptive analysis, comparison according to sex, correlation with age and linear regression model of SATISLIT with respect to ESPTL. RESULTS: 135 patients, 85(63%) men, 50(37%) women. Median (minimum-maximum) age 56 (27-79) and ESPTL score 31 (8-39). Differences in global ESPTL score between men and women (p < .001), as well as in items 1 (p =.029), 3 (p = .002), 6 (p = .006), 7 (p = .005) and 8 (p = .025). Non-significant correlation of ESPTL regarding age. Significant correlation in items 2, 4, 5 and 8 but, very weak (< 0.2).4 factors, each one with 2 items, with statistically significant differences regarding sex in F2 (p = .001), F3 (p =.007) and F4 (p = .001). Significant correlation with age only in F1 and F3, but very weak (< 0.2). Median (minimum-maximum) SATISLIT 18 (4-20). Statistically significant differences regarding patients' sex (p =.001). Non- significant correlation with age (p =.836). Significant linear regression of SATISLIT with respect to ESPTL (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on validated health questionnaire, the present work has provided a new instrument called SATISLIT for assessing patients' satisfaction after treatment with SWL. Future studies with external and temporal validation will be necessary to contrast its real clinical usefulness

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OBJETIVO: Elaborar y validar un cuestionario para evaluar los conocimientos sobre glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto (GPAA) en pacientes hispanohablantes. MÉTODOS: Planeamos un estudio observacional en adultos con diagnóstico definitivo de GPAA que recibieron atención médica ambulatoria de un instituto de referencia nacional en Perú. La formulación inicial se basó en revisión de la literatura y en la opinión de expertos. Efectuamos una prueba piloto sobre 60 pacientes. Luego clasificamos las preguntas y las ponderamos de acuerdo con el juicio de expertos. Administramos el cuestionario a 314 pacientes y realizamos la baremación en terciles. RESULTADOS: A partir de la búsqueda seleccionamos 72 ítems y diseñamos un cuestionario inicial de 20 preguntas, el cual fue sometido a la prueba piloto. Luego, seleccionamos 14 preguntas que fueron clasificadas en 3 dominios ponderados: factores de riesgo (10%), aspectos clínicos (36%) y tratamiento (54%). El cuestionario tiene una puntuación entre 0 (más bajo) y 100 puntos (más alto). La edad promedio de los pacientes a quienes se les administró el cuestionario fue 66 ± 13,7 años y la media de las puntuaciones obtenidas en las encuestas fue de 62,6 ± 14,1 puntos. Definimos 3 categorías de nivel de conocimientos: bajo (0 a 55 puntos), mediano (56 a 69 puntos) y alto (70 a 100 puntos). CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario elaborado cuenta con evidencia de validez para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos de glaucoma en pacientes hispanohablantes peruanos con GPAA

OBJECTIVE: To design and validate a questionnaire on the knowledge of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Spanish-speaking patients. METHODS: An observational study was conducted on adults with diagnosis of POAG and who received outpatient medical care in a national reference health care institute of Peru. The questionnaire was based on a literature review and expert judgment. A pilot study was carried out on 60 patients. The items were classified and weighted according to the expert judgment. The final questionnaire was completed by 314 patients and its overall score was scaled by tertiles. RESULTS: A total of 72 items were found by primary searching. The initial questionnaire was made up of 20 items, which was tested in a pilot study. A total of 14 items were selected that were then classified into 3 weighted domains: risk factors (10%), clinical aspects (36%), and treatment (54%). The questionnaire has a score range from 0 to 100 points (lowest to highest level). In patients, the mean score was 62.6 ± 14.1. The overall score was classified into 3 categories of knowledge level: low (0 to 55 points), medium (56 to 69 points), and high (70 to 100 points). CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire provides evidence of validity to assess knowledge of POAG in Peruvian Spanish-speaking patients

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OBJECTIVE: To design and validate a questionnaire on the knowledge of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Spanish-speaking patients. METHODS: An observational study was conducted on adults with diagnosis of POAG and who received outpatient medical care in a national reference health care institute of Peru. The questionnaire was based on a literature review and expert judgment. A pilot study was carried out on 60 patients. The items were classified and weighted according to the expert judgment. The final questionnaire was completed by 314 patients and its overall score was scaled by tertiles. RESULTS: A total of 72 items were found by primary searching. The initial questionnaire was made up of 20 items, which was tested in a pilot study. A total of 14 items were selected that were then classified into 3weighted domains: risk factors (10%), clinical aspects (36%), and treatment (54%). The questionnaire has a score range from 0 to 100 points (lowest to highest level). In patients, the mean score was 62.6±14.1. The overall score was classified into 3categories of knowledge level: low (0 to 55 points), medium (56 to 69 points), and high (70 to 100 points). CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire provides evidence of validity to assess knowledge of POAG in Peruvian Spanish-speaking patients.

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INTRODUCTION: Due to the absence of specific instruments to study the psychosocial sphere of patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), the objective of this study is to develop a satisfaction questionnaire regarding the SWL treatment from a health questionnaire which was already designed and had been previously validated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The design of the satisfaction questionnaire was carried out in 5 phases, based on a previously validated health scale in patients treated with SWL (ESPTL), including a total cohort of 135 patients treated at our center who received a phone interview. Phase 1: descriptive analysis of the series and scores of the 8 items of ESPTL. Phase 2: U-Mann Whitney comparison of ESPTL based on the patients' sex. Phase 3: study of ESPTL correlation with age using Spearman's Rho. Phase 4: grouping by factors of ESPTL, comparison by sex and correlation with age, as performed in phases 2 and 3 with the global score. Phase 5: obtaining the satisfaction subscale -SATISLIT-, descriptive analysis, comparison according to sex, correlation with age and linear regression model of SATISLIT with respect to ESPTL. RESULTS: 135 patients, 85(63%) men, 50(37%) women. Median (minimum-maximum) age 56 (27-79) and ESPTL score 31 (8-39). Differences in global ESPTL score between men and women (p <.001), as well as in items 1 (p =.029), 3 (p =.002), 6 (p =.006), 7 (p =.005) and 8 (p =.025). Non-significant correlation of ESPTL regarding age. Significant correlation in items 2, 4, 5 and 8 but, very weak (<0.2). 4 factors, each one with 2 items, with statistically significant differences regarding sex in F2 (p =.001), F3 (p =.007) and F4 (p =.001). Significant correlation with age only in F1 and F3, but very weak (<0.2). Median (minimum-maximum) SATISLIT 18 (4-20). Statistically significant differences regarding patients' sex (p =.001). Non- significant correlation with age (p =.836). Significant linear regression of SATISLIT with respect to ESPTL (p <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on validated health questionnaire, the present work has provided a new instrument called SATISLIT for assessing patients' satisfaction after treatment with SWL. Future studies with external and temporal validation will be necessary to contrast its real clinical usefulness.

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Paciente varón de 18 años el cual presentaba lesión en el ojo izquierdo por arma de fuego. Permaneció inconsciente 2 días en una zona agrícola, luego fue llevado a un hospital local donde se le extrajeron larvas. En el ojo izquierdo presentó una agudeza visual de no percepción de luz, heridas con pérdida de sustancia en los párpados superior e inferior, atalamia, hipotonía, edema corneal, herida con exposición uveal y salida de larvas en zona II. Se le practicó evisceración del ojo izquierdo

An 18 year-old male patient presented with an injury to the left eye caused by a firearm. He remained unconscious for 2 days in an agricultural area, had a visual acuity of non-perception of light, wounds with loss of substance in upper and lower eyelid, atalamia, hypotonia, corneal oedema, wound with uveal exposure and exit of larvae in zone II. He was subjected to evisceration of the left eye

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CLINICAL CASE: An 18 year-old male patient presented with an injury to the left eye caused by a firearm. He remained unconscious for 2 days in an agricultural area, had a visual acuity of non-perception of light, wounds with loss of substance in upper and lower eyelid, atalamia, hypotonia, corneal oedema, wound with uveal exposure and exit of larvae in zone II. He was subjected to evisceration of the left eye. DISCUSSION: An untreated open ocular traumatism is a risk factor for intraocular ophthalmomyiasis.

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El propósito del presente estudio es analizar los motivos de la participación deportiva de jóvenes deportistas mexicanos, así como las diferencias de género, según la práctica deportiva y las regiones de procedencia. Los participantes fueron deportistas en este estudio fueron 758 deportistas (376 mujeres y 382 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 21 años, de todo el país, y participantes 16 deportes. Se utilizó la versión del Cuestionario de Motivos de Participación (PMQ; Gill, Gross y Huddleston, 1983) realizada por Scalon, Becker y Brauner (1999). Los resultados muestran, que las principales razones esgrimidas por los deportistas son estar en forma, estar fuerte y saludable, porque les gusta y también por mejorar sus habilidades. Según el género y edad, también existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas, en muchos de los motivos expuestos para la práctica deportiva. Asimismo, se aprecian diferencias significativas según sea la práctica individual o colectiva y entre deportes de combate y no combate. Los resultados procuran información sumamente interesante para el diseño de los ambientes deportivos y para que los entrenadores adapten la práctica a los intereses de los jóvenes deportistas. Futuras investigaciones deberían incidir en este tópico con estudios cualitativos que ayuden a conocer en profundidad la realidad del deporte y deportistas mexicanos (AU)

The purpose of this study is to analyze the participation motives of young Mexican athletes as well as gender-based differences according to the sport practiced and the regions they hail from. Seven hundred fifty-eight athletes participated in this study (376 females and 382 males) between the ages of 10 and 21 years old, from throughout the country and who participate in 16 different sports. The version of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ; Gill, Gross and Huddleston, 1983) made by Scalon, Becker and Brauner (1999) was used. Results showed that the main reasons given by the athletes were to be in shape, be strong and healthy, because they like to and also to hone their skills. There are also significant statistical differences according to gender and age in many of the reasons given to practice sports. One may also appreciate significant differences according to whether it is an individual or team sport and between combat and non-combat sports. The results provide quite interesting information for designing sports venues and for coaches to adapt practices according to the interests of young athletes. Future research on this topic should include qualitative studies that will help acquire in-depth knowledge of sports and Mexican athletes (AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar os motivos da participação esportiva de jovens atletas mexicanos assim como as diferenças de gênero, segundo a prática esportiva e as regiões de procedência. Os participantes atletas deste estudo foram 758 atletas (376 mulheres e 382 homens), com idades entre 10 e 21 anos, de todo o país, e participantes de 16 esportes. Utilizou-se a versão do Questionário de Motivos de Participação (PMQ; Gill, Gross y Huddleston, 1983), realizada por Scalon, Becker y Brauner (1999). Os resultados mostram que as principais razões esgrimidas pelos atletas são estar em forma, estar forte e saudável porque eles gostam e também por melhorar suas habilidades. Segundo o gênero e a idade, também existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas, em muitos dos motivos expostos para a prática esportiva. Assim mesmo, é possível observar diferenças significativas de acordo com a prática individual ou coletiva e entre esportes de combate e não combate. Os resultados procuram informação sumamente interessante para o desenho dos ambientes esportivos e para que os treinadores adaptem a prática aos interesses dos jovens atletas. Futuras investigações deveriam incidir neste tópico com estudos qualitativos que ajudem a conhecer a fundo a realidade do esporte e atletas mexicanos (AU)

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El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia motivacional del estilo de música (clásica y tecno) frente a su no utilización sobre el rendimiento y el esfuerzo percibido. Se administró a 24 triatleta que hicieron 3 sesiones de 20 minutos, en bicicleta estática. Se establecieron dos grupos experimentales y un grupo control. El grupo control realizó todas las pruebas sin música, el grupo experimental 1 realizó una primera sesión sin música, una segunda con música clásica y una tercera con tecno y, el grupo experimental 2, realizó una primera sesión sin música, una segunda con tecno y una tercera con clásica. Los resultados indicaron que la música seleccionada no influye significativamente en el rendimiento. El éxito atribuido a una melodía y la asociación de la música con una película es una de las cualidades más motivacionales e influye sobre el esfuerzo percibido, siendo menor con música clásica (AU)

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which different types of music (classical or techno), or the absence of music, may affect motivation, performance and perceived effort. 24 triathletes were divided into three groups, one of which served as a control group. Each group underwent three exercise sessions of twenty minutes on the static bicycle. No music was played in any of the control group’s sessions. In the first session for Group 1 no music was played. In the first session for Group 2 no music was played. In the second session, classical music was played for the participants of Group 1 and techno music was played for the participants of Group 2. In the third and final session, techno music was played for the participants of Group 1 and classical music was played for the participants of Group 2. Results indicate that the choice of music has little effect on performance. It appears that a song’s popularity or its association with a famous film is the most motivational factor and that this affects the participants’ levels of perceived effort, however this effect is less noticeable with classical music (AU)

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Pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv Lamuyo) were treated with a mix of nitrophenolates either by foliar spray or in the irrigation system, and its effect on crop yield and the content of nutritive and bioactive compounds in fruit were analysed at harvest and after post-harvest storage. Treatments were applied at 2-week intervals from the development of first floral bunch (1 March) to end of August. Pepper fruits were harvested at commercial ripening stage (red surface colour) along the growth cycle (from May to September). Total yield (cumulative kilogram per plant) was increased ( 4.5% more) by nitrophenolate treatments due to significant increases in fruit mass, although the number of fruits per plant was unaffected. Pepper fruit quality (weight, firmness and pericarp thickness), its content in nutritive (sugars and organic acids) and bioactive compounds (vitamin C and total phenolics) and antioxidant activity were also enhanced by nitrophenolate treatments at the three harvested dates assayed (end May, mid July and end August). In addition, all these parameters were maintained at higher levels in treated peppers during storage, while diminutions in these parameters occurred generally in control fruit. Thus, nitrophenolate treatments were able to improve crop yield as well as the nutritional value and antioxidant properties of peppers at harvest and after fruit storage.

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Objetivo: Describir las características clínico epidemiológicas de la Toxoplasmosis ocular activa, enpacientes del Servicio de Úvea del Instituto Nacional de Oftalmología (INO), desde el 2003 hasta el 2007. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, en el que se utilizaron 1498 historiasclínicas de pacientes del servicio de Úvea del Instituto Nacional de Oftalmología desde enero del 2003hasta octubre del 2007. Se obtuvieron 210 historias con diagnóstico de Toxoplasmosis ocular, siendo excluidos del estudio 109 pacientes por presentar: 16 IgG toxoplasma negativo, 46 sin coriorretinitis exudativa activa, 45 sin IgG toxoplasma y dos con opacidad vítrea intensa. La ceguera legal fue definida como la mejor agudeza visual corregida en el ojo afectado, menor o igual a 20/200. Se utilizaron comovariables: la edad, sexo, lugar de nacimiento y procedencia, características clínicas, tiempo de seguimiento, tiempo de inactivación de la lesión, complicaciones y agudeza visual final. Resultados: De 99 pacientes(102 ojos), el 55,56% fueron del sexo masculino. El grupo etario mayormente comprometido fueel de 21-30 años (31,31%). El 96,97% presentó lesión unilateral. La localización más frecuente fue la perifé-rica (61,90%). La complicación más frecuente: lesiones maculares (23,53%). El 7,07% de pacientes fue VIH(+), sin diferencias en la presentación clínica con respecto a los otros pacientes. Conclusiones: Lafrecuencia de Toxoplasmosis Ocular fue de 14,02%, inferior a los reportes mundiales (22,5%), lapresentación clínica-epidemiológica fue similar a la descrita en la literatura, mayormente en nacidos enel interior del país, en la tercera década de la vida, afección ocular unilateral y localización periférica de lalesión retinal. (AU)

Objective: To describe clinical - epidemiological characteristics of the ocular active toxoplasmosis, in patients of Uvea's Service of the National Institute of Ophthalmology, from 2003 to 2007. Materials and Methods: Retrospective descriptive study, which used 1498 patient records Uveal Service National Eye Institute from January 2003 to October 2007 as an information source. Were 210 patients obtained with diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Were 109 patients excluded: 16 IgG toxoplasma negative, 46 without exudative chorioretinitis activate, 45 without IgG toxoplasma, 02 with intense vitreous opacity. Legal blindness was definite to the best visual keenness corrected in the affected, minor eye or like 20/200. Variables were used as age, sex, place of birth and origin, clinical characteristics, time of follow-up, time of unactivation of the injury, complications and visual final keenness. Results: From 99 patients (102 eyes), 55.56 %. The age group mainly damaged was from 21 to 30 years old (31.31 %). 96.97 % showed unilateral injury. The most frequent location: peripheral (61.90 %).The most frequent complication: cataract (8.82 %). 7.07 % were HIV (+), without differences in the clinical presentation regarding the other patients. Conclusions: The predominance of the ocular Toxoplasmosis was 14.02 %, lower than the world reports (22.5 %).The clinical - epidemiologic presentation was similar to that described in the documentation, where the unilateral ocular condition and the peripheral location of the retinal injury affected to those born inside the country (Lima-Callao), in the third decade of the life. (AU)

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Fundamento y objetivo: El objetivo de este análisis es conocer las características del proceso asistencial y detectar posibles problemas del funcionamiento del Código Ictus (CI) en sus 2 primeros años de implementación a partir de la incidencia poblacional de ictus en un sector territorial del Plan Director de Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares. Pacientes y método: Estudio prospectivo de cohorte constituida por personas con un primer episodio de ictus, entre 15-89 años de edad. Se realizó un análisis de los indicadores clínicos de resultados según los requerimientos del CI territorial, y de supervivencia por curvas de Kaplan-Meier y bivariante entre pacientes fallecidos y supervivientes. Resultados: Se incluyeron 380 pacientes ≤80 años, activándose el CI en el 54,3% (IC 95%: 49,0-59,3), intrahospitalariamente en el 77% de casos. El 80% de la ventana terapéutica se consume hasta la llegada al hospital. En el 13,9% (IC 95%: 9,2-19,8) se trató con fibrinólisis. La mortalidad inmediata fue del 9,9% (IC 95%: 7,5-12,5). Conclusiones: La implantación del CI es un sistema que mejoró la atención precoz del ictus en todo el territorio, pero su activación en el ámbito de atención primaria fue baja (AU)

Background and objective: We aimed to know the characteristics of the urgent stroke assistance system, the Stroke Code (SC) model, 2 years after its implementation through testing the specific impact on several result indicators on individuals with a first stroke. Patients and method: Prospective study of a cohort who suffered a first stroke episode, 15 to 89-year-old. Several clinical indicators were selected to evaluate results according to the SC and an analysis survival for Kaplan-Meier's curves was made as well as a bivariate analysis between dead and surviving patients. Data were collected by a community based registry. Results: A total of 380 patients ≤80-year-aged were enrolled and the SC was activated in 54.3% (CI95%: 49,0-59.3), 77% at the hospital. An 80% of the therapeutic window was wasted before arrival to hospital. In 13.9% (CI95%: 9,2-19,8) thrombolysis was used. The immediate mortality was 9.9% (CI95%: 7.5-12.5). Conclusions: The implantation of the SC is a system that improved the welfare chain of stroke in the whole territory, but its activation in the area of primary care was low (AU)

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We aimed to know the characteristics of the urgent stroke assistance system, the Stroke Code (SC) model, 2 years after its implementation through testing the specific impact on several result indicators on individuals with a first stroke. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective study of a cohort who suffered a first stroke episode, 15 to 89-year-old. Several clinical indicators were selected to evaluate results according to the SC and an analysis survival for Kaplan-Meier's curves was made as well as a bivariate analysis between dead and surviving patients. Data were collected by a community based registry. RESULTS: A total of 380 patients ≤80-year-aged were enrolled and the SC was activated in 54.3% (CI95%: 49,0-59.3), 77% at the hospital. An 80% of the therapeutic window was wasted before arrival to hospital. In 13.9% (CI95%: 9,2-19,8) thrombolysis was used. The immediate mortality was 9.9% (CI95%: 7.5-12.5). CONCLUSIONS: The implantation of the SC is a system that improved the welfare chain of stroke in the whole territory, but its activation in the area of primary care was low.

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UNLABELLED: The Eurobarometer Survey of the EAPC Task Force on the Development of Palliative Care in Europe is part of a programme of work to produce comprehensive information on the provision of palliative care across Europe. AIM: To identify barriers to the development of palliative care in Western Europe. METHOD: A qualitative survey was undertaken amongst boards of national associations, eliciting opinions on opportunities for, and barriers to, palliative care development. By July 2006, 44/52 (85%) European countries had responded to the survey; we report here on the results from 22/25 (88%) countries in Western Europe. ANALYSIS: Data from the Eurobarometer Survey were analysed thematically by geographical region and by the degree of development of palliative care in each country. RESULTS: From the data contained within the Eurobarometer, we identified six significant barriers to the development of palliative care in Western Europe: (i) lack of palliative care education and training programmes; (ii) lack of awareness and recognition of palliative care; (iii) limited availability of/knowledge about opioid analgesics; (iv) limited funding; (v) lack of coordination amongst services; and (vi) uneven palliative care coverage. CONCLUSION: Findings from the EAPC Eurobarometer Survey suggest that barriers to the development of palliative care in Western Europe may differ substantially from each other in both their scope and context and that some may be considered to be of greater significance than others. A number of common barriers to the development of the discipline do exist and much work still remains to be done in the identified areas. This paper provides a road map of which barriers need to be addressed.

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La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es un importante problema de salud pública, por su elevada morbimortalidad cardiovascular y sus costes económicos y sociales. Fundamento: Identificar la prevalencia de HTA detectada en atención primaria y su grado de control; conocerlos tipos de tratamientos utilizados y factores asociados a su control. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio transversal comparativo de dos años en el Centro de Salud de Villava. Se analizan los datos de la historia clínica informatizada en los años 2003 y 2006. Se estudian las variables: edad, género, pensión arterial sistólica y diastólica, colesterol total, HDL, LDL, triglicéridos, tabaquismo, índice de masa corporal en ambos años. Tratamiento hipotensor en el año 2006. Mediante regresión logística se identifican las variables del año 2006 asociadas a buen control. Resultados: Prevalencia detectada de HTA en ≥ 18 años: 2003: 11,6% (IC:10,9-12,3); 2006: 16,6% (IC:15,8-17,4)(p<0,001). En hipertensos con registro de presión arterial estaban controlados (PA:<140/90) en 2003: 45,1% (IC: 41,0-48,0) y en 2006: 40,4% (IC: 37,7-43,2) (p<0,05). Variables asociadas a buen control: ser varón [OR 1,60 (IC: 1,26-2,03)]tratamiento con ARA II [OR 2,16 (IC: 1,50-3,09)] y ser diabético[OR 1,50 (IC: 1,10-2,03]. Se asocian a mal control: presentar enfermedad vascular cerebral, vasculopatía periférica y el tratamiento con IECA. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de HTA detectada es baja. El nivel de control es superior para la PAD que para la PAS. El tratamiento con ARA II, ser varón o ser diabético se asocia a mejor control. La vasculopatía periférica, la cardiopatía isquémica, la enfermedad vascular cerebral, el tratamiento con IECA y edad se asocian a peor control (AU)

Arterial hypertension (AHT) is a significant public health problem due to its high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and its economic and social costs. Background: To identify the prevalence of AHT detected in primary care and its degree of control; to determine the types of treatment used and factors associated with its control. Patients and methods: Transversal comparative study of two years in the Villava Health Centre. The computerised clinical history data for the years 2003 and 2006 was analysed. The following variables were studied: age, gender, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, tobacco use, body mass index in both years. Hypotensor treatment in the year 2006. The variables for the year 2006 associated with good control were identified through logistic regression. Results: AHT prevalence detected in ≥ 18 year olds: 2003: 11.6% (CI:10.9-12.3); 2006: 16.6% (CI:15.8-17.4) (p<0.001). Control of hypertense persons with a register of arterial tension (AP:<140/90) in 2003: 45.1% (CI: 41.0-48.0) and in 2006: 40.4% (CI: 37.7-43.2) (p<0.05). Variables associated with good control: being male [OR 1.60 (IC: 1.26-2.03)] treatment with ARA II [OR 2.16 (CI: 1.50-3.09)] and being diabetic [OR 1.50 (CI: 1.10-2.03]. Associated with poor control: presenting cerebral vascular disease, peripheral vasculopathy and treatment with ACE inhibitors. Conclusions: A low prevalence of AHT was detected. The level of control was higher for the DAP than for the SAP. Treatment with AIIRA, being male and being diabetic were associated with a better control. Peripheral vasculopathy, ichaemic cardiopathy, cerebral vascular disease, ACE inhibitors use and age were associated with a poorer control (AU)

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Starting from commercially available amino acid derivatives, two novel families of chiral ionic liquids having either a thiazolinium or an imidazolium cation were prepared by simple and straightforward procedures in good overall yields. The properties of these new salts can be finely tuned by careful selection of the anion and the cation.

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The ultraviolet spectroscopic properties of trivalent ytterbium have been studied at low temperature in one borate and two oxyborates in the ternary diagram Li(2)O-Y(2)O(3)-B(2)O(3). The UV luminescence was detected in the two ytterbium-doped oxyborates. The evolution of these emissions was studied as a function of the temperature. A determination of the configurational coordinate diagrams based on the Struck and Fonger model is proposed to calculate the position in energy of the charge transfer band afforded by the simulation of spectral distribution of these excitation and emission bands. The strong correlation between the luminescent properties and the environments of the rare earth is pointed out.

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Consumers demand new means of preservation with absence of chemicals. In this work a package was developed (thermosealed baskets) with grapes wrapped with 2 distinct films (M and P) with different permeability (medium and high, respectively) without or with the addition of a mixture of eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol. Table grapes stored on air (control) lost their quality attributes very rapidly, manifested by accelerated weight loss, color changes, softening, and increase in soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity ratio (SSC/TA). The use of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) alone retarded these changes, the effects being significantly greater when essential oils were added (especially for M film), although atmospheric composition was not affected by incorporating essential oils. In addition, microbial counts (molds and yeasts and mesophilic aerobics) were drastically decreased and accompanied by lower occurrence of berry decay. Although slight odor was detected after opening the packages, absence of the typical flavor of these compounds was found by trained panelists after tasting the berries. Thus, with this safe, simple, and innovative technology, the overall quality (sensory and safety) could be improved and considered as a toll alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides.

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