RESUMEN
A clinical nutritionist (CN) is a university-educated professional trained to perform preventive and recovery functions in the health of patients. The actions of these professionals, both worldwide and in Latin America, may face barriers and opportunities that require careful identification and examination. The main objective of this study is to identify the most important barriers and opportunities for the clinical nutritionist in 13 Latin American countries. A qualitative study was carried out; the initial phase involved conducting in-depth individual interviews with 89 informants, experienced CNs from 13 Latin American countries. After calculating the mean and standard deviation, we ranked the top 10 most frequently reported barriers by assigning a score ranging from 1 to 10. Additionally, 3 opportunities were identified with a lower score from 1 to 3. Means and standard deviation were calculated to sort the responses. Results: the most important barrier was the absence of public policies that regulate and/or monitor compliance with the staffing of CNs according to the number of hospital beds, while the most important opportunity was the advances in technology such as software, body analysis equipment and other tools used in Nutritional Care. The identified barriers can interfere with the professional performance of CNs and, moreover, make it difficult to monitor the good nutritional status of patients. It is recommended to consider the barriers identified in this study, as well as the opportunities, with a view to improving the quality of hospital services with an adequate supply of nutritionists.
Asunto(s)
Política de Salud , Ciencias de la Nutrición , Nutricionistas , Humanos , América Latina , Nutricionistas/normas , Política Pública , Investigación Cualitativa , Fuerza Laboral en Salud/normas , Ciencias de la Nutrición/normas , Biotecnología/tendenciasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: SARS-CoV-2, a newly identified coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has challenged health services and profoundly impacted people's lifestyles. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic on food consumption patterns and body weight in adults from 12 Ibero-American countries. METHODS: Multicentric, cross-sectional study. Data was collected using an online survey disseminated by social networks. The sample included 10 552 people from Spain and 11 Latin American countries who were selected by snowball sampling. RESULTS: While 38.50% of the sample reported weight gain, 16.90% reported weight lost. Weight change was associated with sex, age, country of residence, and education level. People who were not confined more often reported having maintained their weight in comparison to people who were confined. All Latin American countries showed an increased consumption of sweetened drinks, pastry products, fried foods, and alcoholic beverages during confinement. Consumption of eggs and dairy products was independent from body weight change. People who consumed more fruits and vegetables during confinement more often reported having lost weight. In contrast, body weight gain during confinement was associated with increased intake of sugary drinks, baked goods and pastries, pizza, fried foods, and alcoholic beverages. CONCLUSION: During COVID-19 confinement, the Latin American countries included in this study showed a change in their consumption patterns toward less healthy diets, which in turn was associated with an increase in the body weight of their population.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Adulto , Humanos , Estados Unidos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudios Transversales , Bebidas , Aumento de Peso , VerdurasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the relationship between symptoms of anxiety and/or anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure) and diet quality during confinement due to COVID-19 in rural populations in Latin America. METHODS: This was a multicentric, cross-sectional study. An online survey was applied, which included the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale for assessing the presence of anhedonia, the Food Intake Questionnaire and sociodemographic questions. RESULTS: The study included 10 552 people from 11 countries; 708 participants were living in rural areas. More than half of the participants were quarantined at the time of the survey. Diet quality was inversely associated with anhedonia (p<0.001) and anxiety (p=0.003). In addition, a healthier diet was associated with being female (p=0.030), having a higher level of education (p=0.008) and country of residence (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Among the rural population during the COVID pandemic, this study found a worse diet quality was associated with symptoms of anhedonia and anxiety, as well as lower level of education and being male. Proposals to improve the quality of the diet could include interventions aimed at people's mental health.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Depresión/epidemiología , Dieta , Femenino , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiología , Masculino , Población Rural , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
Autosomal DNA data from Peru for human identity testing purposes are scarce in the scientific literature, which hinders obtaining an appropriate portrait of the genetic variation of the resident populations. In this study we genetically characterize five populations from the Northeastern Peruvian Andes (Chachapoyas, Awajún, Wampís, Huancas and Cajamarca). Autosomal short tandem repeat (aSTR) and identity informative single nucleotide polymorphism (iiSNP) data from a total of 233 unrelated individuals are provided, and forensic genetic parameters are calculated for each population and for the combined set Northeastern Peruvian Andes. After correction for multiple testing in the whole dataset of the Northeastern Peruvian Andes, the only departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in locus rs2111980. Twenty one out of 27 aSTR loci exhibited an increased number of alleles due to sequence variation in the repeat motif and flanking regions. For iiSNPs 33% of the loci displayed flanking region variation. The combined random match probability (RMP), assuming independence of all loci (aSTRs and iiSNPs), in the Chachapoyas, the population with the largest samples size (N = 172), was 8.14 × 10-62 for length-based data while for sequence-based was 4.15 × 10-67. In the merged dataset (Northeastern Peruvian Andes; N = 233), the combined RMP when including all markers were 2.96 × 10-61 (length-based) and 3.21 × 10-66 (sequence-based). These new data help to fill up some of the gaps in the genetic canvas of South America and provide essential length- and sequence-based background information for other forensic genetic studies in Peru.
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad/genética , Genética de Población , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Dermatoglifia del ADN , Frecuencia de los Genes , Humanos , PerúRESUMEN
Many native populations in South America have been severely impacted by two relatively recent historical events, the Inca and the Spanish conquest. However decisive these disruptive events may have been, the populations and their gene pools have been shaped markedly also by the history prior to the conquests. This study focuses mainly on the Chachapoya peoples that inhabit the montane forests on the eastern slopes of the northern Peruvian Andes, but also includes three distinct neighboring populations (the Jívaro, the Huancas and the Cajamarca). By assessing mitochondrial, Y-chromosomal and autosomal diversity in the region, we explore questions that have emerged from archaeological and historical studies of the regional culture (s). These studies have shown, among others, that Chachapoyas was a crossroads for Coast-Andes-Amazon interactions since very early times. In this study, we examine the following questions: 1) was there pre-Hispanic genetic population substructure in the Chachapoyas sample? 2) did the Spanish conquest cause a more severe population decline on Chachapoyan males than on females? 3) can we detect different patterns of European gene flow in the Chachapoyas region? and, 4) did the demographic history in the Chachapoyas resemble the one from the Andean area? Despite cultural differences within the Chachapoyas region as shown by archaeological and ethnohistorical research, genetic markers show no significant evidence for past or current population substructure, although an Amazonian gene flow dynamic in the northern part of this territory is suggested. The data also indicates a bottleneck c. 25 generations ago that was more severe among males than females, as well as divergent population histories for populations in the Andean and Amazonian regions. In line with previous studies, we observe high genetic diversity in the Chachapoyas, despite the documented dramatic population declines. The diverse topography and great biodiversity of the northeastern Peruvian montane forests are potential contributing agents in shaping and maintaining the high genetic diversity in the Chachapoyas region.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Flujo Génico , Genética de Población , Indígenas Sudamericanos/genética , Dinámica Poblacional/historia , Arqueología , Cromosomas Humanos Y/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Femenino , Marcadores Genéticos , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Humanos , Masculino , Factores Sexuales , América del SurRESUMEN
Aiming at future comparisons with earlier hunter-gatherers or transitional populations, this paper intends to characterize and describe the oral pathology pattern of late agriculturalists from Central Andes dating to the Late Intermediate Period (LIP) and Inca periods (1000-1532 CE), and identify differences and/or similarities between coastal and highland populations. Although the botanical inventories of the LIP suggest carbohydrate-rich diets and similar components, it has been hypothesized that coastal and highland populations had, nevertheless, substantially different oral pathology patterns. We evaluated 14 indicators of oral pathology from Los Pinos (n=200) and Armatambo (n=25) sites in the Central Coast and two chronological phases from Laguna de los Cóndores site (LC-Inca, n=23; and LC-LIP, n=55), in the Peruvian northern highlands. The results showed a recurrent pattern of oral pathologies characterized by cervical caries (above 30%), extra-occlusal caries (above 60%), high rates of gross-gross caries, high frequency of ante mortem tooth loss, and signals of periodontal disease among these four populations. The diets of the coast were slightly more abrasive than those of the highlands. Oral pathology patterns were compatible with a slightly more cariogenic diet in the coast than in the highlands. In all four populations, those patterns were modulated by other common factors such as consumption of fermented drinks (maize beer - chicha) and the coca leaf chewing habit.
Asunto(s)
Agricultores/historia , Enfermedades de la Boca/historia , Altitud , Caries Dental/historia , Caries Dental/patología , Dieta , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Enfermedades de la Boca/patología , Paleodontología , Paleopatología , Patología Bucal , Enfermedades Periodontales/historia , Enfermedades Periodontales/patología , Perú , Pérdida de Diente/historia , Pérdida de Diente/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The ancient Chachapoya were an aggregate of several ethnic groups that shared a common language, religion, and material culture. They inhabited a territory at the juncture of the Andes and the Amazon basin. Their position between those ecozones most likely influenced their genetic composition. We attempted to better understand their population history by assessing the contemporary genetic diversity in the Chachapoya and three of their immediate neighbors (Huancas, Jivaro, and Cajamarca). We inferred signatures of demographic history and genetic affinities, and contrasted the findings with data from other populations on local and continental scales. METHODS: We studied mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; hypervariable segment [HVSI and HVSII]) and Y chromosome (23 short tandem repeats (STRs)) marker data in 382 modern individuals. We used Sanger sequencing for mtDNA and a commercially available kit for Y-chromosomal STR typing. RESULTS: The Chachapoya had affinities with various populations of Andean and Amazonian origin. When examining the Native American component, the Chachapoya displayed high levels of genetic diversity. Together with other parameters, for example, large Tajima's D and Fu's Fs, the data indicated no drastic reduction of the population size in the past. CONCLUSION: The high level of diversity in the Chachapoya, the lack of evidence of drift in the past, and genetic affinities with a broad range of populations in the Americas reflects an intricate population history in the region. The new genetic data from the Chachapoya indeed seems to point to a genetic complexity that is not yet resolved but beginning to be elucidated. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:857-867, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas Humanos Y/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Variación Genética , Indígenas Sudamericanos/genética , Haplotipos , Humanos , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Perú , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Three distinctly different lineages of head and body lice are known to parasitize humans. One lineage includes head and body lice and is currently worldwide in distribution (type A). The other 2 (types B and C) include only head lice and are geographically restricted. It was hypothesized that head louse phylotypes were exchanged only recently, after European exploration and colonization (after Columbus). METHODS: To determine which louse type or types were found in the Americas before European colonization, we used polymerase chain reaction in 2 laboratories to amplify DNA from 2 genes (Cytb and Cox1) belonging to 1000-year-old lice collected from Peruvian mummies. RESULTS: Only the worldwide type (type A) was found. Therefore, this phylotype was worldwide before European colonization, as type A lice were common in Europe, Africa, and Asia. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show that several phylotypes of head lice have coexisted for centuries in humans and support the claim that type A lice were present in the Americas before the time of Columbus.
Asunto(s)
Infestaciones por Piojos/genética , Momias/parasitología , Pediculus/genética , Animales , Antropología , ADN/análisis , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Pediculus/clasificación , Perú , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
Ancient DNA recovered from 57 individuals excavated by Hiram Bingham at the rural communities of Paucarcancha, Patallacta, and Huata near the famed Inca royal estate and ritual site of Machu Picchu was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, and the results were compared with ancient and modern DNA from various Central Andean areas to test their hypothesized indigenous highland origins. The control and coding regions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 35 individuals in this group were sequenced, and the haplogroups of each individual were determined. The frequency data for the haplogroups of these samples show clear proximity to those of modern Quechua and Aymara populations in the Peruvian and Bolivian highlands, and contrast with those of pre-Hispanic individuals of the north coast of Peru that we defined previously. Our study suggests a strong genetic affinity between sampled late pre-Hispanic individuals and modern Andean highlanders. A previous analysis of the Machu Picchu osteological collection suggests that the residents there were a mixed group of natives from various coastal and highland regions relocated by the Inca state for varied purposes. Overall, our study indicates that the sampled individuals from Paucarcancha and Patallacta were indigenous highlanders who provided supportive roles for nearby Machu Picchu.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/química , Fósiles , ADN Mitocondrial/clasificación , Haplotipos , Humanos , Perú , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo Genético , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
In 1997 agricultural workers, turned into looters, found an intact funerary site in the cloud forest in northeastern Peru. A prompt archaeological rescue project permitted the recovery of an important collection of mummies and artifacts that are providing important insights about the archaeology of the Chachapoya people that established in this area around 900 AD up to the Inca conquest of this territory around the year 1475. The mummies recovered showed evidence of cultural practices devised and used to assure the preservation of the human bodies. Such practices are also reported for among Chinchorro and Chiribaya mummies in the Andes. A cultural interpretation of these funerary activities is discussed connecting the practice of the cult to the ancestors to the access and management of resources and territory.
Asunto(s)
Embalsamiento , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Momias , Historia Antigua , Humanos , PerúRESUMEN
Mitochondrial DNA sequences isolated from ancient dog remains from Latin America and Alaska showed that native American dogs originated from multiple Old World lineages of dogs that accompanied late Pleistocene humans across the Bering Strait. One clade of dog sequences was unique to the New World, which is consistent with a period of geographic isolation. This unique clade was absent from a large sample of modern dogs, which implies that European colonists systematically discouraged the breeding of native American dogs.
Asunto(s)
Animales Domésticos/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Perros/genética , Alaska , Animales , Animales Domésticos/clasificación , Bolivia , Cruzamiento , Perros/clasificación , Europa (Continente) , Haplotipos , Humanos , México , América del Norte , Perú , Filogenia , Tiempo , Lobos/genéticaRESUMEN
Se describen tres casos clínicos de infección por isospora belli en pacientes pediátricos que presentaban algunas características comunes como la condición socioeconómica de marginalidad, estado nutricional deficiente y antecedentes de problemas gastrointestinales. El diagnóstico fué establecido en el laboratorio por medio de exámenes coproparasitológicos con el método directo en dos de los casos y con un método de concentración el restante. En uno de los casos se hizo el seguimiento y tratamiento adecuado con trimetroprim sufatometoxazole por ser un caso institucionalizado, comprobando la erradicación del parásito y el mejoramiento del estado nutricional del infante. Es importante señalar que en nuestro medio esta parasitosis puede representar una frecuencia mayor de la conocida actualmente, debido tanto a la dificultad de establecer el diagnóstico clínico por la variedad de organismos patógenos que pueden producir un cuadro similar, como por la baja sensibilidad del método directo que es utilizado de rutina en los laboratorios
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Lactante , Niño , Coccidiosis/diagnóstico , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Se describen tres casos clínicos de infección por isospora belli en pacientes pediátricos que presentaban algunas características comunes como la condición socioeconómica de marginalidad, estado nutricional deficiente y antecedentes de problemas gastrointestinales. El diagnóstico fue establecido en el laboratorio por medio de exámenes coproparasitológicos con el método directo en dos de los casos y con un método de concentración el restante. En uno de los casos se hizo el seguimiento y tratamiento adecuado con trimetroprim sufatometoxazole por ser un caso institucionalizado, comprobando la erradicación del parásito y el mejoramiento del estado nutricional del infante. Es importante señalar que en nuestro medio ésta parasitosis puede representar una frecuencia mayor de la conocida actualmente, debido tanto a la dificuldad de establecer el diagnóstico clínico por la variedad de organismos patógenos que pueden producir un cuadro similar, como por la baja sensibilidad del método directo que es utilizado de rutina en los laboratorios