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Bacterial intestinal inflammation frequently occurs in cultured fish. Nevertheless, research on intestinal barrier dysfunction in the process of intestinal inflammation is deficient. In this study, we explored the changes of intestinal inflammation induced by Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) in snakehead and the relationship between intestinal barrier and inflammation. Snakehead [(13.05 ± 2.39) g] were infected via anus with A. hydrophila. Specimens were collected for analysis at 0, 1, 3, 7 and 21 d post-injection. The results showed that with the increase of exposure time, the hindgut underwent stages of normal function, damage, damage deterioration, repair and recovery. Relative to 0 d, the levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α in serum, and the expression of nod1, tlr1, tlr5, nf-κb, tnf-α and il-1ß in intestine were significantly increased, and showed an upward then downward pattern over time. However, the expression of tlr2 and il-10 were markedly decreased, and showed the opposite trend. In addition, with the development of intestinal inflammation, the diversity and richness of species, and the levels of phylum and genus in intestine were obviously altered. The levels of trypsin, LPS, AMS, T-SOD, CAT, GPx, AKP, LZM and C3 in intestine were markedly reduced, and displayed a trend of first decreasing and then rebounding. The ultrastructure observation showed that the microvilli and tight junction structure of intestinal epithelial cells experienced normal function initially, then damage, and finally recovery over time. The expression of claudin-3 and zo-1 in intestine were significantly decreased, and showed a trend of first decreasing and then rebounding. Conversely, the expression of mhc-i, igm, igt and pigr in intestine were markedly increased, and displayed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The above results revealed the changes in intestinal barrier during the occurrence and development of intestinal inflammation, which provided a theoretical basis for explaining the relationship between the two.

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Based on a typical ozone （O3） pollution process in Jinan City from June 16 to 26, 2021, the variation characteristics of O3 and its precursor volatile organic compounds （VOCs） during different pollution periods （clean period （CP）, pollution rise period （PRP）, heavy pollution period （HPP）, and pollution decline period （PDP）） in the urban area were analyzed. Both positive matrix factorization （PMF） and an observation-based model （OBM） were used to identify the main sources of VOCs, O3 production mechanisms, and sensitive species. The results showed that the average value of ρ（O3-8h） during the HPP period in the urban area was （246.67±11.24） µg·m-3, and ρ（O3-1h） had a peak value of 300 µg·m-3. The volume fractions of VOCs and NO2 concentration were affected by the decrease in planetary boundary layer and wind speed, which were 76.99%-145.36% and 127.78%-141.18% higher than those in the other three periods, respectively, and were the main reasons for the aggravation of O3 pollution. Alkanes, oxygenated volatile organic compounds （OVOCs）, and halogenated hydrocarbons accounted for 43.81%, 20.98%, and 17.43% of VOCs in urban areas, respectively. All of them showed significant growth during the HPP period, with acetone, propane, and ethane being the top three species by volume in each stage and isopentane showing the highest growth during the HPP period. Alkene, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons accounted for 40.19%, 28.06%, and 21.92% of the ozone generation potential （OFP）. 1-butene, toluene, isopentane, and isoprene were the species with higher OFP. Isoprene had the highest OFP during the PRP phase, and 1-butene had the highest OFP during the HPP phase. The volume fraction of isopentane significantly increased OFP. The correlation coefficient between VOCs and CO preliminarily indicated that motor vehicle exhaust and oil and gas volatilization were the main sources of VOCs during the HPP period. Further use of PMF revealed that solvent use sources, combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust+oil and gas volatilization sources, industrial emission sources, and plant sources were important sources of VOCs in urban areas. The contribution of motor vehicle exhaust+oil and gas volatilization sources in the HPP period to VOCs was 3.09-14.72 times higher than that in other periods. The contribution of solvent use sources to VOCs was approximately 2.50 times higher than that in the CP and PRP periods. The main sources of VOCs volume fraction increase were motor vehicle exhaust, oil and gas volatilization sources, and solvent use sources. Potential sources and concentration weight analysis found that VOCs were also affected by the transmission of VOCs to Binzhou and Dongying in the northeast direction. The OBM results indicated that the main pathway of O3 formation in urban areas was the reaction of peroxide hydroxyl radicals （HO2·ï¼‰ and methyl peroxide radicals （CH3O2·ï¼‰ with NO, and the net ozone generation rate during the HPP phase [P（O3）net] was 24×10-9 h-1. Based on the sensitivity experiment results, the alkene components of 1-butene, propylene, cis-2-butene, and ethylene were the dominant species for O3 production.

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BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) rearrangement are key genetic alterations and predictive tumor markers for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are typically considered to be mutually exclusive. EGFR/ROS1 co-mutation is a rare event, and the standard treatment approach for such cases is still equivocal. CASE SUMMARY: Herein, we report the case of a 64-year-old woman diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma, with concomitant EGFR L858R mutation and ROS1 rearrangement. The patient received two cycles of chemotherapy after surgery, but the disease progressed. Following 1-month treatment with gefitinib, the disease progressed again. However, after switching to crizotinib, the lesion became stable. Currently, crizotinib has been administered for over 53 months with a remarkable treatment effect. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and crizotinib was vastly different in this NSCLC patient with EGFR/ROS1 co-mutation. This report will aid future treatment of such patients.

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Three new compounds 1-glyceryl 9(ß), 10(α), 11(ß)-trihydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoate, 2'S-20-O-p-hydroxyphenylpropionyloxy-20-hyd-roxyarachidic acid glycerol ester (2), 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside of ethyl (3S)-hydroxybutanoate (3), as well as a new natural product (4) were isolated from the fruits of Solanum virginianum L. The structures of 26 compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, NMR calculation, chemical methods, and comparisons of spectroscopic data. Compounds 2 and 16 exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity in the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 inflammatory model with IC50 values of 16.75 ± 1.54 and 22.43 ± 2.01 µM, respectively.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the neurodevelopmental characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), analyze the correlation between neurodevelopmental indicators and cerebral blood flow (CBF), and explore the potential mechanisms of neurodevelopment in ASD children. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 145 children aged 2-6 years with newly-diagnosed ASD. Scores from the Gesell Developmental Diagnosis Scale and the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and CBF results were collected to compare gender differences in the development of children with ASD and analyze the correlation between CBF and neurodevelopmental indicators. RESULTS: Fine motor and personal-social development quotient in boys with ASD were lower than those in girls with ASD (P<0.05). Gross motor development quotient in ASD children was negatively correlated with CBF in the left frontal lobe (r=-0.200, P=0.016), right frontal lobe (r=-0.279, P=0.001), left parietal lobe (r=-0.208, P=0.012), and right parietal lobe (r=-0.187, P=0.025). The total ABC score was positively correlated with CBF in the left amygdala (r=0.295, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention training should pay attention to gender and developmental structural characteristics for precise intervention in ASD children. CBF has the potential to become a biological marker for assessing the severity of ASD.

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Photo-responsive liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) have potential application value in flexible robots, artificial muscles, and microfluidic control. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of LCPs. However, the preparation of LCPs with continuous and controllable stepwise deformation capabilities remains a challenge. In this study, visible photo-responsive cyanostilbene monomer, UV photo-responsive azobenzene monomer, and multiple hydrogen bond crosslinker are used to prepare photo-responsive LCPs capable of achieving continuously and controllable stepwise deformation. The comprehensive investigation of the multiple light response ability and photo-induced deformation properties of these copolymers is conducted. The results reveal that in the first stage of photo-induced deformation under 470 nm blue light irradiation, the deformation angle decreases with a reduction in cyanostilbene content in the copolymer component, ranging from 40° in AZ0-CS4 to 0° in AZ4-CS0. In the second stage of photo-induced deformation under 365 nm UV irradiation, the deformation angle increases with the increase of azobenzene content, ranging from 0° of AZ0-CS4 to 89.4° of AZ4-CS0. Importantly, the deformation between these two stages occurs as a continuous process, allowing for a direct transition from the first-stage to the second-stage deformation by switching the light source from 470 to 365 nm.

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In arid areas, fresh water resources are insufficient, and agricultural water mainly depends on shallow saline groundwater. However, long-term saline irrigation will cause soil salt accumulation and soil environment deterioration, which is not conducive to crop growth. In this study, based on the long-term irrigation of fresh water (0.35 dS·m-1, FW) and saline water (8.04 dS·m-1, SW), biochar (3.7 t·hm-2, BC) and straw (6 t·hm-2, ST) were added to the soil by an equal-carbon design. The aim was to clarify the effects of biochar and straw returning on the physical and chemical properties and microbial community structure of salinized soil. The results showed that saline irrigation significantly increased soil water content, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus, and total carbon content but significantly decreased pH value and available potassium content. The contents of available phosphorus, available potassium, and total carbon in soil were significantly increased by biochar and straw returning, but the conductivity value of soil irrigated with saline water was significantly decreased. The dominant bacteria in each treatment were Proteobacteria, Actinomycetes, Acidobacteria, Chloromycetes, and Blastomonas. Saline water irrigation significantly increased the relative abundance of Blastomonas and Proteobacteria but significantly decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. Under the condition of fresh water irrigation, the relative abundance of Chlorocurvula was significantly reduced by the return of biochar. Straw returning significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria but significantly decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Actinomyces, Chloromyces, and Blastomonas. Under saline irrigation, the relative abundance of Chlorocurvula and Blastomonas were significantly reduced by biochar return to field. Straw returning significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria but significantly decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Actinomyces, Chloromyces, and Blastomonas. LEfSe analysis showed that saline irrigation decreased the potential markers and functional numbers of soil microorganisms.Under saline irrigation, biochar returning increased the number of potential markers and functions of soil microorganisms. Straw returning to field increases the number of potential markers of soil microorganisms. RDA results showed that soil microbial community and functional structure were significantly correlated with EC1:5, SWC, and pH. Saline water irrigation will deteriorate the soil environment, which is not conducive to agricultural production, among which EC1:5, SWC, and pH are important factors driving changes in soil microbial community and functional structure. Using biochar and straw to return to the field can reduce the harm of salt to soil and crops, laying a foundation for improving agricultural productivity.

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The incidence and clinical distribution of intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in neonates at risk of cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia have not been reported in specific studies. Based on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) versus susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), this study aimed to analyse the occurrence of asymptomatic ICH in newborns with or without risk of cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia and to accumulate objective data for clinical evaluations of high-risk neonates and corresponding response strategies. 317 newborns were included. MRI revealed that the overall incidence of ICH was 59.31%. The most common subtype was intracranial extracerebral haemorrhage (ICECH) which included subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and subdural haemorrhage (SDH). ICECH accounted for 92.02% of ICH. The positive detection rate of ICECH by SWI was significantly higher than that by T1WI. The incidence of total ICH, ICECH and SAH was greater among children who were delivered vaginally than among those who underwent caesarean delivery. Asymptomatic neonatal ICH may be a common complication of the neonatal birth process, and SWI may improve the detection rate. Transvaginal delivery and a weight greater than 2500 g were associated with a high incidence of ICECH in neonates. The impact of neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia risk factors on the occurrence of asymptomatic ICH may be negligible.

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BACKGROUND: The interplay between diabetes mellitus (DM), glycemic traits, and vascular and valvular calcifications is intricate and multifactorial. Exploring potential mediators may illuminate underlying pathways and identify novel therapeutic targets. METHODS: We utilized univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to investigate associations and mediation effects. Additionally, the multivariable MR analyses incorporated cardiometabolic risk factors, allowing us to account for potential confounders. RESULTS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were positively associated with both coronary artery calcification (CAC) and calcific aortic valvular stenosis (CAVS). However, fasting glucose (FG) was only linked to CAVS and showed no association with CAC. Additionally, CAVS demonstrated a causal effect on FG. Calcium levels partially mediated the impact of T2DM on both types of calcifications. Specifically, serum calcium was positively associated with both CAC and CAVS. The mediation effects of calcium levels on the impact of T2DM on CAC and CAVS were 6.063% and 3.939%, respectively. The associations between T2DM and HbA1c with calcifications were influenced by body mass index (BMI) and smoking status. However, these associations were generally reduced after adjusting for hypertension. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a genetically supported causal relationship between DM, glycemic traits, and vascular and valvular calcifications, with serum calcium playing a critical mediating role.

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Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner&Buhrer) Nickle is a global quarantine pest that causes devastating mortality in pine species. The rapid and uncontrollable parasitic spread of this organism results in substantial economic losses to pine forests annually. In this study, we used the MaxEnt model and GIS software ArcGIS10.8 to predict the distribution of B. xylophilus based on collected distribution points and 19 environmental variables (with a correlation coefficient of|R| > 0.8) for the contemporary period (1970-2000), 2041-2060 (2050s), 2061-2080 (2070s), and 2081-2100 (2090s) under four shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the key environmental factors affecting the geographical distribution of B. xylophilus and suitable distribution areas. Our results indicate that in current prediction maps B. xylophilus had potential suitable habitats in all continents except Antarctica, with East Asia being the region with the most highly suitable areas and the most serious epidemic area currently. Precipitation of the warmest quarter, temperature seasonality, precipitation of the wettest month, and maximum temperature of the warmest month were identified as key environmental variables that determine the distribution of B. xylophilus. Under future climatic conditions, the potential geographic distribution of B. xylophilus will expand relative to current conditions. In particular, under the SSP5-8.5 scenario in 2081-2100, suitable areas will expand to higher latitudes, and there will be significant changes in suitable areas in Europe, East Asia, and North America. These findings are crucial for future prevention and control management and monitoring.

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Litsea coreana Levl. var. sinensis (Allen) Yang et P. H. Huang is a popular ethnic herb and beverage plant known for its high flavonoid content, which has been linked to a variety of pharmacological benefits and crucial health-promoting impacts in humans. The progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid accumulation in this plant has been hindered due to the deficiency of genomic and transcriptomic resources. We utilized a combination of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) sequencing to generate a de novo hybrid transcriptome assembly. In total, 126,977 unigenes were characterized, out of which 107,977 were successfully annotated in seven public databases. Within the annotated unigenes, 3,781 were categorized into 58 transcription factor families. Furthermore, we investigated the presence of four valuable flavonoids-quercetin-3-O-ß-D-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-ß-D-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-ß-D-galactoside, and kaempferol-3-O-ß-D-glucoside in 98 samples, using high-performance liquid chromatography. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified two co-expression modules, MEpink and MEturquoise, that showed strong positive correlation with flavonoid content. Within these modules, four transcription factor genes (R2R3-MYB, NAC, WD40, and ARF) and four key enzyme-encoding genes (CHI, F3H, PAL, and C4H) emerged as potential hub genes. Among them, the R2R3-MYB (LcsMYB123) as a homologous gene to AtMYB123/TT2, was speculated to play a significant role in flavonol biosynthesis based on phylogenetic analysis. Our findings provided a theoretical foundation for further research into the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis. Additionally, The hybrid transcriptome sequences will serve as a valuable molecular resource for the transcriptional annotation of L. coreana var. sinensis, which will contribute to the improvement of high-flavonoid materials.

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The plant cuticle is an important protective barrier on the plant surface, constructed mainly by polymerized cutin matrix and a complex wax mixture. Although the pathway of plant cuticle biosynthesis has been clarified, knowledge of the transcriptional regulation network underlying fruit cuticle formation remains limited. In the present work, we discovered that tomato fruits of the NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 knockout mutants (nor-like1) produced by CRISPR/Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9] displayed reduced cutin deposition and cuticle thickness, with a microcracking phenotype, while wax accumulation was promoted. Further research revealed that SlNOR-like1 promotes cutin deposition by binding to the promoters of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase6 (SlGPAT6; a key gene for cutin monomer formation) and CUTIN DEFICIENT2 (SlCD2; a positive regulator of cutin production) to activate their expression. Meanwhile, SlNOR-like1 inhibits wax accumulation, acting as a transcriptional repressor by targeting wax biosynthesis, and transport-related genes 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase1 (SlKCS1), ECERIFERUM 1-2 (SlCER1-2), SlWAX2, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored lipid transfer protein 1-like (SlLTPG1-like). In conclusion, SlNOR-like1 executes a dual regulatory effect on tomato fruit cuticle development. Our results provide a new model for the transcriptional regulation of fruit cuticle formation.

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BACKGROUND: With improving living standards, the incidence of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) has become increasingly high. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to explore the effect of diversified health-promoting models on rehabilitation exercises in patients with CSM after an operation. METHOD: This was a randomized controlled trial, wherein 107 patients with CSM treated by neurosurgery were selected as the subjects. Of those, 52 patients in the control group adopted the conventional health-promoting model, while the remaining 55 patients in the intervention group adopted diversified health-promoting models. The effect of rehabilitation exercises in the two groups was evaluated according to the self-efficacy rehabilitation outcome scale, grip strength measurement of the affected limb, and Barthel index. RESULTS: At Day 3 post-operation and before discharge, the self-efficacy management of rehabilitation exercises in the intervention group was better than that of the control group (P< 0.05). The grip strength measurement of the affected limb, Japanese Orthopedic Association score of the cervical vertebra, and Barthel index of the two groups at Day 3 post-operation were lower than before the intervention and were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). However, these three items before discharge were improved when compared with those of before intervention and were statistically significant (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Postoperative rehabilitation exercises guided by the diversified health-promoting models for patients with CSM can improve the patients' self-efficacy management ability in rehabilitation exercises, help improve grip strength, and promote the recovery of cervical vertebra function, thereby improving the patients' quality of life.

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Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) is widely distributed in various organisms. The first reported ENGase activity was detected in Diplococcus pneumoniae in 1971. The protein (Endo D) was purified and its peptide sequence was determined in 1974. Three ENGases (Endo F1-F3) were discovered in Flavobacterium meningosepticum from 1982 to 1993. After that, the activity was detected from different species of bacteria, yeast, fungal, plant, mice, human, etc. Multiple ENGases were detected in some species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Trichoderma atroviride. The first preliminary crystallographic analysis of ENGase was conducted in 1994. But to date, only a few ENGases structures have been obtained, and the structure of human ENGase is still missing. The currently identified ENGases were distributed in the GH18 or GH85 families in Carbohydrate-Active enZyme (CAZy) database. GH18 ENGase only has hydrolytic activity, but GH85 ENGase has both hydrolytic and transglycosylation activity. Although ENGases of the two families have similar (β/α)8-TIM barrel structures, the active sites are slightly different. ENGase is an effective tool for glycan detection andglycan editing. Biochemically, ENGase can specifically hydrolyze β‑1,4 glycosidic bond between the twoN-acetylglucosamines (GlcNAc) on core pentasaccharide presented on glycopeptides and/or glycoproteins. Different ENGases may have different substrate specificity. The hydrolysis products are oligosaccharide chains and a GlcNAc or glycopeptides or glycoproteins with a GlcNAc. Conditionally, it can use the two products to produce a new glycopeptides or glycoprotein. Although ENGase is a common presentation in cell, its biological function remains unclear. Accumulated evidences demonstrated that ENGase is a none essential gene for living and a key regulator for differentiation. No ENGase gene was detected in the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three other yeast species. Its expression was extremely low in lung. As glycoproteins are not produced by prokaryotic cells, a role for nutrition and/or microbial-host interaction was predicted for bacterium produced enzymes. In the embryonic lethality phenotype of the Ngly1-deficient mice can be partially rescued by Engase knockout, suggesting down regulation of Engase might be a solution for stress induced adaptation. Potential impacts of ENGase regulation on health and disease were presented. Rabeprazole, a drug used for stomach pain as a proton inhibitor, was identified as an inhibitor for ENGase. ENGases have been applied in vitro to produce antibodies with a designated glycan. The two step reactions were achieved by a pair of ENGase dominated for hydrolysis of substrate glycoprotein and synthesis of new glycoprotein with a free glycan of designed structure, respectively. In addition, ENGase was also been used in cell surface glycan editing. New application scenarios and new detection methods for glycobiological engineering are quickly opened up by the two functions of ENGase, especially in antibody remodeling and antibody drug conjugates. The discovery, distribution, structure property, enzymatic characteristics and recent researches in topical model organisms of ENGase were reviewed in this paper. Possible biological functions and mechanisms of ENGase, including differentiation, digestion of glycoproteins for nutrition and stress responding were hypothesised. In addition, the role of ENGase in glycan editing and synthetic biology was discussed. We hope this paper may provide insights for ENGase research and lay a solid foundation for applied and translational glycomics.

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Protein as the allergens could lead to allergy. In addition, a widespread class of allergens were known as glycans of N-glycoprotein. N-glycoprotein contained oligosaccharide linked by covalent bonds with protein. Recently,studies implicated that allergy was associated with glycans of heterologous N-glycoprotein found in food, inhalants, insect toxins, etc. The N-glycan structure of N-glycoprotein allergen has exerted an influence on the binding between allergens and IgE, while the recognition and presentation of allergens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were also affected. Some researches showed thatN-glycan structure of allergen was remodeled by N-glycosidase, such as cFase I, gpcXylase, as binding of allergen and IgE partly decreased. Thus, allergic problems caused by N-glycoproteins could potentially be solved by modifying or altering the structure ofN-glycoprotein allergens, addressing the root of the issue. Mechanism of N-glycans associated allergy could also be elaborated through glycosylation enzymes, alterations of host glycosylation. This article hopes to provide a separate insight for glycoimmunology perspective, and an alternative strategy for clinical prevention or therapy of allergic diseases.

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Bacterial biofilms gave rise to persistent infections and multi-organ failure, thereby posing a serious threat to human health. Biofilms were formed by cross-linking of hydrophobic extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), such as proteins, polysaccharides, and eDNA, which were synthesized by bacteria themselves after adhesion and colonization on biological surfaces. They had the characteristics of dense structure, high adhesiveness and low drug permeability, and had been found in many human organs or tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and skeleton. By releasing pro-inflammatory bacterial metabolites including endotoxins, exotoxins and interleukin, biofilms stimulated the body’s immune system to secrete inflammatory factors. These factors triggered local inflammation and chronic infections. Those were the key reason for the failure of traditional clinical drug therapy for infectious diseases.In order to cope with the increasingly severe drug-resistant infections, it was urgent to develop new therapeutic strategies for bacterial-biofilm eradication and anti-bacterial infections. Based on the nanoscale structure and biocompatible activity, nanobiomaterials had the advantages of specific targeting, intelligent delivery, high drug loading and low toxicity, which could realize efficient intervention and precise treatment of drug-resistant bacterial biofilms. This paper highlighted multiple strategies of biofilms eradication based on nanobiomaterials. For example, nanobiomaterials combined with EPS degrading enzymes could be used for targeted hydrolysis of bacterial biofilms, and effectively increased the drug enrichment within biofilms. By loading quorum sensing inhibitors, nanotechnology was also an effective strategy for eradicating bacterial biofilms and recovering the infectious symptoms. Nanobiomaterials could intervene the bacterial metabolism and break the bacterial survival homeostasis by blocking the uptake of nutrients. Moreover, energy-driven micro-nano robotics had shown excellent performance in active delivery and biofilm eradication. Micro-nano robots could penetrate physiological barriers by exogenous or endogenous driving modes such as by biological or chemical methods, ultrasound, and magnetic field, and deliver drugs to the infection sites accurately. Achieving this using conventional drugs was difficult. Overall, the paper described the biological properties and drug-resistant molecular mechanisms of bacterial biofilms, and highlighted therapeutic strategies from different perspectives by nanobiomaterials, such as dispersing bacterial mature biofilms, blocking quorum sensing, inhibiting bacterial metabolism, and energy driving penetration. In addition, we presented the key challenges still faced by nanobiomaterials in combating bacterial biofilm infections. Firstly, the dense structure of EPS caused biofilms spatial heterogeneity and metabolic heterogeneity, which created exacting requirements for the design, construction and preparation process of nanobiomaterials. Secondly, biofilm disruption carried the risk of spread and infection the pathogenic bacteria, which might lead to other infections. Finally, we emphasized the role of nanobiomaterials in the development trends and translational prospects in biofilm treatment.

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Herein, a meta-analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate the effect of humanised care on maternal postoperative wound infections in patients who underwent caesarean section. A computerised search of Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and Wanfang database was performed, supplemented by a manual search from database inception to September 2023, to collate randomised controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the application of humanised care during the perioperative period of caesarean section. Two researchers screened and selected studies identified according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the included literature was evaluated for quality, extracted information and required data. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Twenty RCTs comprising 2408 patients were included. The results revealed the humanised care group had a lower incidence of postoperative wound infections (0.83% vs. 4.32%, odds ratio [OR]: 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15-0.46, p < 0.00001) and fewer postoperative complications than the conventional care group (4.32% vs. 16.35%, OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.16-0.31, p < 0.00001), with lower anxiety scores (standardised mean difference [SMD]: -3.15, 95% CI: -3.90 to -2.40, p < 0.00001) and depression scores (SMD: -3.68, 95% CI: -4.49 to -2.88, p < 0.00001). The application of humanised care during the perioperative period of caesarean section can prevent postoperative wound infection, reduce postoperative complications and help alleviate maternal anxiety and depression, which is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of perioperative application of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) concepts on wound infections and post-operative complications in patients receiving orthopaedic surgery, to provide a theoretical basis for post-operative care. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the application of ERAS to patients receiving orthopaedic surgery, published up to October 2023, were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Wanfang, China Biomedical Literature Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Literature was screened and evaluated by two reviewers based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data were extracted from the final included articles. Data were analysed using RevMan 5.4 software. A total of 20 RCTs were included in the analysis, which included 1875 patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery, of whom 938 and 937 were in the ERAS and control groups, respectively. The analysis revealed that in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery, implementation of ERAS in the perioperative period was associated with a significantly reduced the rate of wound infections (1.6% vs. 6.19%, risk ratio [RR]: 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18-0.50, p < 0.001) and complication (5.12% vs. 21.88%, RR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.17-0.32, p < 0.001) and can effectively shorten the hospital length of stay (standardised mean difference [SMD]: -2.50 days, 95% CI: -3.17 to -1.83 days, p < 0.001) compared with that of conventional care. The available evidence suggests that the implementation of ERAS in the perioperative period of patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery could effectively reduce the rate of wound infections and complications, shorten the hospital length of stay and promote the early recovery of patients.

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Non-Hermitian systems associated with exceptional points (EPs) are expected to demonstrate a giant response enhancement for various sensors. The widely investigated enhancement mechanism based on diverging from an EP should destroy the EP and further limits its applications for multiple sensing scenarios in a time sequence. To break the above limit, here, we proposed a new enhanced sensing mechanism based on shifting an EP. Different from the mechanism of diverging from an EP, our scheme is an EP nondemolition and the giant enhancement of response is acquired by a slight shift of the EP along the parameter axis induced by perturbation. The new sensing mechanism can promise the most effective response enhancement for all sensors in the case of multiple sensing in a time sequence. To verify our sensing mechanism, we construct a mass sensor and a gyroscope with concrete physical implementations. Our work will deepen the understanding of EP-based sensing and inspire designing various high-sensitivity sensors in different physical systems.