RESUMEN
AIMS: Medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors give rise to inhibitory interneurons and may serve as an alternative cell source for large-scale cell transplantation for epilepsy after in vitro expansion. We investigated whether modifications in the culture medium of MGE neurospheres affect neuronal differentiation and expression of MGE-specific genes. In vivo, we compared anticonvulsant effects and cell differentiation pattern among neurospheres grown in different culture media and compared them with freshly harvested MGE cells. METHODS: We used four variations of cell culture: standard, containing growth factors (EGF/FGF-2) (GF); addition of retinoic acid (GF-RA); withdrawal of EGF/FGF-2 (WD); and addition of retinoic acid and withdrawal of EGF/FGF-2 (WD-RA). Based on in vitro results neurosphere-grown (WD-RA or GF conditions) or fresh MGE cells were transplanted into the hippocampus. RESULTS: In vitro WD-RA showed increased neuronal population and higher expression of Dlx1, Nkx2.1, and Lhx6 genes in comparison with GF culture condition. After transplantation, fresh MGE cells and neurospheres (GF) showed anticonvulsant effects. However, fresh MGE cells differentiated preferentially into inhibitory neurons, while GF gave rise to glial cells. CONCLUSION: We conclude that freshly isolated and neurosphere-grown MGE cells reduced seizures by different mechanisms (inhibitory interneurons vs. astrocytes). Fresh MGE cells appear more appropriate for cell therapies targeting inhibitory interneurons for conferring anticonvulsant outcomes.
Asunto(s)
Epilepsia/metabolismo , Epilepsia/cirugía , Eminencia Media/citología , Neuronas/trasplante , Animales , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Creatina/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Embrión de Mamíferos , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/farmacología , Epilepsia/inducido químicamente , Factor 2 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/farmacología , Proteína Ácida Fibrilar de la Glía/metabolismo , Proteínas con Homeodominio LIM/metabolismo , Agonistas Muscarínicos/toxicidad , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuropéptido Y/metabolismo , Parvalbúminas/metabolismo , Fosfopiruvato Hidratasa/metabolismo , Pilocarpina/toxicidad , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Tretinoina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A utilização de posturas equivocadas durante as atividades que realizamos freqüentemente pode levar a uma aceleração do processo de desgaste sofrido pelo aparelho locomotor. O estudo da relação entre a postura adotada e as estruturas anatômicas acometidas por diversas patologias é uma preocupação crescente de diversas áreas da ciência, sendo a Biomecânica importante representante deste grupo. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar um método de análise biomecânico em diferentes situações da vida diária, nas quais alterações posturais fossem registradas: em decúbito lateral, durante a realização de manobras massoterapêuticas em divãs com diferentes alturas, durante o suporte de mochila escolar e na utilização do salto alto. Foi utilizado o método da cinemetria, mediante fotos digitais, além do cálculo do centro de gravidade por meio do método segmentar, a determinação de ângulos articulares e torques externos nestas posturas. Com este protocolo, procurou-se estabelecer uma metodologia simples e objetiva de quantificação de alterações posturais em situações cotidianas e/ou ergonômicas. Foram discutidos aspectos cinesiológicos, complicações crônicas da adoção de tais posturas e possíveis intervenções fisioterapêuticas. Em todos os estudos, a metodologia mostrou-se válida para identificar as alterações posturais adotadas nas situações estudadas, e possibilitou a discussão das implicações biomecânicas e cinesiológicas de tais posturas para a fisioterapia.
The adoption of certain postures during our daily activities can lead to an acceleration of the damage process suffered by the motor system. The study of the relationship between daily posture and anatomical structures attacked by various pathologies is a growing concern among several areas related to Health, particulary to Biomechanics.Within this context, the purpose of this paper was to apply a biomechanical method to analysis to 4 different daily life situations in which postural alterations were registered: in lateral decumbency, during performance of therapeutic massage handling on couches at different heights, in the bearing of school backpacks and the wearing of high heel shoes. The method applied was kinemetry through use of digital pictures, besides calculation of the center of gravity through segmentary method and determination of articular angles and external torques in those postures. With this protocol, we sought to establish a simple and objective methodology to quantify postural alterations in daily and/ or ergonomic situations. Kinesiological aspects, chronic complications due to the adoption of those altered postures, and potential therapeutic interventions were discussed. In all studies the methodology appeared to be valid to identify postural alterations adopted in the 4 situations studied and allowed the discussion of biomechanical and kinesiological implications of those postures for physiotherapy.