RESUMEN
The mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a cotton pest widespread in several cotton growing regions of Brazil, particularly in the semi-arid region of southwestern Bahia. The impact of kaolin on survival, development and reproduction of P. solenopsis was evaluated in the laboratory. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized design with two treatments: immature or newly emerged adults of P. solenopsis sprayed with kaolin and fed with cotton leaf discs treated with kaolin suspension (with kaolin) (T1) and immature or newly emerged adults of P. solenopsis sprayed with distilled water and fed with cotton leaf discs treated with distilled water (without kaolin) (T2). The kaolin suspension shortens the life cycle, increases the reproductive potential and population growth of the cotton mealybug, P. solenopsis and, therefore, it should be used with caution on cotton plants in regions with a history of occurrence of this pest.(AU)
A cochonilha Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) é uma praga de algodão, amplamente, difundida em várias regiões produtoras do Brasil, particularmente, na região semiárida do sudoeste da Bahia. O impacto do caulim na sobrevivência, desenvolvimento e reprodução de P. solenopsis foi avaliado em laboratório. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos: imaturos ou adultos recém-emergidos de P. solenopsis alimentados com discos foliares de algodão tratados com caulim (com caulim) e pulverizadas com este produto (T1) e imaturos ou adultos recém-emergidos de P. solenopsis alimentados com discos foliares de algodão tratados com água destilada (sem caulim) e pulverização dos insetos com água destilada (T2). A suspensão do caulim encurtou o ciclo de vida, aumentou o potencial reprodutivo e o crescimento populacional da cochonilha-do-algodoeiro, P. solenopsis e, portanto, deve ser utilizado com cautela em plantas de algodão em regiões com histórico de ocorrência desta praga.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Hemípteros/crecimiento & desarrollo , Gossypium/parasitología , Caolín/administración & dosificación , Plagas AgrícolasRESUMEN
Abstract The mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a cotton pest widespread in several cotton growing regions of Brazil, particularly in the semi-arid region of southwestern Bahia. The impact of kaolin on survival, development and reproduction of P. solenopsis was evaluated in the laboratory. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized design with two treatments: immature or newly emerged adults of P. solenopsis sprayed with kaolin and fed with cotton leaf discs treated with kaolin suspension (with kaolin) (T1) and immature or newly emerged adults of P. solenopsis sprayed with distilled water and fed with cotton leaf discs treated with distilled water (without kaolin) (T2). The kaolin suspension shortens the life cycle, increases the reproductive potential and population growth of the cotton mealybug, P. solenopsis and, therefore, it should be used with caution on cotton plants in regions with a history of occurrence of this pest.
Resumo A cochonilha Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) é uma praga de algodão, amplamente, difundida em várias regiões produtoras do Brasil, particularmente, na região semiárida do sudoeste da Bahia. O impacto do caulim na sobrevivência, desenvolvimento e reprodução de P. solenopsis foi avaliado em laboratório. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos: imaturos ou adultos recém-emergidos de P. solenopsis alimentados com discos foliares de algodão tratados com caulim (com caulim) e pulverizadas com este produto (T1) e imaturos ou adultos recém-emergidos de P. solenopsis alimentados com discos foliares de algodão tratados com água destilada (sem caulim) e pulverização dos insetos com água destilada (T2). A suspensão do caulim encurtou o ciclo de vida, aumentou o potencial reprodutivo e o crescimento populacional da cochonilha-do-algodoeiro, P. solenopsis e, portanto, deve ser utilizado com cautela em plantas de algodão em regiões com histórico de ocorrência desta praga.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Hemípteros , Reproducción , Brasil , Gossypium , CaolínRESUMEN
The mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a cotton pest widespread in several cotton growing regions of Brazil, particularly in the semi-arid region of southwestern Bahia. The impact of kaolin on survival, development and reproduction of P. solenopsis was evaluated in the laboratory. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized design with two treatments: immature or newly emerged adults of P. solenopsis sprayed with kaolin and fed with cotton leaf discs treated with kaolin suspension (with kaolin) (T1) and immature or newly emerged adults of P. solenopsis sprayed with distilled water and fed with cotton leaf discs treated with distilled water (without kaolin) (T2). The kaolin suspension shortens the life cycle, increases the reproductive potential and population growth of the cotton mealybug, P. solenopsis and, therefore, it should be used with caution on cotton plants in regions with a history of occurrence of this pest.
Asunto(s)
Hemípteros , Animales , Brasil , Gossypium , Caolín , ReproducciónRESUMEN
Abstract The mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a cotton pest widespread in several cotton growing regions of Brazil, particularly in the semi-arid region of southwestern Bahia. The impact of kaolin on survival, development and reproduction of P. solenopsis was evaluated in the laboratory. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized design with two treatments: immature or newly emerged adults of P. solenopsis sprayed with kaolin and fed with cotton leaf discs treated with kaolin suspension (with kaolin) (T1) and immature or newly emerged adults of P. solenopsis sprayed with distilled water and fed with cotton leaf discs treated with distilled water (without kaolin) (T2). The kaolin suspension shortens the life cycle, increases the reproductive potential and population growth of the cotton mealybug, P. solenopsis and, therefore, it should be used with caution on cotton plants in regions with a history of occurrence of this pest.
Resumo A cochonilha Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) é uma praga de algodão, amplamente, difundida em várias regiões produtoras do Brasil, particularmente, na região semiárida do sudoeste da Bahia. O impacto do caulim na sobrevivência, desenvolvimento e reprodução de P. solenopsis foi avaliado em laboratório. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos: imaturos ou adultos recém-emergidos de P. solenopsis alimentados com discos foliares de algodão tratados com caulim (com caulim) e pulverizadas com este produto (T1) e imaturos ou adultos recém-emergidos de P. solenopsis alimentados com discos foliares de algodão tratados com água destilada (sem caulim) e pulverização dos insetos com água destilada (T2). A suspensão do caulim encurtou o ciclo de vida, aumentou o potencial reprodutivo e o crescimento populacional da cochonilha-do-algodoeiro, P. solenopsis e, portanto, deve ser utilizado com cautela em plantas de algodão em regiões com histórico de ocorrência desta praga.
RESUMEN
Abstract The mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a cotton pest widespread in several cotton growing regions of Brazil, particularly in the semi-arid region of southwestern Bahia. The impact of kaolin on survival, development and reproduction of P. solenopsis was evaluated in the laboratory. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized design with two treatments: immature or newly emerged adults of P. solenopsis sprayed with kaolin and fed with cotton leaf discs treated with kaolin suspension (with kaolin) (T1) and immature or newly emerged adults of P. solenopsis sprayed with distilled water and fed with cotton leaf discs treated with distilled water (without kaolin) (T2). The kaolin suspension shortens the life cycle, increases the reproductive potential and population growth of the cotton mealybug, P. solenopsis and, therefore, it should be used with caution on cotton plants in regions with a history of occurrence of this pest.
Resumo A cochonilha Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) é uma praga de algodão, amplamente, difundida em várias regiões produtoras do Brasil, particularmente, na região semiárida do sudoeste da Bahia. O impacto do caulim na sobrevivência, desenvolvimento e reprodução de P. solenopsis foi avaliado em laboratório. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos: imaturos ou adultos recém-emergidos de P. solenopsis alimentados com discos foliares de algodão tratados com caulim (com caulim) e pulverizadas com este produto (T1) e imaturos ou adultos recém-emergidos de P. solenopsis alimentados com discos foliares de algodão tratados com água destilada (sem caulim) e pulverização dos insetos com água destilada (T2). A suspensão do caulim encurtou o ciclo de vida, aumentou o potencial reprodutivo e o crescimento populacional da cochonilha-do-algodoeiro, P. solenopsis e, portanto, deve ser utilizado com cautela em plantas de algodão em regiões com histórico de ocorrência desta praga.
RESUMEN
AIM: To assess the costs and cost-effectiveness ratio of topical and peribulbar anesthesia in non-penetrating deep sclerectomy for the surgical treatment of open-angle glaucoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated the associated direct costs with both topical and peribulbar anesthesia. Effectiveness was defined as the proportion of patients that experienced no pain during the surgical procedure and was obtained from the literature. Cost-effectiveness was defined as direct cost of anesthesia per patient with no pain. We also calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in order to determine which intervention was dominant. RESULTS: Direct costs were US$ 45.60 and US$ 49.18 for topical and peribulbar anesthesia respectively. The great majority of patients experienced no pain with any of the procedures (91.7% for the topical group and 69.7% for the peribulbar group). Cost-effectiveness ratio was US$ 49.73 for topical anesthesia and US$ 70.56 for peribulbar anesthesia. The ICER was negative and topical anesthesia was dominant over peribulbar anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Topical anesthesia was less costly and more effective than peribulbar anesthesia in avoiding pain in non-penetrating deep sclerectomy.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia Local/economía , Anestesia Local/métodos , Anestésicos Locales/administración & dosificación , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos , Administración Tópica , Adulto , Anciano , Algoritmos , Anestésicos Locales/economía , Brasil , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto/cirugía , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/efectos adversos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/economía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/rehabilitación , Dolor Postoperatorio/etiología , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como AsuntoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To assess the results of a pilot study for screening high-risk individuals for glaucoma in Brazil. METHODS: Using cross-sectional methodology, the study population consisted of first-degree relatives of known glaucoma patients. Risk factors were assessed through a questionnaire, and each subject received a complete eye examination. RESULTS: Sixty individuals were identified and examined. The most relevant risk factors for glaucoma were: age older than 40 years (86.7%), systemic hypertension (46.7%), and self-identification as non-white (35%). Final diagnoses were normal (63.3%), glaucoma (23.3%), ocular hypertension (11.7%), and angle-closure without glaucoma (1.7%). Clinical features that were significant as an indicator of glaucoma presence were non-white participants (OR=6.7, p=0.004), central corneal thickness < 520 microm (OR=6.286, p=0.007), and cup-to-disc ratio >or= 0.6 (OR=3.00, p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Despite our study's small sample size, this high prevalence of glaucoma (23.3%) highlights the importance of identifying for screening at-risk, first-degree relatives of glaucoma patients. Pachymetry was an important diagnostic tool for glaucoma within this population.
Asunto(s)
Glaucoma/epidemiología , Corticoesteroides/efectos adversos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Glaucoma/diagnóstico , Glaucoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Glaucoma/genética , Humanos , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Iris/cirugía , Terapia por Láser , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hipertensión Ocular/diagnóstico , Hipertensión Ocular/epidemiología , Proyectos Piloto , Prevalencia , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Riesgo , Muestreo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy with external trabeculectomy has been proved to be an effective alternative to classic trabeculectomy for surgical treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma. However, this procedure is not well known nor well accepted among Brazilian ophthalmic surgeons. The aim of this study was to assess the results and success rate of this new filtering surgical procedure in a Brazilian population, with a 3-year follow-up. METHOD: One-hundred eleven primary open-angle glaucoma patients underwent deep sclerectomy with external trabeculectomy between 1999 and 2002 (the surgery was performed by two different surgeons using the same procedure). The antimetabolite mitomycin C (0.2 mg/ml) was applied intraoperatively in 80 patients with high surgical risk of failure (80 patients under 45 years of age, black, and having had previous ocular surgery). The postoperative follow-up included assessment of visual acuity, measure of intraocular pressure (IOP), evaluation of the filtration site and optic nerve head using biomicroscopy, and analysis of visual field deficits. Complete success was defined as IOP less than 18 mmHg without medical treatment, while relative success was defined as IOP less than 18 mmHg with medical treatment. RESULT: The mean age was 63.7 +/- 13.1 years and 42.3% of patients were black. Mean follow-up was 19.4 months (+/- 11.7). The mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 22.57 +/- 4.92 mmHg, while mean IOP at the last follow-up visit was 14.22 +/- 2.89 mmHg, so that at the end of the follow-up, complete success was 82.7% and relative success was 93.3%. The cumulative probability of complete success was 76% at 3 years. The complication rate was low: intraoperative microperforations (14.4%), conjunctival seidel (12.5%), hyphema (3.8%), flat anterior chamber (2.9%), choroidal detachment (1%), and filtering bleb fibrosis (17.3%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that deep nonpenetrating sclerectomy with external trabeculectomy is a safe and efficient filtering procedure that provides satisfactory IOP control with a minimal rate of complications, even in patients with high surgical risk of failure such as the highly mixed Brazilian population. The results suggest that this revolutionary procedure could be used as first-intention treatment in Brazilian glaucomatous patients that do not have access to expensive medical treatment.