RESUMEN
Traumatic fractures and stress fractures are common orthopedic diseases, and there is great potential in researching bone turnover, repair, and promotion of fracture healing. Basic medical experiments often use animal models of long bone fractures in limbs to study the mechanisms of various interventions on fracture healing. Fracture healing is a complex process influenced by multiple factors and involves multiple molecules and pathways. Therefore, to explore the mechanisms more deeply, accelerate the translation of results, and improve the clinical efficacy, it is particularly important to choose the appropriate animal fracture modeling methods in experimental research. Based on this, this paper conducts a literature review of animal species and modeling methods commonly used for long bone fracture models in experimental research. It summarizes five methods: bone defect method, physical impact method, mechanical bending method, open osteotomy method, and drilling method. A side-by-side comparison of their advantages, disadvantages, and scope of application is made, aiming to provide suitable fracture models for studying the mechanisms of fracture healing interventions.
RESUMEN
Landfill is a predominant method for hazardous waste disposal in both developed and emerging economies due to simple disposal technology and wide applicability. The prediction of landfill lifespan during the design stage provides support for environmental management of hazardous waste landfill (HWL) and technical support for the implementation of national standards. It also provides guidance for necessary responses after the lifespan expires. At present, research on the degradation of main components or materials of HWLs has been paid much attention, however, how to predict the lifespan of HWLs is a big issue for researchers. In this study, the HWL was selected as research subject, and literature research, theoretical analysis, and model calculation, were used to establish a HWL lifespan prediction framework for the first time. Firstly, the HWL life was defined based on the functional characteristics; secondly, according to comprehensively analyzing the functional requirements, system composition, and structural characteristics of HWLs, the indicators of life termination and the thresholds were confirmed. Then, according to Failure Mode, Mechanism, and Effect Analysis (FMMEA), the failure modes of the core components affecting the lifespan of the HWLs were identified. Finally, a process simulation method (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance, HELP) was proposed to simulate the performance degradation of the HWL, combined with the core performance parameters variation caused by the deterioration of the main functional unit. The life prediction framework was developed to increase the prediction accuracy of the performance degradation of HWLs and to provide a methodology for further research on HWL life prediction.