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Objective To explore the acute effects of NO2 on children's respiratory hospitalization risk in Foshan City. Methods The daily average concentrations of six air pollutants such as NO2 and fine particulate matter, and meteorological data including average temperature and relative humidity in Foshan were collected from 2016 to 2019. Data on the daily number of children newly hospitalized for respiratory diseases (ECRH) in Foshan Women and Children Hospital were retrieved. Time series analysis was used to quantitatively evaluate the effect of daily NO2 concentration on the hospitalization risk of children with respiratory diseases. Results From 2016 to 2019, the average ECRH in the hospital was 10. The daily average concentrations of air pollutants NO2, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2 were 42.0 μg/m3, 35.3 μg/m3, 58.1 μg/m3, and 11.4 μg/m3, respectively. The air pressure, daily average temperature and relative humidity of atmosphere were 1008.4 Pa, 23.7℃ and 73.3%, respectively. ECRH was significantly correlated with the daily average concentration of NO2 (r=0.079, P3 increase of NO2 concentration in the single pollutant model, the excess risk of ECHR in the hospital increased by 1.22% (95% CI: 0.06%, 2.40%) and 1.37% (95% CI: 0.23%, 2.53%) in lag0 and Lag1 day, respectively. The strongest effect appeared in lag0:7 with the excess risk increasing by 1.70% (95% CI:0.12%, 3.31%). In the NO2 + SO2 + CO + O3_8h + PM2.5 and NO2 + SO2 + CO + O3_8h + PM10 multi-pollutant models, significance correlation still existed between the daily average NO2 concentration and ECHR in lag0, lag1 and lag0:1 to lag0:7. The strongest effect appeared in lag0:1, and the excess risks were 4.06% (95% CI: 1.83%, 6.34%) and 3.95% (95% CI: 1.85%, 6.09%), respectively. Dose-response relationship analysis showed a linear relationship between the daily average NO2 concentration and ECHR, and the excess risk of new hospitalization gradually increased with the increase of daily average NO2 concentration. Conclusion There was a significant correlation between NO2 concentration and hospitalization risk of children with respiratory diseases in Foshan City, which suggests that the government should further strengthen the prevention and control of air pollution.

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Since the implementation of drug registration in China, the classification of Chinese medicine has greatly met the needs of public health and effectively guided the transformation, inheritance, and innovation of research achievements on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). In the past 30 years, the development of new Chinese medicine has followed the registration transformation model of " one prescription for single drug". This model refers to the R&D and registration system of modern drugs, and approximates to the " law-abiding" medication method in TCM clinic, while it rarely reflects the sequential therapy of syndrome differentiation and comprehensive treatment with multiple measures. In 2017, Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Review and Approval System and Encouraging the Innovation of Drugs and Medical Devices released by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council pointed out that it is necessary to " establish and improve the registration and technical evaluation system in line with the characteristics of Chinese medicine, and handle the relationship between the traditional advantages of Chinese medicine and the requirements of modern drug research". Therefore, based on the development law and characteristics of TCM, clinical thinking should be highlighted in the current technical requirements and registration system of research and development of Chinese medicine. Based on the current situation of registration supervision of Chinese medicine and the modern drug research in China, the present study analyzed limitations and deficiency of " one prescription for single drug" in the research and development of Chinese medicine. Additionally, a new type of " series prescriptions" was proposed, which was consistent with clinical thinking and clinical reality. This study is expected to contribute to the independent innovation and high-quality development of the TCM industry.

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Diabetic nephropathy （DN） is one of the serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus （DM），and is the main cause of end-stage renal disease（ESRD） worldwide. Although lowering blood glucose and，lowering blood pressure and blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system（RAAS） can reduce blood glucose，blood pressure and urinary protein to a certain extent，it is still difficult to prevent the progression of DN sometimes. The curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine on DN has been confirmed，but its mechanism is has not been fully clarified. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway in mammals that removes protein aggregates and damaged organelles to maintain cell homeostasis. Podocyte，also known as glomerular epithelial cells，is an important component in maintaining the homeostasis of glomerular filtration barrier，and podocyte injury is considered to be a central link in the occurrence and development of DN. As a highly differentiated cell，podocyte maintains a high level of autophagy to maintain its homeostasis under physiological conditions. In DN state，mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR），AMP-activated protein kinase （AMPK），silent information regulator 1（SIRT1） and other nutritional signaling pathways as well as intracellular stress response signaling pathways such as oxidative stress，endoplasmic reticulum stress ，and hypoxia stress，etc.，affect podocyte autophagy of podocytes， and ultimately leading to podocyte injury and the progression of DN. In recent years，regulation of podocyte autophagy has become one of the hot spots in DN research，and has also received extensive attention in the field of Chinese medicine. A review and summary of the domestic and international literature in this field reveals that Chinese medicine can affect podocyte autophagy in multiple pathways and targets. Nevertheless， those studiesbut mainly focuses on two nutrient-sensing signaling pathways，mTOR and AMPK，and there lacks more comprehensive and in-depth mechanism studies. In addition，the current research mainly concentrates focuses on the field of Chinese medicine monomers and Chinese medicine compounds，and rarely studies multi-component Chinese medicinelacking research on Chinese medicine component drugs and single drugs，and the research still lacks there is a lack of hierarchy. The regulatory mechanism of Chinese medicine on podocyte autophagy of podocytes in DN state in Chinese medicine still needs to be further studied in depth and systematically.

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The normal function of vascular endothelial cells is an important foundation for maintaining vascular permeability， restricting inflammatory activities of the vascular wall， and balancing the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. Endothelial dysfunction caused by persistent damage from pathological factors is considered as an early and prominent event of diabetic macroangiopathy. In traditional Chinese medicine， the classical theory of "restraining excessiveness to acquire harmony" was originally a condensed generalization of the rule of generation， restriction， replacement and evolution in the natural world， revealing the internal regulation mechanism of the stable operation of things. Then it gradually evolved into an important rule to explain the physiological phenomena and pathological mechanism of human body and guide the treatment. Corresponding to the nature， the body homeostasis also requires to achieve a state of strong viscera function and inexhaustible Qi and blood generation under the rule of restriction and generation. The pathogenesis of diabetic macroangiopathy is the process of "the predominant one failing to restrict and the hyperactive one becoming harmful". The loss of restriction and generation of the five organs leads to powerless Qi transformation and， as a result， the Qi， blood and body fluid cannot be dispersed. Therefore， the Qi， blood and body fluid turn into phlegm and blood stasis， such as glucose and lipid metabolism disorder， oxidative stress， inflammatory response and high blood viscosity， and finally block the veins. Excessive phlegm and blood stasis cannot be resolved， instead they become harmful and invade the blood vessel， causing endothelial dysfunction and further resulting in diabetic macroangiopathy. Under the guidance of the theory of "restraining excessiveness to acquire harmony"， the method of "harmonizing viscera， eliminating pathogen and removing turbidity" can effectively regulate the function of vascular endothelial cells， thus playing a positive role in preventing and treating diabetic macroangiopathy. The mechanism may be related to reducing oxidative stress， inhibiting inflammation， limiting vascular smooth muscle proliferation， and reducing platelet adhesion.

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BACKGROUND: Indigo naturalis is a blue dye in ancient, as well as an extensive used traditional Chinese medicine. It has a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties and can be used to treat numerous ailments such as leukemia, psoriasis, and ulcerative colitis. This article aims to expand our understanding of indigo naturalis in terms of its chemical constituents, pharmacological action and clinical applications. METHODS: We searched PubMed, web of science, CNKI, Google academic, Elsevier and other databases with the key words of "Indigo naturalis", and reviewed and sorted out the modern research of indigo naturalis based on our research results. RESULTS: We outlined the traditional manufacturing process, chemical composition and quality control of indigo naturalis, systematically reviewed traditional applictions, pharmacological activities and mechanism of indigo naturalis, and summarized its clinical trials about treatment of psoriasis, leukemia and ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS: Indigo naturalis has a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory and so on. It has very good clinical effect on psoriasis, leukemia and ulcerative colitis. However, it should be noted that long-term use of indigo naturalis may produce some reversible adverse reactions. In summarize, indigo naturalis is an extremely important drug with great value and potential.

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Objective:To explore the effect of Shenqi compound on islet β-cell function in type 2 diabetic GK rats. The whole genome expression profile chip technology is used to explore the molecular mechanism of Shenqi compound regulating pancreatic islet cell function and provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes with traditional Chinese medicine. Method:GK rats were fed with high-fat diet daily for 4 weeks. Rats were randomly selected from GK rats to detect random blood glucose and verified the success of type 2 diabetes model. Rats were divided into 4 groups， Wistar group， model group， Shenqi compound（1.44 g∙kg-1） group and west glenn（16 mg∙kg-1） group. After 8 weeks of gavage， the serum insulin（INS） levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The apoptosis of islet β cells was detected by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling（TUNEL）fluorescence method. Differential gene detection uses whole-genome expression profiling chip technology in each group of rat pancreatic tissues， the mRNA transcription level of key differential genes is detected by Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. Result:Compared with blank group， before gavage， 4 weeks， 8 weeks， GK rats have higher blood sugar in each group （P<0.01）.Gavage for 4 weeks and gavage for 8 weeks， compared with model group， the blood sugar of rats in each drug intervention group was lower （P<0.01）. Gavage for 8 weeks， compared with blank group， the INS level of model group was lower （P<0.01）. Compared with model group， the Shenqi compound group had a higher INS level， and the sitagliptin group had a higher INS level （P<0.01）. After gavage for 8 weeks， compared with the blank group， the number of pancreatic islet β-cell apoptosis in the model group was higher （P<0.05）. Compared with model group， the number of pancreatic islet β cell apoptosis in the Shenqi compound group and sitagliptin group was lower （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Gene chip and Real-time PCR tests both showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase receptor 1（PIK3R1） was up-regulated in the Shenqi compound group/model group， and down-regulated in the sitagliptin group/model group， model group/blank group. Protein kinase B1（Akt1） was expressed in the Shenqi compound group/model The expression was up-regulated in the group， sitagliptin group/model group， and down-regulated in the model group/blank group. Conclusion:Shenqi compound which has the function of supplenmenting Qi and Yin and promoting the blood circulation， can inhibit the islet β cell apoptosis， improve islet β cell function， regulate insulin secretion， and prevent T2DM by up-regulating the expression of genes PIK3R1 and Akt1.

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A good neural microenvironment is an important basis for improving the damaged nerves and promoting axonal repair and regeneration. The destruction of neural microenvironment， closely related to the lack of neurotrophic factors， microcirculation disorders and immune abnormalities， is the key pathogenesis leading to diabetic peripheral neuropathy （DPN）. In traditional Chinese medicine， disharmony between Ying and Wei is considered as the key pathology in the development of DPN. It may be manifested as Ying and Wei deficiency， or Ying and Wei impassability， or Ying， Wei， Qi and blood intersection disorders， all of which may cause body fluid condensed into phlegm， blood into blood stasis， further leading to the mutual knot of phlegm and blood stasis， meridian obstruction， numbness and pain of limbs. "Regulating Ying and Wei and tonifying spleen and stomach" is the main therapeutic idea to promote intersection between Ying and Wei and unblock Qi and blood. The method has a significant effect on DPN. However， the current studies on the mechanism of regulating Ying and Wei in the treatment of DPN are still in lack of in-depth discussion， and the studies are mostly limited to the microcirculation disorders. Numerous studies have confirmed that the courses and distribution， physiological characteristics， functions of Ying and Wei are closely related to nerve， immune， metabolic substances and microcirculation. Based on the modern medicine essence of Ying and Wei， the author thinks that the discussion on connotation of the Ying and Wei from the perspective of neural microenvironment has a scientific basis， and regulating Ying and Wei is not only inherited from the traditional Chinese medicine theory， but also conforms to the modern understanding on DPN pathogenesis and treatment. Regulating Ying and Wei and smoothing middle-jiao can improve neural microenvironment and give play to the role of restoring damaged nerve， and its mechanism may be related to regulating neurotrophic factors， immune active substances， metabolites， and microcirculation dysfunction.

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Guided by the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine and using modern scientific methods, Dao-di herbs pharmacology studies the nature, performance, interaction with the body and its clinical application.It is a bridge between the basic research and clinical application of Dao-di herbs. It can objectively describe the law of efficacy of Dao-di herbs, scientifically explain the mechanism of efficacy of Dao-di herbs, explore and establish the standards and methods of Dao-di herbs based on biological effect and clinical efficacy, and provide scientific basis for the special properties, pharmacology and clinical value of Dao-di herbs.Furthermore, we put forward a new idea of building the standard of Dao-di herbs based on the curative effect rather than the origin.The Dao-di herbs standard should come from the systematic research of traditional Dao-di herbs producing areas and form a new characteristic system, through the extraction of environmental, genetic, character, chemical, pharmacological and other characteristics.This standard originates from the tradition, but it is higher than the tradition. It may not have the origin meaning of strict administrative division, but it can better reflect the pharmacological characteristics and excellent clinical value of Dao-di herbs.

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Objective: To observe the effect of Shenqi compound recipe on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and its intervention effect on intestinal microecology and serum proinflammatory factors. Method: The 106 eligible patients were divided into the observation group (54 cases) and the control group (52 cases) by random number table method. Another 40 healthy volunteers in physical examination center of the hospital during the same period were enrolled as health control group. On the basis of Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in China(2013 edition), control group was provided lifestyle interventions, such as reasonable diet, weight control, moderate exercise, salt restriction, tobacco control, alcohol restriction and psychological balance. In addition to the therapy of the control group, the observation group was given Shengi compound for oral administration, 2 times/days. Both groups were treated for 8 weeks. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial 2 h blood glucose (PBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) before and after treatment were evaluated. The structure and quantity of intestinal flora before and after treatment were detected. The traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)symptom was scored. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured before and after treatment. Result: FBG, PBG, HbA1c and HOMA-IR levels in observation group were lower than those in control group (PPPPβ, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α levels in observation group were lower than those in control group (PZ=2.134, PConclusion: Shenqi compound can regulate blood glucose and blood lipid in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM (Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome), improve IR, intestinal microecology imbalance, and reduce non-specific inflammatory response, with a good clinical efficacy on intestinal microecology of patients with Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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The gut microbiota and its metabolites play a critical role on health maintenance, because they are involved in the absorption and metabolism of nutrients in the human bodies. This is also similar to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) view that the ascending and descending of Qi movement affects Yin-Yang, Qi-blood, pneuma and body fluid, viscera and meridians of our bodies. More and more studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota is closely related to the development and progression of diabetes and its complications. Gut microbiota disorder could affect host metabolic signaling pathways, thereby promoting the formation and development of diabetes. The smooth ascending and descending of Qi movement is the basic form of maintaining host metabolic homeostasis, whose dysfunction however can lead to internal environment disturbance. Based on the theory of ascending and descending of Qi movement, this paper focuses on the pathogenesis of imbalanced intestinal flora in the process of the induction of diabetes mellitus from a dynamic perspective. It is assumed that the imbalance of Qi ascending and descending may act as a trigger for such symptoms as lung Qi impairment, spleen deficiency to dissipating essence, liver Qi stagnation and kidney Yang deficiency. Under this circumstance, gut microbiota will be out of balance, which will further lead to the nutrient substance metabolic disturbance in the body, and thus induce diabetes. Thus, it is significant to explore the regulatory mechanism of gut microbiota and its metabolites on diabetes based on the theory of ascending and descending of Qi movement, so as to reveal the scientific connotation of TCM in regulating substance metabolism homeostasis in the body.

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Reducing glycemic excursion is of great importance to the successful practice for diabetes intervention and complication prevention. This is also an advantage of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of diabetes. More and more studies have shown that the dysfunction of islet microcirculation is the key pathological link for glycemic excursion caused by decrease of islet function. The over-activation of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in islet microcirculation is a key ring to the islet decompensation, intimately related to the functionality of islet endocrine cells, and has gradually become the focus in the study of islet functionality. In TCM, it is believed that glycemic excursion in diabetes mellitus is closely related to the incapability of "spleen Qi to dispersing essence". If spleen fails to disperse essence, the essence will be accumulated in the body and become harmful stuffs. The stuffs further break the blood glucose homeostasis, acting as the key pathogenesis of diabetes. By supplementing the "spleen" Qi and promoting the dispersion of nutrient substance (hormone) in "pancreas", the balance between sugar-regulated hormones can be restored and therefore glycemic excursion can be reduced. However, the regulation mechanism of "spleen Qi to dispersing essence" on glycemic excursion remains unclear at present. Based on the previous clinical and scientific work, the following ideas were proposed by the authors:the effects of "spleen Qi to dispersing essence" on the improvement of islet function and the regulation of glycemic excursion may be achieved by promoting islet microcirculation, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the activation status of local RAS in islet microcirculation. It is important to note that the mutual antagonistic relationship between the signal pathways of RAS in islet microcirculation is similar to the antagonistic relationship between "spleen Qi to dispersing essence" and spermatozoa in TCM. Thus, the mechanism of "spleen Qi to dispersing essence" on the regulation mechanism of blood glucose fluctuations needs to be further explored from the perspective of the overall regulation of RAS in islet microcirculation, so as to reveal the scientific connotation of TCM on regulating the body's environmental homeostasis and reducing glycemic excursion in diabetic patients.

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The metabolic memory formed by early hyperglycemia in diabetes is one of the important factors triggering the development of diabetes and relavant complications. At present, treatment of various adverse factors of metabolic memory shows a limited clinical efficacy. In recent years, exosome emerged as an important mediator of cellular communication and have gradually gained importance attendance in the field of diabetes treatments. This review summarizes the main mechanisms involved in the metabolic memory of exosomes in the pathological state, including inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and apoptosis. In addition, protection mechanisms of the stress pretreatment and stem cells derived exosomes on metabolic memory are discussed in this review. Finally, the possible ways to obtain therapeutic exosomes are elaborated, which is beneficial to generate new ideas for the clinical drug treatment.

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression level and role of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (PYCARD) gene transcript variant mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of primary gout (PG) patients with different Chinese medicine (CM) syndromes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expressions of PYCARD gene transcript variant mRNA and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA in PBMCs were investigated in 96 PG patients with acute phase (APPG, 44 cases) and non-acute phase (NAPPG, 52 cases) and 30 healthy controls (HCs) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or realtime quantitative PCR. PYCARD and nuclear factor-κB (p50) [NF-κB (p50)] protein was detected by Western blot in PBMCs respectively. IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10 protein levels in plasma of HCs and PG patients were measured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The main CM syndromes in APPG patients were obstruction of dampness and heat syndrome (ODHS, 36.36%) and intermingled phlegm-blood stasis syndrome (IPBSS, 27.27%), while in NAPPG patients were Pi (Spleen)-deficiency induced dampness syndrome (PDIDS, 40.38%) and qi-blood deficiency syndrome (QBDS, 26.92%). It showed statistical significances of the expressions of PYCARD gene and its transcript variant mRNA, the protein of PYCARD and NF-κB (p50) and the plasma IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10 in APPG, NAPPG, ODHS, IPBSS, PDIDS and QBDS groups, compared with the HC group respectively (P<0.05 or P<0.01). There were also significant differences of mRNA expressions of PYCARD-1 and PYCARD-2 as well as protein expressions of IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10 among the 4 CM syndromes groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Correlation analysis showed positive correlation between the mRNA expressions of PYCARD-1 gene transcript variant and IL-1β in APPG patients (r=0.3088, P=0.0183).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PYCARD gene and its transcript variant may play a critical and regulative role in the inflflammatory response of PG patients with different phases and CM syndromes.</p>

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The hippocampus is the key structure for learning and memory in mammals and long-term potentiation (LTP) is an important cellular mechanism responsible for learning and memory. The influences of norepinephrine (NE) on the modulation of learning and memory, as well as LTP, through ß-adrenoceptors are well documented, whereas the role of α1-adrenoceptors in learning-dependent LTP is not yet clear. In the present study, we measured extracellular concentrations of NE in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) region using an in-vivo brain microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques during the acquisition and extinction of active-avoidance behavior in freely moving conscious rats. Next, the effects of prazosin (an antagonist of α1-adrenoceptor) and phenylephrine (an agonist of the α1-adrenoceptor) on amplitudes of field excitatory postsynaptic potential were measured in the DG region during the active-avoidance behavior. Our results showed that the extracellular concentration of NE in the DG was significantly increased during the acquisition of active-avoidance behavior and gradually returned to the baseline level following extinction training. A local microinjection of prazosin into the DG significantly accelerated the acquisition of the active-avoidance behavior, whereas a local microinjection of phenylephrine retarded the acquisition of the active-avoidance behavior. Furthermore, in all groups, the changes in field excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude were accompanied by corresponding changes in active-avoidance behavior. Our results suggest that NE activation of α1-adrenoceptors in the hippocampal DG inhibits active-avoidance learning by modulation of synaptic efficiency in rats.

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize and analyze the clinical features, diagnosis methods, surgical approaches and treatment outcomes of patients with primary parapharyngeal space tumors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective review of 91 cases with primary parapharyngeal space tumors treated from January 1999 to December 2011 was performed. All patients underwent preoperative enhanced CT scan and postoperative histopathologic examination. Intraoperative frozen section biopsies were performed in 36 of 91 cases. The surgical approaches included trans-cervical approach in 73 cases, trans-parotid approach in 5 cases, trans-oral approach in 5 cases, and mandibulotomy in 8 cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The postoperative pathological diagnoses consisted of 29 variants, including 20 for benign tumors and 9 for malignant tumors. Of the 80 cases with benign tumors, 6 cases were lost to follow-up and 74 cases were followed up for 31-84 months with no recurrence. Eleven cases with malignant tumor were followed up for 8-51 months (median 29 months), of them 7 cases died and 1 case was lost to follow-up. The post-operative complications included Horner syndrome in 3 cases, hoarseness in 2 cases, hypoglossal nerve palsy in 1 case, accessory nerve palsy in 1 case, upper airway obstruction in 1 case, and internal carotid artery cavernous sinus fistula in 1 case.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Parapharyngeal space tumors are rare, with atypical clinical manifestation, and have pathological types of diversification. CT or MRI is helpful to evaluate the tumor size, location and possible sources, and to make operation scheme. Surgery is the first choice for parapharyngeal space tumors. Trans-cervical approach can be applied to most tumors. Parapharyngeal benign tumors have good prognosis, but malignant tumors have poor prognosis.</p>

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Shenqi Compound on diabetic angiopathy modeled rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 18 SD rats were randomized into 3 groups, i.e., the normal control group, the diabetic mellitus (DM) group, and Shenqi Compound group, 6 in each group. The DM rat model was established by feeding high-fat diet (to induce hyperlipidemia) +intraperitoneal injection of small dose streptozotocin (STZ). Shenqi Compound was given to rats in the Shenqi Compound group at the daily dose of 2 g/kg. Equal volume of normal saline was given to rats in the model group and the normal control group by gastrogavage. All treatment was lasted for 12 weeks. Then 2-D and ultrasonic integrated backscatter technique were used to evaluate structural and functional changes of abdominal aorta in the progression of diabetic macroangiopathy. The fibrosis degree of the aorta vessel and myocardium capillaries were observed by using HE and Masson trichrome staining. The tension of the aortic vascular ring was determined. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) mRNA expression was detected by real time PCR (RT-PCR). The protein expression of TGF-beta, collagen I, collagen III, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and phosphorylation P38 MAPK were detected by Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal control group, abdominal aortic systolic inner diameter, diastolic inner diameter, Peterson elastic modulus, stiffness index, and backscatter integral significantly increased; the rangeability of integral backscatter and the extension coefficient of cross section significantly decreased in the DM group (all P < 0.05). After 12 weeks aforesaid indices were obviously improved in the Shenqi Compound group (P < 0.05). Results of HE and Masson staining showed that the fibrosis degree of the aorta vessel and myocardium capillaries was obviously alleviated in rats of the Shenqi Compound group (P < 0.05). Results of the aortic vascular ring tension showed that acetylcholine induced vasodilatation and maximum diastolic percent were obviously elevated in the Shenqi Compound group (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the mRNA expression of TGF-beta, and the protein expression of TGF-beta, collagen I, and collagen III, and phosphorylation of P38 MAPK all significantly increased in the DM group (P < 0.05). Compared with the DM group, the mRNA expression of TGF-beta, and the protein expression of TGF-beta, collagen I, and collagen III, and phosphorylation of P38 MAPK all decreased (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Shenqi Compound could effectively improve the arterial function in diabetic marcoangiopathy and microvascular dysfunction. The mechanism might be due to the down-regulating the expression of TGF-beta, and further suppressing the phosphorylation of P38 MAPK, reducing the synthesis of collagen I and collagen III, therefore, ameliorating arterial and myocardial interstitial fibrosis.</p>

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This study aimed to investigate bacterial community in an urban drinking water distribution system (DWDS) during an occurrence of colored water. Variation in the bacterial community diversity and structure was observed among the different waters, with the predominance of Proteobacteria. While Verrucomicrobia was also a major phylum group in colored water. Limnobacter was the major genus group in colored water, but Undibacterium predominated in normal tap water. The coexistence of Limnobacter as well as Sediminibacterium and Aquabacterium might contribute to the formation of colored water.

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This study was aimed to investigate the expression difference of serum cytokines in 20 patients receiving HLA-identical nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (iNAHSCT) and HLA-haploidentical nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hiNAHSCT). IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, γ-IFN and IL-17 were detected by flow cytometric bead array before and on week 1, 2, 4 after transplantation respectively. The results showed that the IL-2 level was found to be up-regulated at week 1 and 2 after transplantation in iNAHSCT group and in hiNAHSCT group respectively, but there was no difference between these two groups (P > 0.05). The γ-IFN levels was up-regulated at week 4 after transplantation in above-mentioned two groups, but no difference was found between these two groups. The IL-4 level increased at week 2 and 1 after transplantation in iNAHSCT and hiNAHCT groups respectively, but the IL-4 level in iNAHSCT group was higher than that in hiNAHSCT group. The IL-6 level rose at week 1 and 2 after transplant in above mentioned groups respectively, and reached to peak level at week 4 after transplantation, but IL-6 level in hiNAHSCT was higher than that in iNAHSCT group (P < 0.02). The IL-10 level was up-regulated at week 1 and 2 in iNAHSCT and hiNAHSCT groups respectively, but the IL-10 level in iNAHSC was higher than that in hiNAHSCT group. The TNF-α level was up-regulated at week 1 in hiNAHSCT group, but at week 2 in iNAHSCT group after transplantation. The TNF-α level in hiNHASCT group was higher than that in iNAHSCT group (P < 0.01). The IL-17 level was up-regulated at week 1 and week 4 after transplantation in hiNAHSCT and iNAHSCT groups respectively, the IL-17 level in hiNAHSCT group was high as compared with that in iNAHSCT group. It is concluded that the serum cytokine levels are obviously up-regulated in iNAHSCT and hiNHASCT groups, and reach to peak level at week 4 after transplantation. The IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17 level up-regulated significantly in hiNAHSCT group, but the IL-4 and IL-10 level up-regulated significantly in iNAHSCT.

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the difference in clinical indicators of gout patients of different Chinese medical syndromes and its clinical significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Form November 2011 to December 2012, syndrome typed were 257 male gout in-/outpatients from Affiliated Hospital of Chuanbei Medical College. Another 50 healthy male subjects were recruited as the control. Their clinical and laboratory data were collected. All were excluded from infections and other inflammatory diseases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Four syndrome types existed in gout patients, i.e., intermingled phlegm-stasis blood syndrome (IPSBS), obstruction of dampness and heat syndrome (ODHS), Pi-deficiency induced dampness syndrome (PDIDS), qi-blood deficiency syndrome (QBDS). Of them, 53 acute phase gout patients suffered from IPSBS, 41 from ODHS, 25 from QBDS, and 17 from PDIDS; 41 non-acute phase gout patients suffered from QBDS, 40 from PDIDS, 24 from ODHS, and 16 from IPSBS. Statistical analysis of clinical data showed that, when compared with the normal control group, there was statistical difference in blood routines (WBC, GR, LY, MO) and blood biochemical indices (UA, Ur, Cr, ALT, AST, ALB, GLOB, TG, HDL-C, VLDL-C, apoA, apoB100) of gout patients of different syndromes (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). There was also statistical difference or correlation among different syndromes (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In the acute phase gout patients, IPSBS and ODHS were dominated, while in the non-acute phase gout patients, QBDS and PDIDS were often seen. In patients of IPSBS and ODHS, inflammation and immune response were more obvious, indicating that better efficacy might be achieved by clearing heat and removing blood stasis associated anti-inflammatory and immune regulation therapies. In patients of QBDS and PDIDS, impaired renal functions were more significant, indicating that better efficacy might be achieved by invigorating Pi and tonifying Shen dominated treatment.</p>

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of Shenqi Compound (SQC) on the mRNA expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the aorta of Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 67 GK rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, i.e., the GK group (n =18), the model group (n =16), the atorvastatin group (n =17), and the SQC group (n =16). Another a normal control group was set up (n =18). The diabetic macrovascular disease model was prepared by adding L-NAME (at the daily dose of 0.10 mg/mL) in drinking water for GK rats. GK rats, except those in the normal control group were fed with high fat diet. Atorvastatin (at the daily dose of 1.60 mg/kg) and SQC (at the daily dose of 1.44 g/kg) were respectively administered by gastrogavage, once daily for 35 successive days. The blood glucose was determined by glucose oxidase method once per week. After 5-week medication, the contents of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were determined by ELISA. The serum concentrations of angiotensin I (Ang II) were determined by RIA. The mRNA expression of AT1R in the aorta was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The blood glucose level was obviously lower in both the atorvastatin group and the SQC group after 4 weeks of medication (P <0.05). Besides, it was significantly lower in the SQC group than in the model group by the end of the 4th week (P <0.05). The concentrations of TG, TC and serum Ang II , and the mRNA expression of AT1R in the aorta were significantly higher in the model group than in the normal control group (P <0.01). After 5-week medication, the concentrations of TG, TC and serum Ang I , and the mRNA expression of AT1 R in the aorta were significantly lower in the atorvastatin group and the SQC group than in the model group (P <0.01, P <0.05). The mRNA expression of AT1R was significantly higher in the SQC group than in the atorvastatin group (P <0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>SQC could significantly reduce the levels of blood glucose, TG, TC, down-regulate the mRNA expression of AT1R in the aorta, and decrease the expressions of serum Ang II of GK rats with diabetic macrovascular disease. AT1 R might be one of effective targets of SQC in treating diabetic macrovascular diseases.</p>

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