RESUMEN
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary trans unsaturated fatty acids (trans fat) and of the interplay of dietary saturated fatty acids (saturated fat), cis unsaturated fatty acids, (cis fat) and trans fat on tissue lipids, particularly those effects suggestive of angiotoxicity. Swine were fed for 10 months a diet containing 17% added fat. Seven blends of varying proportions of the 3 fat components provided sufficient sample points to permit an examination of the interplay. Parameters under study included weight gain, serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, lipoprotein lipid profile, total lipid and cholesterol concentrations of liver, heart and aorta, fatty acid composition of liver and aorta lipids and hepatic fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis and oxidation. Fat blends containing disproportionately high levels of saturated or cis fat generally elicited responses consistent with results reported by others. The notable exception was the serum cholesterol concentration. Throughout the study, the swine were hypercholesterolemic. Swine fed the high saturated fat blend had serum cholesterol levels equal to those swine fed the high cis fat blend. Serum cholesterol levels in the swine fed the other fat blends were more elevated. Another apparent anomaly was the lower concentration of lipid in the aortas of swine fed the high-saturated fat diet. The impact of the trans fat was modulated by the relative proportions of saturated and cis fat in the diet. The impact of trans fat was of greater magnitude for most parameters when the fat blend was low in saturated fat. The sole parameter suggestive of trans fat-mediated angiotoxicity was the distribution of lipids in lipoprotein fractions. Swine fed diets containing trans fat had lower relative proportions of the alpha-lipoprotein lipids. Although hypercholesterolemic, the high fat diets were not overtly angiotoxic except when fed to swine that carried a specific immunogenetically-defined low density lipoprotein.
Asunto(s)
Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos/farmacología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Acetil-CoA Carboxilasa/metabolismo , Animales , Aorta/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangre , Ésteres del Colesterol/metabolismo , Femenino , Isomerismo , Hígado/enzimología , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , PorcinosAsunto(s)
Ciego/metabolismo , Colon/metabolismo , Galactosidasas/metabolismo , Lactosa/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidasa/metabolismo , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Dióxido de Carbono , Ciego/enzimología , Colon/enzimología , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Etanol/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Fermentación , Lactatos/metabolismo , Lactosa/administración & dosificación , Masculino , RatasAsunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Ciego/enzimología , Colon/enzimología , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/biosíntesis , Galactosidasas/metabolismo , Lactosa/metabolismo , Porcinos/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidasa/metabolismo , Animales , Fermentación , Lactatos/biosíntesis , Masculino , Glycine max , Zea maysAsunto(s)
Ciego/metabolismo , Colon/metabolismo , Fermentación , Lactosa/metabolismo , Porcinos/metabolismo , Animales , Cromo , Digestión , Ácido Edético , Femenino , Vaciamiento Gástrico , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Masculino , RatasRESUMEN
Experiments were conducted to determine the amount of lactose which passed into the large intestine and the lactase activity in the small intestine of rats (200 g) fed a control diet or a diet containing 30% lactose. The fraction of lactose consumed in a single 1-hour meal that escaped hydrolysis in the small intestine was estimated by measuring the area under a smooth curve of a plot of lactose:marker ratio in the terminal ileum expressed as a fraction of intake, against the fraction of the total marker that passed into the large intestine. This amounted to approximately 30% and 31.5% of the lactose consumed for the rats fed the control and 30% lactose diets, respectively. In another experiment in which the rats were fed a diet containing 30% lactose and the Cr-EDTA marker ad libitum for 1 week, approximately 43% of the lactose consumed became available for fermentation in the large intestine. This work suggests that a substantial fraction of the lactose ingested is available for fermentation in the large intestine. The lactase activity of homogenates of the small intestine of rats fed the control or high lactose diet was 106 +/- 5 or 115 +/- 4 mg lactose/30 minutes/rat (P less than 0.05), respectively. The lactase activity in the small intestine homogenate (mucosa + contents) was significantly higher than that actually available in vivo (110 +/- 7 versus 69 +/- 4 mg/30 minutes/rat).
Asunto(s)
Intestino Grueso/fisiología , Lactosa/metabolismo , Animales , Ciego/fisiología , Colon/fisiología , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Fermentación , Intestino Delgado/fisiología , Lactosa/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Ratas , Estómago/fisiologíaAsunto(s)
Ciego/enzimología , Galactosidasas/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Lactosa/metabolismo , Porcinos/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Peso Corporal , Cruzamiento , Diarrea/etiología , Diarrea/veterinaria , Femenino , Masculino , Leche/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/etiologíaRESUMEN
Plasma pepsinogen and plasma corticosteroid concentrations were found to be unrelated to the presence or severity of gastric lesions in swine. Mean plasma pepsinogen and corticosteroid concentrations were significantly different between collection periods, with significantly higher values occurring during cold weather. Seemingly, plasma pepsinogen and corticosteroid values are neither indicative of susceptibility to, nor of the presence of, gastric erosions or ulcers in swine. However, plasma pepsinogen concentration may be a potential indicator of stress.
Asunto(s)
Corticoesteroides/sangre , Pepsinógenos/sangre , Gastropatías/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/sangre , Animales , Gastropatías/sangre , Úlcera Gástrica/sangre , Úlcera Gástrica/veterinaria , PorcinosRESUMEN
Total and specific lactase activities in the small intestine of Chester White and Hampshire pigs were measured at 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, and 43 days of age. The small intestine was divided into 10 segments of equal length, the proximal 10 cm of each segment was scraped, and the scrapings were homogenized for use in the lactase determinations. Significant breed, age, and segment differences were observed for both specific and total activities. In both breeds, the total lactase activity at 1 day of age was lower than that at any other age. After reaching maximal levels at 15 days of age, the total activity declined with the loss of activity occurring primarily in the ileum. At 1 and 8 days of age, the total lactase activities for the two breeds were similar, but the Chester White pigs had higher activities at all other ages. The pattern of changes in specific activity with age was similar for both breeds. The mean specific activity was highest at 1 and 8 days of age and then fell progressively to minimal levels at 43 days of age. Chester Whites had higher specific activities than Hampshires during the first 4 weeks of life, but at 6 weeks of age there was little difference between the breeds. The peak lactase activity, expressed as total or specific activity, occurred in the proximal one-third of the small intestine of both breeds, and the distal one-third of the gut had relatively low activities as the animals matured.
Asunto(s)
Galactosidasas/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Porcinos/metabolismo , Factores de Edad , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Peso Corporal , Íleon/enzimología , Intestino Delgado/anatomía & histología , Proteínas/metabolismo , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Two studies were conducted to establish the effects of dietary lactose supplied from dried whey on the lactase activity in the contents of the small intestine and cecum as well as the mucosa of the small intestine. In the first study, feeding 0, 10, 25, or 40% dried whey for 120 days did not alter the mucosal lactase specific activity (mumoles galactose released/mg protein) in the duodenum, upper jejunum, or lower ileum. In the second study, total lactase activity in the small intestine was estimated from the total activity found in 10-cm segments of each meter of small intestine. Feeding a diet containing 40% whey continuously from weaning at 5 weeks of age or from 12 weeks of age did not alter the total lactase activity of pigs killed at 21 weeks of age. Dietary lactose tended to increase the lactase activity in the contents of the cecum and small intestine, but the increases were not always statistically significant. In the second study, Chester White pigs had approximately threefold greater mucosal lactase activities than that of Hampshires. These two breeds may be suitable models for detailed studies into the relationships between lactase deficiency and lactose intolerance.
Asunto(s)
Ciego/metabolismo , Galactosidasas/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Leche , Porcinos/metabolismo , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Duodeno/enzimología , Galactosa/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Íleon/enzimología , Mucosa Intestinal/enzimología , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Yeyuno/enzimología , Lactosa/metabolismo , Intolerancia a la Lactosa , Masculino , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Because dried whey contains approximately 70% lactose, it could be harmful if incorporated into the diet of animals with low tolerance for lactose. Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various levels of dried whey in the diet of growing pigs. In the first two experiments diets containing up to 40% dried whey were fed from weaning to approximately 5 months of age. With respect to rate of gain or feed efficiency, there were no significant differences among dietary treatment groups. In a third experiment pigs that had consumed a diet containing no lactose from 6 to 12 weeks of age performed normally when fed a diet containing 40% dried whey from 12 to 21 weeks of age. The results of the three experiments suggest that the growing pig can tolerate up to 30% lactose in the diet without any symptoms of lactose intolerance, and that continuous exposure to lactose in the diet is not necessary to maintain tolerance to this level of lactose.
Asunto(s)
Lactosa/administración & dosificación , Leche , Porcinos/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Peso Corporal , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Lactosa/efectos adversos , Intolerancia a la Lactosa/etiología , Masculino , Leche/efectos adversos , MineralesRESUMEN
In pigs treated with various doses of prednisone, pathologic changes appeared in the glandular region of the stomach, mainly in the fundic area and rarely and less severely in the cardiac and pyloric mucosae. The characteristic lesion was hemorrhagic gastritis; this was associated with massive gastric hemorrhages in pigs given the larger doses of prednisone. Epithelial changes were found in the esophageal area, but there were no ulcers. In pigs with gastric fistulas, prednisone administered at dose levels of 10 mg/kg of body weight for 8 days produced a significant increase in the volume and the acidity of gastric secretion. Hexosamine output, but not concentration, increased significantly during the treatment period. Change in pepsin secretion was sit significant. Prednisone did not produce an immediate change in gastric secretion--there being a latent period lasting 1 to 2 days before marked changes were observed. After peak changes occurred (3rd or 4th day of treatment), acidity gradually decreased to pretreatment level toward the end of the treatment period. This indicates that although increased acidity may be involved in the development of lesions in the glandular region, other factors probably have a role also in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced stomach lesions in swine.