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Dietary intake was studied in 295 of Moscow's residents by 24-hour recall method. High level of animal fat, sugar and cholesterol (Ch) were found in diet of man and women. Energy intake of men is higher than that of women at the expense of animal fat and protein. Women consume less amount of cholesterol-containing food. The levels of serum Ch, HDLP-Ch, triglycerides are in close relation with blood pressure values. The levels of serum Ch, HDLP-Ch, systolic and diastolic blood pressure are connected with variables of age and body mass index.

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A relationship between erythrocyte Na+/Li(+)-countertransport activity and blood pressure was studied in a randomly selected sample (95 subjects) with full range of blood pressure, from a representative group of inhabitants of one of Moscow's districts. The mean rate of erythrocyte Na+/Li(+)- countertransport activity was higher (p < 0.01 or less) in the groups of subjects with both borderline (BH) and moderate essential hypertension (EH) as compared with the group of normotensives (NT). A positive correlation was found between the erythrocyte Na+/Li(+)- countertransport rate and age and body weight in the entire selected group. The total contribution of these confounding parameters is responsible for 20.4% of the interindividual variability of the Na+/Li(+)- countertransport activity. The individual Na+/Li(+)- countertransport values remained unchanged during at least 2 years of follow-up. A nonlinear relationship between erythrocyte Na+/Li(+)- countertransport activity and blood pressure was established in the entire group. No significant association between blood pressure and Na+/Li(+)- countertransport was seen at high and low values of these two parameters. A pronounced change in the erythrocyte Na+/Li(+)- countertransport values occurred within a narrow borderline blood pressure range.

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A representative population sample was studied to elucidate relationships of arterial pressure (AR) with muscular performance (MP) and arterial hypertension risk factors. Power working capacity (PWCx) was measured by means of exercise tolerance test at rest, under physical loading and after the exercise. The findings were processed using a multivariate step-by-step regression analysis which established independent relations between exercise and postexercise MP and arterial hypertension. In normal and hypertensive males a rise in systolic pressure (SP) after the initial exercise (load 1) was dependent on PWC1 after more intensive exercise (load 2) on relations of MP with heart rate, SP and diastolic pressure (DP). In hypertensive males the SP elevation depended also on the age, B. W. index and heart rate. In normal AP males a DP rise depended on PWC2 and MP, the increment being limited by relationships between MP, DP, heart rate and SP. In hypertensive males the influence of PWC1 is defined through a SP rise after load 1. In normal AP and hypertensive females PWC1 is decisive for a SP rise. In normal AP females growth of DP after load 2 was dependent on PWC2 in relation to heart rate growth after load 2, while in hypertensive females PWC1 resulted in DP elevation after load 1. On comparison of the groups with normal and high AP the degree of AP increment under exercise depended on the relations of MP with heart rate, SP and DP.

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A multivariate regression analysis including muscular performance, arterial pressure, age, heart rate, body-weight index permitted identification of independent relations between pressure and muscular performance. The latter accounts for 3% variability in initial systolic pressure in females and for 3% variability in males under physical loading. Initial systolic pressure accounts for 5% variability of muscular performance in females. The dependence between muscular performance and diastolic pressure is indirect, noticeable only in physical load with the help of double product.

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The relationship of physical working capacity (PWC), blood pressure and other arterial hypertension risk factors to the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport was examined in a representative sample comprising 60 individuals (22 males and 38 females) whose age was 35-54 years. Regression analyses demonstrated that there was no significant relationship between PWC and the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport, but a significant correlation was found between the rate of Na+/Li+ countertransport and "double product" (DP) as an indirect indicator of PWC and heart rate. Thus, there is a heart rate- and DP-mediated correlation between the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport and the level of PWC. The magnitude of a decrease in the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport depends inversely on the dynamics of heart rate in males and females and directly on the dynamics of DP in females. Hence, there is a direct relationship between the magnitude of a reduction in the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport and that of PWC increment during exercise.

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The relation of physical fitness (PF) to blood pressure (BP) and arterial hypertension risk factors was studied in a representative sample by PWCX exercise testing. The relations were studied at the initial stage, during exercise and recovery by using the multivariance stepwise regression analysis. This complex approach allowed the independent relation of PF to BP to be found. In normotensive males, systolic BP determined 4% PF variability after the first exercise, while in hypertensive males, the second exercise heart rate and age determined 27 and 9% PF variability, respectively. In normotensive females, the first exercise heart rate determined 62% PF variability, in hypertensive females, the second exercise systolic BP and age determined 4 and 2% PF variability, respectively. The value x shows the relation of PF to heart rate and BP in the restorative period and is an additional significant parameter of PF and the functional status of the cardiovascular system.

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The relation of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport rate to the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) and blood pressure was evaluated in 720 individuals aged 23-60 years. In all age groups, the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport was significantly higher in males than in females. Age, alcohol use, obesity in males and age, obesity, and Na+/Li+ countertransport rate in females are factors that predispose to AH, as evidenced by multivariate logistic analysis. The latter parameter is associated with obesity and diastolic blood pressure and unassociated with age, alcohol use, and smoke, as suggested by regression analysis. The distribution of Na+/Li+ countertransport rate values in the population after standardization for ruling out the impact of obesity is erroneous and shifted to the right. This allows it to be presented as a sum of two normal distributions. However, their analysis has failed to reveal statistically significant differences in blood pressure values of AH incidence. The rate of Na+/Li+ countertransport may be regarded as a biological population risk factor for AH, which is, however, less than such factors as age, obesity, and excessive alcohol use.

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The present work is concerned with the role of the velocity of Na+/Li(+)-countertransport of red blood cells (as an indicator of the function of cellular membranes) in the development of arterial hypertension under conditions of a populational study. A relationship is demonstrated between the velocity of Na+/Li(+)-countertransport and the sex, arterial pressure, body mass index, and blood serum triglycerides. The high velocity of Na+/Li(+)-countertransport is encountered in 25% of the population, being responsible for about 30% of all cases of arterial hypertension. Taking into consideration the modern multifactorial theory of the genesis of arterial hypertension, the high velocity of Na+/Li(+)-countertransport should be viewed as a definite disease pattern (one of several) and as a risk factor of arterial hypertension in women (the data of the prospective part of the study).

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A 3-year prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the relation of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport rates to the incidence of arterial hypertension. A total of 227 subjects (males and females aged 24-54 years)--a 20% representative sample of organized population--was followed up. The annual incidence of arterial hypertension was 4.3 among males and 2.7 among females. The baseline blood pressures and obesity in males and rates of Na+/Li+ countertransport in females were demonstrated to be factors associated with the incidence of arterial hypertension. The rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport can be regarded as an independent biological risk factor for arterial hypertension.

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The rate of Na-Li countertransport was studied in inpatients with essential hypertension (n = 59), chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis (n = 30), chronic pyelonephritis (n = 26), renovascular hypertension (n = 15) and in those with associated renovascular hypertension and essential hypertension (n = 4). Multiple regression analysis has demonstrated that age, body weight and blood plasma lipids do not make any significant contribution to dispersion of the counter transport rate. The mean rate of countertransport in patients with essential hypertension turned out much higher than that in patients with secondary hypertensions. Repeated examinations have shown that in every man, the countertransport rate remains unchanged for 1.5 yr. It is not affected either by hypotensive therapy or surgical treatment. In inpatients with secondary hypertension and low rates of countertransport, high arterial pressure (AP) drops after surgical treatment of the kidneys, renal vessels or adrenals. Surgical treatment of patients with secondary hypertension and high rates of countertransport does not lead to any material decrease of AP. It is assumed that the rate of Na-Li countertransport can be used for diagnosing associated secondary hypertensions and essential hypertension and prediction of AP lowering after surgical treatment.

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The quality of medical care provided especially to patients with arterial hypertension employed in three industrial plants (ZIL Automobile Works, Moscow, Mytishchi Machine Works, and Skoda Works, Plzen, Czechoslovakia) was investigated in random samples of male and female employees aged 35-64 years. The lowest prevalence of hypertension (AH) was found in Skoda Works (26.4 +/- 1.3%). A standardized cooperative epidemiological study detected a low percentage of treated AH cases and insufficient efficacy of treatment in all three plants, especially among young male hypertensives. The epidemiological status of AH in the ZIL and Mytishchi Works was less favourable compared with that in Skoda Works. Epidemiological data represent an indispensable basis for developing a scientific approach to primary and secondary prevention of AH.

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A study was made of the relationship between Na-Li countertransport and arterial blood pressure in 95 persons selected at random from the representative sample (n = 1716) of the population of one of the districts of Moscow. Of these, 34 persons turned out to be normotensive, 15 had borderline hypertension, 44 stable essential hypertension, and 2 persons presented with secondary hypertension. A positive correlation was found between countertransport and age and weight, determining 20.4% of interindividual variability of countertransport values. The mean value of countertransport in the hypertension group appeared much higher than in the normotensive group, both without and with regard to the correlating parameters. Repeated examinations demonstrated that the countertransport value in each person remained unchanged for two years. A nonlinear correlation was discovered between countertransport and arterial blood pressure. The rate of countertransport is not related to arterial blood pressure (low and high values). A dramatic change in the countertransport values occurred within a narrow borderline range of arterial blood pressure.

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The paper deals with methodological problems of electrolyte intake in clinical and population-based studies. Marked inter- and intraindividual fluctuations were found to substantially affect the reliability of assessing the intake of electrolytes, which should be borne in mind in practice. Specifically, individual-based reliable characteristics of electrolyte intake (excretion) may be obtained after examining at least 8 daily urinary collections. The adequate validity of group electrolyte intake may be attained when a group consists of at least 8 persons. It is shown that it is feasible to employ the definite urine amounts to gain an insight into electrolyte intake.

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The authors presented the results of a study of the level of blood plasma apo-B and apo-A-I in random samples (by age decades from 20 to 60) of the organized male population (n = 309) and additionally of CHD patients who were not entered into the random samples (n = 82). Age differences in the level of blood plasma apo-B and apo-A-I were noted; a significant positive correlation with age of the level of apolipoprotein B at the age of 20 to 59 and a negative correlation of apo-A-I in males aged 20 to 39 were revealed. By the percentile distribution of apo-LP-B and A-I the relative borders of their high and low values were defined in random samples of males aged 20 to 39 and 40 to 59. Significant differences in the prevalence of high and low levels of apo-B and apo-A-I were demonstrated among patients with CHD and persons without this pathology.

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