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During the first wave of COVID-19, nearly 50% of France's fatalities occurred in nursing homes. Older people with mental health disorders are considered to be more prone to infections when epidemics arise. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a retrospective descriptive and comparative study of the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a cohort of elderly residents with or without severe mental illness (SMI) living in a French nursing home facility. This was done during the first lockdown from March 17th until May 11th, 2020. Our study included 72 participants of 75 residents, of whom 58 contracted COVID-19, 14 developed a severe form requiring hospitalisation, and 14 died. The disease was significantly less frequent in residents with SMI 15(62%) than those without SMI 43 (89.6%). In regression analysis, a higher level of autonomy was significantly associated with a lower disease incidence. Once contracted, residents with or without SMI differed significantly neither on morbidity nor mortality. The period of survival did not either significantly differ between the two groups. As a potential explanation, we suggested that pathological social withdrawal added to stigmatisation could have protected SMI residents from contracting the disease.

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BACKGROUND: Persistent asthma in adults starts often early in childhood and is associated with alterations in respiratory function that occur early in life. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of innate and environmental factors associated with occurrence of asthma during childhood in a population of recurrent wheezing infants followed prospectively. METHODS: A cohort of infants less than 30 months old with recurrent wheezing was established in order to assess severity of respiratory symptoms and to look for the presence of atopy and environmental risk factors. At the age of 6 years, they were reevaluated with respect to remission or persistence of wheezing over the previous 12-month period. RESULTS: Data were available for 219 subjects aged 15 +/- 5 months. In 27% of the infants with recurrent wheeze, wheezing persisted until the age of 6 years. In multivariate analysis, stepwise logit analysis showed that the risk factors for persistent wheezing are eosinophilia >or=470/mm(3), allergenic sensitization, and a father with asthma. Environmental factors present during the first year of life that protect from persistence of wheezing are ( 1 ) breastfeeding for longer than 3 months, ( 2 ) pets at home, and ( 3 ) >or=3 siblings. The detection rate for persistent wheezing in this model is 72%. The persistence score showed good specificity 91% but low sensitivity 35%. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the role of atopic host factors on wheezing persistence during childhood and detected protective environmental factors.

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Patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) suffer from multiple organ-specific autoimmunity with autoantibodies against target tissue-specific autoantigens. Endocrine and nonendocrine organs such as skin, hair follicles, and liver are targeted by the immune system. Despite sporadic observations of pulmonary symptoms among APS-1 patients, an autoimmune mechanism for pulmonary involvement has not been elucidated. We report here on a subset of APS-1 patients with respiratory symptoms. Eight patients with pulmonary involvement were identified. Severe airway obstruction was found in 4 patients, leading to death in 2. Immunoscreening of a cDNA library using serum samples from a patient with APS-1 and obstructive respiratory symptoms identified a putative potassium channel regulator (KCNRG) as a pulmonary autoantigen. Reactivity to recombinant KCNRG was assessed in 110 APS-1 patients by using immunoprecipitation. Autoantibodies to KCNRG were present in 7 of the 8 patients with respiratory symptoms, but in only 1 of 102 APS-1 patients without respiratory symptoms. Expression of KCNRG messenger RNA and protein was found to be predominantly restricted to the epithelial cells of terminal bronchioles. Autoantibodies to KCNRG, a protein mainly expressed in bronchial epithelium, are strongly associated with pulmonary involvement in APS-1. These findings may facilitate the recognition, diagnosis, characterization, and understanding of the pulmonary manifestations of APS-1.

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BACKGROUND: Outdoor and indoor air pollutants are suspected to induce harmful effects on respiratory health, raising the question of their involvement in allergic asthma and rhinitis. OBJECTIVE: The potential effect of short-term personal exposure to particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 microm (PM2.5) on nasal inflammation was examined in children living in the Paris area. METHODS: Forty-one children with allergic asthma and 44 healthy children participated in this study. They were monitored during 48 hours for their personal exposure to PM2.5. At the end of the measurement period, children underwent one nasal lavage. Nasal lavage fluid was investigated for cellular (neutrophils and eosinophils) and soluble (albumin, urea, elastase, alpha1-antitrypsin, IL-6, and IL-8) mediators. RESULTS: Pollutant concentrations did not differ between the 2 groups. In asthmatic subjects, but not in healthy children, personal PM2.5 levels were correlated to nasal percentage of eosinophils and to albumin, urea, and alpha1-antitrypsin concentrations after adjustment for confounders (age, sex, house dust mites, pollens, cat, environmental tobacco smoke through urinary cotinine, barometric pressure, and respiratory infection). CONCLUSION: The association observed with the percentage of eosinophils supports recent speculations on fine particle involvement in allergic phenotype overexpression. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study highlights the link between personal fine particle exposures and nasal inflammation in asthmatic allergic children living in urban areas. Because the view of united airways is still not completely understood, the question of pulmonary inflammation in such a situation deserves further investigation.

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To evaluate the relationship between clinical parameters and differential cell counts, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in 79 asthmatic infants and children with unusual asthma. Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between (1) allergic asthma and the presence of alveolar eosinophils and (2) persistent and longer asthma and an increased number of alveolar neutrophils. Our results provide the first evidence that in asthmatic infants and children eosinophilic inflammation is related to allergic sensitization.

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The prevalence of respiratory allergies has increased over the last 20 years, highlighting the need for a simple and noninvasive tool to investigate, in a clinical and epidemiological context, airway-inflammation mechanisms encountered in allergic and inflammatory processes. The nose, as the first region of the respiratory tract to come in contact with airborne pollutants, is easily explored with the use of nasal lavage (NL). We evaluated an NL method for adults and children, along with its reproducibility and capacity to separate different subgroups. NL reproducibility, assessed in 10 healthy, nonsmoking adults on three different occasions, was determined with the use of the intraclass coefficient of correlation for such inflammatory markers as total cell count, albumin, urea, neutrophil elastase, alpha(1)-antitrypsin, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. Using this NL method, we analyzed nasal markers of 50 healthy adults (smokers and nonsmokers) and 12 healthy children. Our NL method demonstrated high reproducibility with regard to total cell count, albumin, urea, and alpha(1)-antitrypsin (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.75). Compared with NL results in nonsmokers, NL in heavy smokers revealed significant increased concentrations of total cell counts and interleukin-8 and significant decreased concentrations of interleukin-6. These findings suggest that NL can be used as a tool in the assessment of inflammation because it has the correct reproducibility and can discriminate between heavy smokers and nonsmokers. Moreover, the use of this standardized method in children is feasible.

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